Nkhani ya Suminole Friest v. Florida, 517 U.S.1996), ndi chosankha chosiyana m'lamulo la United States lomwe linakonzanso chiphunzitso cha ufulu wodzitetezera ndi kulinganiza kwa mphamvu pakati pa boma ndi maboma. Pamutu pake, mlandu unayesa ngati Congress ingagwiritsire ntchito ulamuliro wake pansi pa Indiya Commerce Clause kukhazikitsa mphamvu ya ulamuliro wa maboma ndipo, kuwonjezera, mafuko a Enidoma America. Chigamulocho sichinangosintha mphamvu yokha koma chinachirikiza lamulo limene limaletsa kutetezera lamulolo mwachinduko pokhapokha ngati atavomereza mwachindunji kapena kuchita zinthu mogwirizana ndi malamulo alamulo olinganizidwa kuchotsa ufuluwo. Kudziŵa zimenezi nkofunika kwambiri kwa lamulo lalamulo, kapena kuwonjezera lamulo lalamulo lachikulu la ku Indine, kapena kuimira lamulo lalamulo chifukwa cha kuthanga kwa ulamuliro wa ulamuliro waukulu.

Kuchokera Kumene Anakhalira

Kumvetsa tanthauzo la [[FLT: 0] SEMINOLE FUBL v. Florida, nkofunika kupenda nkhani yalamulo ndi yoona imene inabutsa mkanganowo. Nkhaniyo inabuka pa Indian Gammaria Regatoriation Act (IGRA) [FLT] [1988], lamulo la boma limene linakhazikitsa maziko a kuseŵera mpikisana m'maiko a Indiya. IGRA inakhazikitsidwa poyankha za kukhudza upandu wolinganizidwa ndi kufunika kwa kukula kwa chuma, ndipo inafunikira kuti ilankhule mwachikhulupiriro ndi mafuko oseŵera. Ngati boma linakana kukambirana, mafuko akulamulidwa kuti asunge lamulo la lamulo la khotilo.

Seminole Fride wa Florida anafuna kuyendetsa kaseŵero ka m'maseŵero a juga m'chigawo chake cha IGRA . Fukolo linayesa kukambirana ndi Boma la Florida, koma boma linakana kuchita nawo ntchitoyi, likutchula nkhaŵa za lamulo la kutchova njuga m’boma la Florida. Poyankha, fukolo linapereka mlandu ku boma m’khoti la boma, likufuna lamulo lokakamiza lokhudzana ndi IGRA. Florida inachoka m’dzikolo kuti litetezedwe ndi lamulo la boma lotetezera kampani ya boma pansi pa Fiji ya 11 Deme.

Demendment ya khumi ndi limodzi, yomwe inavomerezedwa mu 1795, imagaŵira kuti: “Gulu Lamilandu la United States silidzalingaliridwa kukhala lopereka lamulo lililonse kapena kutsata, linayamba kapena kuweruza ku United States ndi nzika za Boma lina, kapena ndi nzika kapena nzika za Boma lililonse. Pambuyo pake, Khoti Lapamwamba linamasulira kukonzanso lamulo la boma loletsa ufulu, kutetezera masuti ndi magulu a boma m’khoti la boma pokhapokha ngati boma livomerezana kapena kukhazikitsa malamulo.

Funso lalikulu la lamulo mu Square vern . Florida [FLT :1] linali lakuti Kongress ikhoza kutetezera boma pa ulamuliro wa dziko pansi pa Indiya Commerce Claus, limene limapatsa Congress mphamvu "kulamulira malonda ndi Indian Community Communic . Fuko linatsutsa kuti chifukwa chakuti Indiya Commercial Claus inali chilolezo chosiyana cha ulamuliro, inapatsa Congress mphamvu ya kuchotsa ulamuliro wa boma m'nkhani zokhudzanazo za Enist America. Boma linatsutsa kuti kuletsa mphamvu ya ulamuliro wa otetezera ulamuliro wa ulamuliro kumafunikira mfundo yosagonjetsedwa ndi kuti Claus, kaya ndi Commusme Claus, kaya akhale maziko oyenerera a lamulo lalamulo.

