Masankho a Midter ndi mbali yodziŵika ya dongosolo la ndale zadziko la America, yotumikira monga malo ofufuzapo kwambiri pakati pa mipikisano ya pulezidenti. Kuphatikiza pa zaka ziŵiri zilizonse, masankho ameneŵa amapereka njira yachindunji yodziŵira mmene maulamuliro akukhala ndi kuchepetsa mphamvu mu Congress. Pamene kuli kwakuti iwo samalandira chisamaliro chochepa kuposa masankho a pulezidenti, ma ma centernal amakhala ndi zotsatira zazikulu za malamulo, kulamulira, ndi kutsogolera kwa mtundu. Kuzindikira kufunika kwawo nkofunika kwa aliyense wofuna kudziŵa mphamvu za U.S. democracy ndi pangano la boma.

Kumvetsetsa Kusankha kwa Pakati

Midterm imachita masankho pakati pa zaka zinayi za pulezidenti. Pamasiku ano osankha, osankha onse 435 a Nyumba ya Oimira ndi pafupifupi chigawo chimodzi mwa zitatu cha mipando 100 ya Nyumba ya Malamulo. Kuwonjezerapo, maboma ambiri amachita masankho a jubernator, mafuko a boma, ndi unyinji wa mipikisano ya kumaloko ndi mipikisano ya makampani. Chifukwa Nyumba yonse imakwera pa zaka ziŵiri zilizonse, pakati pa masabata amapereka kuimira kokwanira pa gulu la mu ulamuliro. Mipando yapakati imagwedetsedwa, chotero magawo apakati a boma amaperekanso mwaŵi wa kuyendetsa kulinganizika m'chipinda chapamwamba, ngakhale kuti mipando yapadera imachitidwa.

Liwulo "midterm" ilo lokha limagogomezera malo a kanthaŵi mogwirizana ndi kayendedwe ka pulezidenti . Nthaŵi imeneyi kaŵirikaŵiri imatsogolera ku kutsika kwa wovota poyerekezera ndi zaka za pulezidenti, komanso limapanga malo apadera andale kumene nkhani za dziko ndi boma zingapereke kulemera kwake. Zotsatira za masankho a pakati pa nyengo zingachirikize zolinga za pulezidenti kapena kupanga malo otsekerapo, kuwapangitsa iwo kukhala maziko apamwamba a atsogoleri andale zadziko, ochirikiza, ndi magulu achifunitso.

Mbiri ya Kusankha Zinthu

Chiyambire republic yoyambirira, chisankho chapakati pa nyengo yapakati chakhala chothandizira anthu kuvomereza maganizo a pulezidenti wokhala pansi. Chitsanzo chopitirizabe cha mbiri yakale ndicho [[FLT: 0] combo cha gulu lokhala ndi mipando yotayika m'Congress [1] pakati pa nyengo. Chochitika chimenechi, chonenedwa kaŵirikaŵiri ndi "chilango cha pambuyo pake," chimasonyeza chikhumbo cha wosankha kuyang'anira ndi kusunga ulamuliro wa ntchito yake. Chifukwa chonga mikhalidwe ya zachuma, mavuto a za malamulo akunja, ndi maupandu a m’banja angawonjezere kapena kuchepetsa chikhotere.

Kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa pakati pa zaka za zana la 20 kumaphatikizapo kuwonongeka kwa Democratic mu 1938 mu nthaŵi ya Franklin D. Roosevelt, kuwonongeka kwa dziko la Republican pambuyo pa mbiri yoipa ya Watergate, ndi 1994 "Republican Reformation" mu 1938, ovota anatopa ndi mapulani a kumanga nyumba ndi kulephera kwa chuma; mu 1974, kubwerera m’mbuyo kwa Watergate ndi Nixon kunapatsa Democrates zochuluka. Mu 1994, Republican adalandira mipando 54 ndi mipando isanu ndi itatu ya Nyumba zachifumu, akumalanda zipinda zonse ziŵirizo kwa nthaŵi yoyamba mu zaka 40 mu ulamuliro wa Newtrich. Kusintha kwa Amerekani ndi kukhazikitsa kwa ndale zadziko za nthaŵi ya nkhondo ya Clinstan.

