Zisankho za Akuluakulu za Malamulo ku United States

Malamulo olamulira zisankho ku United States ndi dongosolo locholoŵana ndi la malamulo a boma, malamulo a boma, kusintha kwa malamulo alamulo, ndi malamulo achiweruzo. Malamulo ameneŵa amasonyeza dongosolo la boma la dzikolo, kumene maboma ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu pa kuyang'anira masankho pamene boma likukhazikitsa zitetezero ndi miyezo. Kumvetsetsa dongosolo limeneli nlofunika kwa aphunzitsi, ophunzira, ndi nzika, pamene limaumba mwachindunji dongosolo la democracy ndi ufulu wa kuvota.

Pamaziko ake, lamulo la chisankho ku United States limalinganiza kufunika kwa miyezo yadziko yofanana ndi kusinthika kwa maboma kugwirizanitsa njira zawo zapadera ndi mikhalidwe ya pulogalamu. Chotulukapo chake ndi ntchito yosiyana m'zigawo ndi zina monga masiku olembetsa ofunsira, zofunika, njira zosanthula, ndi njira zofotokozera. Kusiyanasiyana kumeneku, pamene kulikupatsa mipata ya kuyesa, kumachititsanso mavuto okhudzana ndi kulingana, kulowa, ndi kutetezeka.

Maziko: Ulamuliro wa Malamulo ndi Malamulo Owonjezera

Malamulo a U.S. amapereka malo ovomerezeka kaamba ka lamulo la chisankho. Pamene kuli kwakuti Konsichushoni yoyambirira sinapereke mwachindunji kuyenera kwa boma kwa kuvota, inapatsa mphamvu zina zosankhira ku maboma ndi boma. Chigawo I, Chigawo 4 chimapatsa malamulo a boma ulamuliro kukhazikitsa "Nkhaukha, Malo ndi Manijala a Kusunga Zosankha za Senators ndi Oimira," komanso imapatsanso Msonkhano mphamvu ya "kupanga kapena kusintha malamulo oterowo. Chigawo chimenechi chakhala maziko a lamulo la boma lopanga ufulu wosankha ufulu wa chisankho.

Malamulo Owonjezera a 15, 19 ndi 26

Kusintha kutatu kwa malamulo kuli kofunika kwambiri podziŵa amene angavote:

  • Mpambo wa 15 wa Amereka (1870): Imasonyeza kukana kuyenera kwa kuvota kozikidwa pa fuko, mtundu, kapena ukapolo wakale. Mosasamala kanthu za zimenezi, anakhazikitsa mayeso a kulemba ndi kuŵerenga, misonkho yofunsira, ndi zopinga zina zimene zinapitirizabe kufikira Loting Rights Act ya 1965.
  • Demendment ya 19 (1920): Azimayi, kumaliza gulu la zaka makumi ambiri. Sizinathetse zopinga zina zovota, koma zinakulitsa kwambiri chisankho.
  • Mpambo wa 26 wa Amereka (1971:[[FL:1] Unachepetsa nyengo ya kuvota kufika pa 18, kuyankha ku mkangano wakuti awo achikulire mokwanira kulembetsa utumiki wankhondo ayenera kukhala ndi ufulu wa kuvota.

Kuwonjezerapo, Demendment ya 17 (1913) inasintha masankho a Senator a United States kuti asasankhidwe ndi makhoma a boma kuti atsogolere mavoti otchuka, ndi kutinso pa Kayendedwe ka 24 (1964) inachotsa misonkho ya kufunsira m'masankho a boma. Kusintha kumeneku pamodzi kumagogomezera kuti lamulolo limathandiza kukwaniritsa mbali yaikulu.

Malamulo Aakulu a Chisankho

Malamulo amenewa amagwirizana ndi malamulo a boma ndipo nthaŵi zambiri amaperekedwa pa nkhani ya malamulo okhwima.

Chikalata Chovomereza Ufulu wa Anthu cha 1965 (VRA)

Kulingaliridwa kukhala limodzi la malamulo opindulitsa kwambiri a ufulu wachibadwidwe, VRA inaletsa tsankho la fuko posankha. Malamulo aakulu anaphatikizapo chiletso pa kuyesa kulemba ndi ziŵiya zina zopatula, ndi chofunika pansi pa Chigawo 5 chakuti maulamuliro ena okhala ndi mbiri ya tsankho apeza chivomerezo cha boma ("precradence") asanasinthe malamulo osankhira. Komabe, chigamulo cha Supreme Court cha 2013 mu [[FL:0] Shelby County v. adagonjetsa njira yodziŵira malamulo amene anaphikiridwa, kuchotsapo malamulo a pasadale. Chigamuchi chinatsogolera ku chigamu cha VRA, kupanga malo opitiriza kuima. [FT:]