Kutsutsana kwa Malamulo ndi Nkhani ya Mphamvu ya Malamulo

Mkangano mu Supremele Tribe v. Florida [FLT :1] unazikidwa pa malamulo aŵiri opikisana: mbali ya boma ya mbiri m'kuyang'anira Enibala America ndi chitetezo chalamulo cha ulamuliro wa boma. Kwa zaka zoposa zana limodzi, Khoti Lalikulu linazindikira kuti Congress ili ndi mphamvu pa mafuko a Indianant Classiace ndi Pangano la Claus. Mphamvu imeneyi inagwiritsiridwa ntchito kulamulira zonse kuchokera ku mabizinesi a dziko ku ulamuliro wa upandu. Komabe, funso la kaya mphamvu imeneyi inafika kuchotsa maboma awo otetezera achifumu silinathetsedwa.

M'milandu yoyambirira, Bwalo lamilandu linakhazikitsa maziko oyang'anira kukhoza kwa boma la opatulidwa. M'chigamulo cha Pennsylvania . Union Gas Co. (1998] ), kuchuluka kwa khotilo kunakhazikitsa kuti Nyumba za Malamulo zikhale ndi mphamvu yodzitetezera pa boma pansi pa Interstate Commerce Clause. Chigamulocho chinawonongeka ndi kupangitsa kukayikira kwakukulu, popeza kuti chinalibe ndi mfundo yomveka bwino. [FLT:] Srinole v. Florida

Chigomeko cha fukolo chinapereka mfundo za mzera wa nkhani zimene zinavomereza Nyumba ya Malamulo pa nkhani za Aindiya. Mwachitsanzo, m'mabungwe United States v. Kagama (1886) ndi Mantarin . Mancarin [[FLT]] [19774]]), Khoti linatsimikizira kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo ikhoza kukhazikitsa njira zimene zimakhudza mbali ya dziko pamene ikutsogolera mafuko a India. Fuko linalimbana kuti Claus Claus anali wosiyana ndi Extate Commust Claus chifukwa chakuti inalankhula ndi gulu lapadera la maulamuliro apamwamba a — mafuko a ku Indiya &dam; amene anali asanakhale mbali ya boma kapena sanali mbali ya dongosolo la malamulo. Motero, linatsutsa mphamvu za malonda ndi kuchirikiza kuchirikiza kuteteza koyenera kwa mitundu ina.

Boma la Florida, lochirikizidwa ndi amici ambiri, linatsutsa kuti kutetezeredwa kwa ufulu kuli mkhalidwe waukulu wa boma umene ungangoperekedwa ndi malemba omveka bwino a lamulo kapena chivomerezo cha boma. Bomalo linanena kuti Kusintha kwa khumi ndi limodzi sikunali malire a boma koma kutsimikiziridwanso kwa lamulo lamphamvu lomwe linayambitsa Malamulo. Malinga ndi lingaliro limeneli, kuchotsedwa kulikonse kwa lamulolo kuyenera kulembedwa mosatsutsika ndi lamulo ndi kuvomerezedwa ndi lamulo lalamulo limene limaletsa kuletsa kuletsa, monga Chigawo 5 cha Kusintha kwa Zalamulo 14.

Chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu

Pachigamulo chogaŵanika kwambiri 5-4, Bwalo Lapamwamba linagamula mochirikiza Boma la Florida, likumati Indien Commerce Claus sanapatse Nyumba ya Malamulo mphamvu ku boma la ufulu wa kudzilamulira. Lingaliro la ambiri, lolembedwa ndi Woweruza Wamkulu William Rehnquist, linazikidwa pa mizati ingapo ya kumasulira kwa lamulo ndi unistism.

Choyamba, Khotilo linatsimikiziranso mfundo yakuti lamulo loletsa kutengera ufulu wa munthu aliyense ndi mbali yofunika kwambiri ya lamulo, osati chabe mfundo yodzitetezera kapena yochirikiza. Khotilo linagogomezera kuti Mpando wa Khumi ndi Lachisanu ukuvomereza kuti kutetezera kumeneku kumachitika ndi masuti obweretsedwa ndi zipani za anthu pa malamulo a boma, kusiyapo ngati boma kapena Nyumba ya Malamulo ivomereza mwalamulo lalamulo limene limakunyalanyaza.

Chachiwiri, anthu ambiri anasiyanitsa pakati pa magwero osiyanasiyana a ulamuliro wa bungwe. Khotilo linanena kuti mu FATRItzpack v. Bitzer [1997], adaona kuti Congress ingatetezere boma pa Chigawo 5 cha Kukonzanso Kolamulira kwa 1449 chifukwa chakuti kukonza zinthu kunachitidwa kuti kuchepetse mphamvu za boma ndipo kunali kutsenderezedwa mwachindunji pa ulamuliro wa boma. Mosiyana ndi, bungwe la Indian Commercial Clace ndi Interstation Classiace silina kuletsa ulamuliro wa boma m’njira imodzimodziyo. Iwo anangopatsidwa mphamvu ya Congress, ndipo Khoti linali losafuna kuteteza boma ku boma lopanda ulamuliro loterolo.