Mibadwo yaposachedwapa imapitiriza ndi njira imeneyi. Mu 2006, kusakhutira ndi Nkhondo ya Iraq ndi Pulezidenti George W. Kusamalira kwa Katrina kunapatsa Democrates ulamuliro wa Nyumba ndi nyumba. Mu 2010, kubuka kwa gulu la Tea Party, kosonkhezeredwa ndi kutsutsa malamulo a Affordble Care ndi nkhaŵa za zachuma, kunapatsa Republican phindu lakale la 63 la chakudya m'Nyumba. Milingo 2018 inaona ma democrates "mpending'a" monga momwe Democrates anasinthira Nyumba pakati pa dest shake motsutsana ndi preziden Trump's, pamene kuli kwakuti Republican Courage. Zitsanzo zimenezi zikusonyeza mmene ma demote - sex - sex pa geek pa geace pa gevers et pa genement ya deas proving.

Zosankha Zapakati ndi Zotulukapo Zake Zodziŵika

  • [[FLT: 0] (1994 :[FLT :1] Kusintha kwa Republica" kotsogozedwa ndi Newt Gingrich kunatulukapo kusintha kwakukulu m'ulamuliro, ndipo a Republican analamulira Nyumba kwa nthaŵi yoyamba m'zaka makumi anayi. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti pakhale kukonzanso, nkhondo za bajeti, ndi Pulezidenti Clinton kulinga ku Klintonism.
  • : Atsogoleri a bungwe la Democrates anayambiranso kulamulira Nyumba ya Malamulo pakati pa kusakhutira ndi Nkhondo ya Iraq ndi ziphuphu. Izi zinachititsa kuwonjezereka kwa uyang'aniro wa Abatu, kuchotsedwa kwa asilikali ku Iraq, ndi kudutsa kwa Lilly Led Bealive Beather Fair Pay Act pambuyo pake.
  • 2010: Gulu la Tea Party liyendetsa Republicans ku phindu la mbiri m'Nyumba. GOP yopatsidwa mphamvu chatsopanoyo inayamba kufufuza mu uyang'aniro wa Obama, yosumidwa chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama, ndipo mwachipambano inatseketsa mbali yaikulu ya mpambo wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti.
  • [[FLT: 0] 2018: [[FLT :1] Mafunde a oyembekezera kulowa democracy anapambana m'madera a m’midzi, kugwedeza Nyumba. Zimenezi zinatsogolera ku kusavomerezana ndi Pulezidenti Trump, kufufuza kochuluka, ndi kusumika maganizo pa zitetezero zaumoyo.
  • [[FLT: 0]22: [[FLT ,1] Mosasamala kanthu za ziyembekezo za "mafunde ," Democrates anasunga nyumba ya malamulo ndi kutaya ochepera okha ambiri m'Nyumba. Chisankho chimenechi chinagogomezera kulimba kwa ufulu wa kuchotsa mimba monga nkhani yokonzekeretsa nkhani pambuyo pa chigamulo cha Dobbs, ndipo chinatulukapo kupitiriza ndi lamulo lolamulira.

Kuthandiza kwa Kusankha

Micrometics zotsatirapo zake zimakhudza nthambi iliyonse ya boma ndi kuyambukira malamulo pa mlingo wa boma, boma, ndi malo a komweko. Pamlingo wa boma, kusintha kwa chipinda chilichonse kungaimitse gawo la malamulo a pulezidenti, kulolera, kapena kutsogolera ku kufufuza ndi kuyang’anira. Pamene gulu lotsutsa lipambana chipinda chimodzi kapena zonse ziŵiri, kaŵirikaŵiri mapresidenti amatembenukira ku maulamuliro ndi machitidwe a boma kuti akwaniritse zolinga zawo, koma kuyang'anizana ndi kulephera kwa ndalama ndi kuyendetsa ndalama.

Pambuyo pa malamulo, madeti apakati asonkhezera kutsimikizira kwa oweruza a boma, kuphatikizapo oweruza a Bwalo Lapamwamba. Nyumba ya Malamulo yochokera ku gulu la pulezidenti ingafulumire kuweruza milandu, pamene kuli kwakuti Nyumba ya Malamulo yankhanza ingawatsekereze kotheratu. Mwachitsanzo, mu 2016, Nyumba ya Malamulo ya Republican yolamuliridwa anakana kuchititsa kuweruza Merrick Garland, Pulezidenti Obama’s Sup Court naminee, chigamulo chimene chinali ndi zotulukapo zokhalitsa kaamba ka kulinganizika kwa Khoti. Mofananamo, 2018 chigawo chapakati chinapereka Democrates House wokulira, kuwalola kutseka kuyang'anira kowonjezereka kwa Trump ndi kuyang'anira.