Lamulo la National Voter Britage Act la 1993 (NVRA)

Nthawi zambiri ankatchedwa "Motor Voter," Act ya NVRA cholinga chofuna kuti voti ikhale yosavuta kulembetsa. Inkafuna kuti mayiko apereke mwayi wolembetsa pamene anthu afunsira kapena akonzanso laisensi ya dalaivala, ndi kupereka mafomu a makalata olembera. Ilo linalamulanso kuti likhale ndi malamulo olondola koma osachotsa ovota chifukwa cholephera kuvota. Lamulo lawonjezera manambala a kulembetsa, ngakhale kuti kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kuli kovuta.

Chikalata Chothandiza cha ku America Chosonyeza Kusintha kwa Zinthu cha 2002 (Hava)

Pambuyo pa mkangano wa pulezidenti wa 2000, HAVA analamula kuti pakhale kusintha kwa madongosolo ovota ndi oyendetsa. Inayambitsa bungwe la Euption Application Commission (EAC) kuti lipereke chitsogozo ndi ndalama. Makonzedwe ofunika kwambiri anali ndi zofunika za kuvomereza, zolembetsera zolembetsera za boma, ndi kuwongolera kupezeka kwa ovota ndi kulumala. HaVA anasonkhezeranso maboma kulowa mmalo makina osankha ogwiritsidwa ntchito posankha, ngakhale kuti anapereka ufulu waukulu wogwiritsira ntchito.

Malamulo ena ofunika kwambiri a boma amaphatikizapo Lamulo la Kupanga Zinthu zofanana ndi za Ostseas Abfacee Voting Act (UOCAVA), limene limatetezera asilikali ndi ovota a kumaiko akunja, ndi Lamulo la Military and Overseas Voters Electment (MOVE), limene linapanga zitetezero zimenezo kukhala zamakono.

Lamulo la Boma: Dokotala Wopanga Chisankho

Chifukwa chakuti amalamulira masankho, tsatanetsatane wa ziyeneretso za wovotayo , malamulo odziwitsa, kusankha mwamsanga, malo ofunsira, ndi mapulani a mavoti . Malamulo a boma kaŵirikaŵiri ali ndi zitetezero zawo za ufulu wosankha, nthaŵi zina zokulira kuposa zija za mu U.S. malamulo a boma amapatsira malamulo a masankho amene ayenera kugwirizana ndi lamulo la boma, koma amasungabe luntha.

Kulemba Malamulo ndi Kudziŵikitsa

Maboma amakhazikitsa masiku awo olembetsera, kuyambira pa masiku 15 mpaka 30 chisankho chisanachitike, ngakhale kuti ena amapereka kulembetsa kwa masiku amodzi. Malamulo a Voter ali otsutsana kwambiri. Maboma ena amafuna mapikica; ena amalandira zikalata zosatsata khomo kapena kugwiritsa ntchito kusaina. National Conference of State Legislatures stem station stance ID [, yosonyeza kusiyana kwakukulu. Otsutsa malamulo ameneŵa amaletsa chinyengo; otsutsa amatsutsa kuti amatsutsa anthu ochepa, okalamba, ndi olandira ndalama zochepa.

Njira Zoulutsira: Mu Pereson, Abisee, ndi Makalata

Maboma amasiyana pa kuvota koyamba, kusatulutsa mavoti, ndi mavoti onse. Mwachitsanzo, Oregon, Washington, Colorado, ndi maboma ena angapo akuchititsa masankho makamaka mwa makalata. Ena amafuna chodzikhululukira kwa munthu amene wachotsedwa. Mliri wa CHOVID-19 unayambitsa kusintha kwa kanthaŵi kochepa, ndipo mayiko ena athandizapo kuvota kwachikhalire kapena kukulitsa. Makonzedwe a makompyuta ovota , makina oonera okha zinthu zamagetsi (RE) kapena makina olemba mapepala olemba m’manja, kapena mapepala olembedwa ndi manja omwenso anasintha kwambiri zinthu zambiri, ngakhale kuti HaVA analimbikitsa kusamuka kuchoka ku kampani yopanda mapepala.

Kukonzanso Malo ndi Majeremanijani

Pambuyo pa kuŵerenga kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, makhoti a boma amapanganso malamulo a boma ndi zigawo za boma. Kachitidweko kali kandale kwambiri. "Gulu limakoka madera kuti akonde chipani china kapena gulu() adatokosedwa m’khoti pansi pa Exlimation Protection Clause ndi Voting Rights Act. Khoti Lapamwamba lapanga lamulo lakuti zonena za gegerryander si zoyenerera m'makhoti a boma ( Richo v. Chifuno cha chibadwa , 2019]), kusiya kukonzanso malamulo a boma. Mabungwe ambiri, kuphatikizapo California, Michigan, ndi Arizona, alandira zisonkhetso zotero zochepetsa mphamvu.