Chachitatu, Khoti linaletsa chigamulo chake choyamba mu Pennsylvania v. Union Gas Co. , kupeza kuti kulingalira kwamitundu yambiri kunali kosemphana ndi malamulo alamulo. Ambiri anakhulupirira kuti kulola Congress kuletsa chitetezero cha boma kupyolera mwa Commerce Claus kulola kuti Congress atseke ku Demetription mwa kungogwirizanitsa kuyenera kwaumwini kwa malamulo alionse a zamalonda. Zimenezi zingachepetse kulinganiza kwa mphamvu pakati pa malamulo a boma ndi maboma.

Chigwirizanocho chinali chomvekera bwino: Nyumba za Malamulo sizikanagwiritsira ntchito Mfundo yake I, kuphatikizapo Indiya Commerce Claus, kugonjera maboma a masuti aumwini kaamba ka chiwopsezo kapena kuchepetsa chivomerezo popanda chivomerezo cha boma. Khotilo linanena kuti ngati Malamulo akufuna kulamulira mayanjano a boma ndi mafuko a Aindiya, ayenera kudalira pa kugawana kwaufulu kwa boma kapena kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zake pansi pa Demetrition ya 141 kuti apereke chitetezo cholingana kapena zitsimikizo zoyenera.

Kulingalira Kokulira kwa Anthu

Jasitisi Wamkulu Rehnquist anathetsa maganizo akuti Indian Commerce Claus anali wosiyana mokwanira kulungamitsa kuperekedwa kwa boma. Iye anavomereza unansi wapadera pakati pa boma ndi mafuko a India koma anamaliza kuti unansi umenewu sunasinthe mkhalidwe wofunika wa ulamuliro wa boma. Kapangidwe ka Malamulo, iye anatsutsa kuti, boma limatsutsa kuti maulamuliro ali otetezeka kuchokera ku sutiti ya m'bwalo la boma pokhapokha ngati atavomereza kapena Congress kugwira ntchito pansi pa makonzedwe amene amayang’anira mwachindunji ulamuliro wa boma.

Ochuluka anakananso chigomeko chakuti [FLT ... Florida [1] Suminole Friest . [FLT ] angasiyanitse ndi milandu ina ya zamalonda yozikidwa pa kuchitiridwa kwa mbiri ya mafuko. Pamene kuli kwakuti Bwalo Lamilandu linavomereza kuti mafuko ali maulamuliro odziimira ndi ulamuliro wawowawo wa boma, linaona kuti chitetezo cha ulamuliro wa dziko la 11 chinagwiritsiridwa ntchito ku sututi iliyonse yoperekedwa ndi gulu laumwini, kuphatikizapo fuko la India. Mfundo yakuti Seminole Frity inali yolamulira sanakhaleko siinaipatse ufulu wa kusuta Boma la Florida m'bwalo la boma lolamulidwa ndi boma popanda chivomerezo cha boma.

Kusavomereza

Otsutsawo, motsogozedwa ndi Woweruza John Paul Stevens, anatsutsa kuti ambiri sanamvetsetse mtundu wa ulamuliro wa India ndi ukulu wa ulamuliro wa bungwe. Woweruza Stevens anatsutsa kuti Indien Commerce Claus anali wosiyana modabwitsa ndi Interstate Communist Clause chifukwa chakuti anali kuchita ndi mitundu yolamulira imene inakhazikitsa malamulo a boma. Iye anatsutsa kuti ulamuliro wa Congress pa nkhani za India nthaŵi zonse unaphatikizapo mphamvu ya kulamulira ubale pakati pa mafuko ndi maboma, ndi kuti kutetezera boma kunali mbali yofunika ya ulamuliro umenewo.

Woweruza Stevens anasulizanso ambiri chifukwa cha kuchulukitsa malamulo ngati IGRA. Otsutsa anachenjeza kuti chosankha cha ambiri chikapanga malo osungirako malamulo amene maboma angangonyalanyaza malamulo awo a ku India, ndipo zikatere, zisiya mafuko popanda thandizo.