Pamlingo wa boma, ma international geargement amagamulapo maulamuliro ndi mabwalo a boma, amene amalamulira kulinganiza, malamulo ovota, ndalama zothandizira pamaphunziro, ndi kuwonjezera chithandizo cha zaumoyo. Mu 2010, ma Republican adapeza ulamuliro wa makhomageti ambiri a boma ndipo anagwiritsira ntchito mphamvuzo kujambulanso madera a maufumu kuti apindule pambuyo pa kuŵerengera kwa 2010. . Kusintha kwa ntchito yolimbitsa Nyumba zawo kwa zaka khumi. Ma 20222 anawona Democrates akuteteza mwachipambano maulamuliro aakulu monga Michigan, Pennsylvania, ndi Wisconsian, kuletsa malamulo oletsa kusandutsa malamulo ndi ufulu wa kubala.

Kusintha ndi Kugwirizana

Voter inayamba kutembenuka pakati pa nyengo ya chisankho m'mbiri kumbuyo kwa masankho a pulezidenti. Mu 1978, kutuluka kunali kotsika ngati 37% ya osankha oyenerera. Komabe, zizoloŵezi zaposachedwapa zikusonyeza pangano lowonjezereka. 2018 m'mitengo inawona 50.3%, yokwera kwambiri pakati pa zaka zana limodzi, yosonkhezeredwa ndi kugaŵanitsidwa kwakukulu, mayanjano, ndi kuyesayesa kwa anthu. 20222 pakati pa materm anapitirizabe ndi chikhoterero chimenechi ndi pafupifupi 46% yotembenuka, yokwezedwabe ndi miyezo ya mbiri yakale.

Zochititsa zambiri zimathandizira kukwera kwa zimenezi. Osankha achinyamata (mayeso 18-29) akhala okonzeka kwambiri kukhala ndi anthu, makamaka pankhani zonga kusintha kwa nyengo, ngongole za ophunzira, ndi ufulu wochotsa mimba. Mapulatifomu a za makampani a zandale ndi kulinganiza kwa makompyuta zachepetsa mtengo wa pangano la ndale zadziko, kulola magulu onga March kaamba ka Moyo Wathu, Sunice Movement, ndi Plantationd Moniotion kukhazikitsa chivoti. Kuwonjezera apo, kunena kuti anavomereza kulembetsa kodzipangira, tsiku limodzi, ndi kulembetsa kowonjezereka kwa kusanthula makalata kunawona milingo yapamwamba. Mosiyana ndi malamulo oletsa opanga mavota ndi osankhidwa, malamulo akale, makamaka pakati pa anthu ochepa.

Midzi ya mzera, kuphatikizapo Black, Latino, ndi Asian America, yasonyezanso kukwera kwa nyengo yapakati pa nyengo zaposachedwapa. 2018 centters inaona kuwonjezereka kwa ovota Akuda ku Georgia, otsogozedwa ndi mkupiti wa Stacey Abramas gubernatorial ndi gulu lake Fair Frist. Mu 2022, Latino povhota ku Arizona ndi Nevada adatsutsa Democratic Campive . Kukulaku kunasonyeza kuti pakati pa anthu saalinso achikulire, oyera okha; amasonyeza kuchuluka ndi osankhidwa osiyanasiyana.

Nkhani Zazikulu M’magawo Osankha

Masankho apakati nthaŵi zambiri amazikidwa pa nkhani za dziko zimene zimakhudza moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku wa ovota. Pamene kuli kwakuti nkhani zapadera zimasintha ndi mkhalidwe wa ndale zadziko, nkhani zingapo zimene zimakhala zogwirizana ndi zotsatirapo:

  • Ulemu : Affordcable Care Act (ACA) idakali nkhani yogaŵanitsa. Mu 2018, Democrates anapambana potetezera mikhalidwe yokhalapo ndi kufutukuka kwa Medicaid. Mu 2022, kuyenera kwa kuchotsa mimba kunakhala nkhani yaikulu pambuyo pa Khoti Lapamwamba Dobbs v. Jackson’s Health Organization ya Akazi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Mtengo: Kukwera kwa ndalama, kukwera kwa ntchito, ndi chisonkhezero cha misonkho. Mu 2010, ulova wochuluka ndi kuchira pang’onopang'ono zinasonkhezera mkwiyo wa Tea Party. Mu 2022, kukwera kwa mitengo ya zinthu ndi mitengo ya gasi zinapindulitsa anthu a ku Republican, koma Democrat anayang'ana ku kukula kwa ntchito ndi kuyendetsa ndalama.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kusuntha: chisungiko cha malire ndi kusintha kwa kusamuka ndizo nkhani zosatha. Mu 2006, kusintha kochitika kwa zinthu kunatha; mu 2018, kulekana kwa mabanja pa chitsutso cha Democratic Democratic. Mu 2022, kuwoloka malire kowonjezereka kunakhala kosavuta kwa oyang'anira Biden.
  • Kusintha kwa Malo Ozungulira kwakhala nkhani yokonzekeretsa kwa achichepere osankha. Chigawo cha 2018 cha oyembekezera kubatizidwa monga Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez akweza Green New Derection. Pafupifupi 20222 C. Democrates analola kugogomezera makonzedwe a nyengo ya Infladion Reduction Act.
  • Kuphunzitsa ndi Kutulutsa Ufulu: Kutsutsana pa nthanthi ya fuko yosuliza, ndalama za sukulu, ndi kuvota kwakhala malo odziŵira. Mu 2021-2022, mpikisano wa Virginia sumayambukiridwa kwambiri ndi nkhani za maphunziro, pamene kuli kwakuti maboma ambiri anakhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kuvota pambuyo pa 2020.

Ntchito Zopanga Mkupiti

Mkupiti wamakono ndi wotsatira ndi wotsatira ndi wojola. Njira zapadera zimaphatikizapo:

  • Kulinganiza ma Grasroot: Kukopa anthu a m'madera a kumaloko kupyolera mwa kugogoda pakhomo, kubbinki ya telefoni, ndi zochitika za m'malo ena. Magulu onga "Democratic National Corps" ndi Komiti ya National National Committee" ndi maprogramu a Republican National Committee "Voter Protection" owononga kwambiri ntchito za m’munda.
  • Kusintha kwa ndawala: [[FT:1] Masiteshoni a za manyuzipepala, kusatsa malonda, ndi malonda a mameyi amalola mkupiti kufikira ovota ndi mauthenga okonzeka. Kuika micro - poti yozikidwa pa chidziŵitso cha ogula ndi khalidwe losankha lakale. Ma platform monga Facebook ndi Tik Tok amagwiritsiridwa ntchito kuloŵetsamo ofufuza achichepere, pamene kuli kwakuti makampani a uthenga ndi ma a programu onga kufikitsa ndi kuwonjezera ntchito yaufulu.
  • Ndi kulemberana mawu ozikidwa pa: Akusonyeza nkhaŵa zenizeni zimene zimakhudza kuvomereza kwawo. Mwachitsanzo, mu 2022, Democratic commissions inagogomezera zoyenera za kuchotsa mimba ndi kutetezera demokalase, pamene oyembekezera kubatizidwa adasumika maganizo pa kukwera kwa ndalama, upandu, ndi zoyenera za makolo m’maphunziro.
  • Media ndi makambitsirano: [[FLT :1] Kutsutsana kwa pa Telefoni kumakhala kofunika, koma nkhani za thabwala, mapodist, ndi machesi a YouTube tsopano amasokoneza omvetsera. Kugwiritsira ntchito zopezedwa (kuulutsiranso) ndi zoulutsira zolipiridwa (matsopano) ndi (ma) kuumba nkhani. Mauthenga osalongosoka ngofala, koma osatsa malonda abwino a mbiri ya anthu angakulitse chikhulupiriro.
  • Kuyesayesa kwa "GOV: Kutuluka kwa voti nkofunika kwambiri m'nyengo zotsika. Mkupiti usumika maganizo pa kuvota koyambirira, m'makalata, ndi kuvota. Mu 2020-2022, maboma ambiri anafutukula makalata osanthula, kusintha mphamvu za Tsiku la Commotion.