Jasitisi David Souter analemba kutsutsana kosiyana komwe kunalondola mbiri ya kudzilamulira kwa ufulu pa lamulo la Chingelezi kupyolera m'kutembenuzidwa kwa Programme ya khumi ndi mmodzi. Anatsutsa kuti kumasulira kwa ambiri kwa Demendmentth Amendment kunali kosalondola ndi kuti Kukonzanso kunali kolinganizidwira kuchepetsa mphamvu za mitundu yosiyanasiyana, osati kupanga chitetezero chokulira chotsutsana ndi mafuno a boma. Malinga ndi Justice Souter, Khoti linali kufutukuka kuposa tanthauzo lake loyamba, ndi SAMINOLE . Florida .

Kukayikira Ulamuliro wa Yehova

Chigamulo mu [FLT :0] Séminole Tribun v. Florida anali ndi ziyambukiro zofikira kutali kaamba ka lamulo la Indiya, maunansi a boma, ndi chiphunzitso chachikulu cha ulamuliro. Kulamulira kwachindunji kwa Congress kukhoza kugonjera ku milandu yaumwini pansi pa Mfundo I, zimene zinatanthauza kuti mafuko sakanatha kudalira pa chiwopsezo cha ufulu kukakamiza maboma kulinganiza mapangano. Zimenezi zinasintha kulinganiza kwa mphamvu m'kuseŵera kwa Indiya ndi kupanga malo atsopano alamulo kaamba ka unansi wa mafuko.

Chotsatirapo chopindulitsa kwambiri chinali chakuti makonzedwe a IGRA a kukambitsirana kwa boma sanavomerezedwe bwino. Lamulo linapereka kuti ngati boma linakana kukambitsirana ndi chikhulupiriro chabwino, fukolo likanazengedwa m'khoti la boma kukakamiza kugonjera. Pambuyo pa Saminole Tribe v. Florida , mafuko sakanathanso kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ameneŵa chifukwa chakuti maboma anasunga ufulu wawo. Mayiko ena anagwiritsira ntchito lamulo limeneli kukana kukambirana, podziŵa kuti mafuko alibe thandizo lalamulo m’khoti.

Komabe, chigamulo chinachititsanso kusintha. Mafuko anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito njira zina zosungira mapangano, kuphatikizapo kukambirana zandale, kukambirana kwa boma, ndi njira za boma zoyendetsera ntchito. Nthaŵi zina, mafuko anatembenukira ku Dipatimenti ya Interior, yomwe inali ndi ulamuliro pansi pa IGRA kukhazikitsa njira zosewera kutchova juga m'mayiko ngati boma linakana kukambirana. Njira imeneyi inakhala ntchito yotsutsa kwambiri, ngakhale kuti inali yosathandiza kwenikweni poyambirira poyerekezera ndi khoti la khoti.

Kupyola kugawana kwa India, chigamulocho chinali ndi tanthauzo lalikulu la chiphunzitso cha kudzitetezera kwa munthu. Chigamulocho chinavumbula kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo siingadalire pa Mfundo yake yamphamvu yolamulira kugonjetsa chitetezo cha boma, ndipo chinatsimikiziranso kufunika kwa mawu omveka bwino a commiongation. Motero mlanduwo unakhala maziko a Rehnquisst jurisprudence, pamodzi ndi zosankha zonga [FL:0] United States v. Lopez [1] (195) ndi [FLT:] Pripz . United States

M’nkhani zotsatira, Khotilo linamanga pa mfundo ya SEMINOLE FUB ku Florida . kukhazikitsanso mphamvu ya Nyumba za Malamulo za kuteteza dziko lomakula. Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents [2000] ndi Board of Truste of University of Alabama v. Garrett [FLT:] (2001], Khoti inakhulupirira kuti Court ikhoza kutetezera pa chigawo cha 147 condensiti ngati malamulo anali odziŵika ndi ogwirizana ndi malamulo opangika pa malamulo opangika.

Chiyambukiro pa Uchifumu wa Fuko

Pamene kuli kwakuti Suminole Tribe v. Florida [[FLT :1] inali kugonjetsedwa kwa Seminole Friest, sinachepetse kuyenera kwa lamulo kwa kutetezera kwa fuko la chifuko. Khotilo linazindikira kuti mafuko a India ali maufumu achifumu ndi mphamvu yotetezera ku kukana kusakhala kwa fuko kapena kutsendereza kwa bungwe. Chimene chigamulocho chinali kukhoza kwa Congress kutsendera kutetezera kwa fuko lolimbana ndi chitetezero cha boma. Mlandu, mlanduwo unali wokhudza unansi pakati pa uchifumu wa boma ndi mphamvu ya boma, osati ponena za ulamuliro wa mafuko.