Ntchito ya Ndalama ndi Zoulutsira Nkhani

Masankho a Midter amasonkhezeredwa kwambiri ndi ndalama za ndawala. Khoti Lalikulu lija Citizens United chigamulo (2010]) chinalola ndalama zodziimira paokha zochokera ku makampani, masuntra, ndi Super PCs. Chifukwa chake, magulu akunja tsopano amawononga ndalama mabiliyoni ambiri pamipikisano yapakati. Mu 2022, kukwanira ndalama zofika pafupifupi $17 biliyoni, kuikupanga ndalama zokwera kwambiri kuposa zonse. Magulu a mdima . Magulu a ndalama [1] Zopindulo zimene sizimavumbula opereka nsembe , ndipo amachitanso mbali yaikulu, makamaka m'mafuko a m'mabalo.

Kujambula nkhani kumasintha malingaliro a ovota. Malo amwambo monga CNN, Fox News, ndi MSNBC amapereka kumasulira kwa chigaŵenga, pamene manyuzipepala akumeneko akuphatikizapo makambitsirano ndi zonyansa. Makiransi a za mayanjano a anthu akukulitsa zonena zachilendo, ndipo mawu olakwika akukhalabebe kovuta. Mu 2018 ndi 2022, mapulatifomu onga Facebook ndi Twitter anayesa kulimbana ndi mavoti, koma anatsutsa za umphumphu wa masankho, makamaka kuchokera ku makompyuta otchuka.

Masana Aposachedwapa: 2018 ndi 2022 m’Tsogolo

Chaka cha 2018 chinali nthaŵi yophwanyitsidwa: Ofuna kulowa Nyumba Zaufumu akwera mipando 40, akumapambana pa kuyang'anira chipinda ndi phindu la mabomba 41, izi zinali phindu lalikulu kwambiri la pakati pa chipani kuyambira pa Watergate. Zinsinsi zake zinali zokhala ndi chisangalalo chachikulu pakati pa akazi ndi achinyamata, osonkhezeredwa ndi kutsutsa Pulezidenti Trump. Chisankhocho chinaonanso chiŵerengero chochuluka cha akazi ndi osankha mitundu yosankhidwa ku Msonkhano.

2022 pakati pa nyengo zotsutsidwa ndi mbiri yakale. Mosasamala kanthu za ziŵerengero zochepera za Prezidenti Biden ndi kukwera mtengo kwa ndalama, Democrates adagwira nyumba ya Konburn ndi kutaya kokha unyinji wochepa wa Nyumba. Othirira ndemanga anati ichi chinachokera ku chigamulo cha Supreme Court chopereka chigamulo cha Democratic, chimene chinapatsa mphamvu yosankhira Democratic , ndi kwa oyembekezera ku Republica omwe anaonedwa kukhala opambanitsa kapena olakwika. Zotulukapo zake 20222 zikusonyeza kuti pakati pa matherometime sinso odziimiranso modzifunira pa gulu la pulezidenti; nkhani yaikulu ya democracy ndi ya kutembenuza.

Kufunika kwa Magawo a Pakati pa Maphunziro a Chiŵalo

Kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira, masankho apakati pa nyengo amapereka malo ofufuzirako amoyo kaamba ka kumvetsetsa mafufuzidwe ndi kulinganiza, chigwirizano, ndi khalidwe la ovota. Zimasonyeza mmene nkhani za kumalo ndi dziko zimagwirizanirana, ndi mmene nzika wamba zingalinganizire malamulo. Kuphunzira pakati pa nyengo kumagogomezeranso kufunika kwa pangano la boma kupyola zaka za pulezidenti. Mwa kupenda njira zopitira, njira za mkupiti, ndi zipamba za malamulo, ophunzira amapeza chiyamikiro chachikulu cha kucholoŵa kwa ulamuliro wa democracy.

Pamene United States ikhala yogaŵanika kwambiri, mipikisano yapakati idzakhala yokwera. Kumvetsetsa mamekishoni awo ndi zotulukapo zake nkofunika kukhale nzika yodziŵa bwino. Kaya muli wophunzira, mphunzitsi, kapena wovota, kuzindikira kufunika kwa masankho apakati pa nyengo kungakuthandizeni kuyendetsa bwino mbali ya ndale zadziko ndi kukhala ndi phande mokhutiritsa m'dongosolo la democracy.