Komabe, chigamulocho chinagogomezera kulinganiza kwa lamulo la mayanjano pakati pa mafuko ndi maiko. Mafuko anasunga ufulu wawo kwa zipani zaumwini, koma analinso ndi kulephera kwawo kusungirira maboma. Zimenezi zinapangitsa mkhalidwe wakuti mafuko sakanatha kukakamiza ufulu wawo kutsutsana ndi maboma a boma m’bwalo la boma, kuwakakamiza kudalira pa malikulu andale, maulamuliro, ndipo nthaŵi zina makhoti a boma kaamba ka thandizo. Mkupita kwa nthaŵi, mphamvu imeneyi yachititsa mikangano m'mayanjano a mafuko, monga momwe maboma amagwiritsira ntchito kutetezera kwawo monga njira zolankhulira.

Kulamulira kwa Ulamuliro Waukulu

Squatione Friest v. Florida imaonedwa mofala monga chimodzi cha zosankha zofunika kwambiri za kudzitetezera kwa munthu m’mbiri ya Khoti Lapamwamba. Chili chisonyezero chomveka chakuti lamulo la kuletsa kulanda kuli lamulo lalamulo limene limachepetsa mphamvu ya boma, ngakhale pamene Nyumba za Malamulo zikuchita m'madera a nkhaŵa za boma monga za Aindiya. Nkhaniyo imatchulidwa kaŵirikaŵiri kumbali sv. Louisiana (1890) ndi [FLT:] Alden. Maine . (1999) monga mbali ya maziko a maziko a gulu la otetezera justial jubride.

Chigamulocho chinagogomezeranso kutsutsana pakati pa masomphenya aŵiri opikisana a chipani cha boma. Kumbali imodzi kuli lingaliro lakuti boma la boma liri ndi ulamuliro waukulu wa kulamulira nkhani za chikondwerero cha dziko, kuphatikizapo maunansi ndi mafuko a Eni America. Kumbali ina iri lamulo lakuti maboma ali odziimira okha ndi machinjirizo achibadwa otetezera ku kuloŵerera kwa boma. [FLT: 0] Seminole Tribe v. Florida . adagwa mwamphamvu kumbali ya ulamuliro wa boma, ndipo anatero mwa kukana mfundo yakuti malo apadera a mafuko a India akuchirikiza kuchotsedwa kwa chiphunzitso chokhazikitsidwa.

Kwa akatswiri a boma, mlanduwo ndi chitsanzo champhamvu cha mmene Khoti Lalikulu limagwiritsira ntchito lingaliro la kudzitetezera kwa chifumu pogwira ntchito ku malire a ulamuliro wa gulu. Khotilo limaumirira pa chilolezo chomveka bwino cha lamulo kaamba ka kuulutsa kwa lamulo lakakamiza Nyumba za Malamulo kukhala zolondola kwambiri popanga lamulo limene limatetezera boma. Ilo lakwezanso Demendment yachisanu ndi chimodzi kuchokera ku lamulo losadziŵika bwino la lamulo loletsa kachitidwe ka malamulo.

Unansi Pakati pa Kusintha kwa Khumi ndi Chisanu ndi Chimodzi ndi Mfundo I

Chimodzi cha mbali zofunika kwambiri za Sminole Friest v. Florida ndicho kumasulira kwake kwa unansi pakati pa Kusintha kwa Khumi ndi Maulamuliro a Bungwe I. Pasadakhale, panali chisokonezo chachikulu ponena za kaya Demendment ya khumi ndi limodzi inali kokha malire a kusiyanasiyana kapena mgodi wambiri pa suti zotsutsana ndi maboma. Khoti linathetsa funso limeneli mwa kunena kuti Kusintha kwa Khumi ndi Lachisanu ndi chimodzi kumasonyeza kutetezera kofunikira kochitidwa ndi magulu onse achinsinsi otsutsana ndi maboma, mosasamala kanthu za maziko a ulamuliro wa boma.

Mwa kuchulukitsa Games , Bwalo linavumbulanso kuti Maulamuliro I samangoletsa chitetezo chimenechi. Malamulo a malamulo okha amene angachirikize kugwetsa ndi aja amene adachitidwa pambuyo pa Kusintha kwa Khumi ndi Magazi kwa Khumi ndi Malamulo ndi amene analinganizidwa mwachindunji kuchepetsa ulamuliro wa boma. M’chenicheni, zimenezi zatanthauza kuti Gawo 5 la 145 la Malamulo ndilo a Chipangizo chachikulu cha kuchotsa, pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo a Ine monga Commest Claus ali oyenerera kwenikweni chifuno chimenechi.

Choloŵa Chokhalitsa ndi Kulandira Chiyeneretso Chamakono

Choloŵa cha Suminole Friest v. Florida [FLT :1] ikupitiriza kuumba mikangano ya lamulo m'zaka za zana la makumi aŵiri ndi loyamba. Nkhaniyo idakali chopinga kwa mafuko ofuna kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma, ndipo yatchulidwa m'zigamulo zambiri zotsatirapo pa kutetezera ulamuliro, kuphatikizapo [[FLT:] FULD] Maritime Commission. South Carolina State Ports Authouty (2002] ndi [[FLT:]] Ofesi ya chitetezo ndi Advokigne. v.[FLD:] [20]] chigamu cha chigamu cha chikalata chodziwiritsira cha '''''kudzinenera kuti chigamu cha Indiko.

M’zaka zaposachedwapa, akatswiri ena ndi opanga malamulo alamula kuti pakhale njira zochitira zinthu zogwirizana ndi malamulo zoikidwa ndi Suminole Friest v. Florida . Malamulo aphatikizapo kuwonjezera IGRA kuti ipange njira zina zothandizira, zonga ngati njira zodandaulira boma kapena kugwiritsa ntchito njira zauyang'anira. Komabe, chifukwa chakuti chigamulocho n’chozikidwa pa kumasulira kwa malamulo m’malo mwa kumanga, chigamulo chilichonse cha malamulo chingafunikire kugwiritsa ntchito mwa kukonzanso malamulo kapena kumasuliranso kwa malamulo a Courting of the 141. Chigamulo chapamwamba, kukonza [FL:] kugamula kapena kuchepetsa [FOK:]

Kwa ochita za lamulo la ku India, chosankha chidakali chovuta kwambiri pa njira ya kugamula. Mafuko oimira mafuko ayenera kulingalira mosamalitsa ngati boma lingaikidwe kukhoti la boma kaamba ka kuswa lamulo la boma, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri ayenera kupenda njira zina monga kusungirira akuluakulu a boma m'maudindo awo aumwini pansi pa chiphunzitso cha Ex parece Young (1908), zimene zimalola oyembekezera kuperekedwa kwa thandizo lotsutsana ndi boma amene akuchita zinthu mosaloleka lamulo. Ntchito imeneyi imakhala yosakwanira kuyang'anizana ndi boma ndipo simapereka mankhwala othandizira kuwonongeka.

Kumaliza

Squatione Tribum v. Florida ndi mlandu wachidule umene wayamba kulongosola lamulo lamakono la kudziimira. Mwakuti Congress sangagwiritsire ntchito Mfundo yake I kutetezera boma, Bwalo Lapamwamba linalimbitsa dongosolo lalamulo la boma ndi kutetezera maboma kuchokera ku sutu yaumwini m’khoti la boma. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, chigamulocho chinayambitsa mavuto aakulu kwa mafuko a Eni America ofuna kusungitsa malamulo a boma polimbana ndi maboma, makamaka m'nkhani ya magalamu a .

Nkhaniyi ndi chikumbutso champhamvu chakuti chitetezo cha kudziimira paokha si kutetezera kwa boma kokha koma mkhalidwe waukulu wa ulamuliro wa boma umene umaletsa kufikiridwa ndi ulamuliro wa boma. Pafupifupi zaka makumi atatu pambuyo pa chigamulo, SEMINOLE V. Florida akupitirizabe kusonkhezera mikangano yalamulo m’bwalo la boma, ndipo malamulo ake amakhalabe mbali yaikulu ya kukambitsirana [[FLT:] kwa [FLT] Demend Remend Remement [[FLT:] ndi [FLT:] magalamu a ulamuliro wa boma . kwa ophunzira a lamulo, ndi nkhani yofunika kwambiri yomvetsa mmene khoti la kulinganiza kwa mayanjana m'dongosolo la boma.

Kuti muŵerenge zambiri pankhaniyi, lingalirani za lingaliro lokwanira la Khoti kapena kufufuza kwa akatswiri kumene kumapenda chigamulo chakutali juriprudence [FLT]. Chuma chimenechi chimapereka chidziŵitso chozama cha kulingalira kumene kumapitirizabe kuumba unansi pakati pa mafuko, maboma, ndi boma la boma.