Kuvomereza Ufulu ndi Kupeza: Nkhondo Zosatha

Malamulo ndi zochita zimene zimawonjezera kapena kuletsa anthu kuvota zimaikidwa m’magulu. Malo ofunika amafunikanso kuti anthu azisankha okha.

  • Malamulo a Chivoti: Monga momwe kwatchulidwira, zimenezi zili zogwirizana ndi zofunika zotsata zithunzi zotsatizana ndi zosinthasintha. Kufufuza kumasonyeza kuti zingachepetse kupezeka kwa anthu ena.
  • Universible for Voters o Living: A America Okhala ndi Ulema Act (ADA) ndi HAVA amafuna malo ofunsira kuti apezedwe ndi makina ovotera kuti alole kuvota kwaumwini. Komabe mavuto a kuvomereza akupitirizabe, makamaka m’madera akumidzi.
  • [[FLT :0] Language help: [1] Chigawo 203 cha Lamulo la Kusankha Ufulu Wachibadwidwe chimapereka ziŵiya za chisankho m'zinenero ziŵiri ndi zinenero za anthu ochepa. Zimenezi zimatsimikizira kuti olankhula Chingelezi angatengemo mbali.
  • Kusokonezeka kwa Chilango: Maboma ambiri amaletsa ufulu wosankha anthu okhala ndi zikhululukiro, ndi malamulo oyambira ku kuchotsapo kwachikhalire ndi kubwezeretsa modzifunira. Zimenezi zikuyambukira kwambiri madera a anthu ochepa. Kaamba ka tsatanetsatane wa boma ndi chidziŵitso chakumpoto, onani Project yokhazikitsa .
  • Kusokonezeka kwa Masinthidwe: Maiko ena, kuphatikizapo Florida ndi Iowa, abwezeretsa posachedwapa ufulu wosankha anthu amene anali m’ndende, ngakhale kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala kwatsutsidwa.

Chisungiko ndi Umphumphu

Kuona kuti anthu apanga zisankho zapamwamba kwambiri kuyambira pamene anthu anayamba kudera nkhawa za kulowerera kwa mayiko ena pa masankho a mu 2016.

Kusungika ndi Chithandizo cha Maboma

Cybersecurity ndi Infrapublicture Security Agency (CISISA) imagwira ntchito ndi boma ndi akuluakulu a boma ndi a boma lakwawo kuti atetezere njira zovota. Oyang'anira pansi pa thandizo la HAVA amathandiza kukhazikitsa zipangizo ndi njira zoonera ngozi. Mayiko ambiri tsopano amafuna kufufuza kwa pambuyo pa kugawa kwa mapepala ndi kupenda makompyuta a makompyuta . Kutsimikizira zotsatira. Mapikica a ngozi (RL) amalingaliridwa kukhala golide ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'maboma onga Colorado ndi Rhode Island.

Mapepala Okhala ndi Magalimoto

Poyankha nkhaŵa za kudula mapepala, maboma ambiri amafuna njira zofufuzira mapepala zoyendera (VPAT). Pofika mu 2024, pafupifupi mavoti onse ku United States amaikidwa pa makompyuta amene amapanga mapepala. Chiyeneretso chalamulo cha zosungira pepala chimasiyana; maiko ena amalamula ndi lamulo pamene ena amadalira pa zosankha za ulamuliro.

Kugwirizana kwa Boma ndi Maboma

Evolution Application Commission imakhazikitsa zitsogozo za dongosolo la kuvota modzifunira. Bungwe la Commotion Application Commission limapereka malo ochitirako mavoti ndi oyang'anira. Coloration imafutukula kugawana nzeru zowopsya ndi kuchititsa machitidwe odziwonetsa. Komabe, dongosolo la chisankho cha U.S. . .___ndipo zikwi zambiri za maulamuliro a dziko a kumaloko .

Kampani ya Ndalama ndi Kalankhulidwe Kazandale

Malo alamulo kaamba ka ndawala ya ndale zadziko ndi ndalama m'ndale zasinthidwa ndi zigamulo za Khoti Lapamwamba, kwakukulukulu Buckley v. Valeo [1997] ndi Citimans United v. FEC [FLT ] (202010). Malamulo ameneŵa anakhazikitsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama kusonkhezera masankhoti ndiko mtundu wa kulankhula kotetezeredwa pansi pa Kukonzanso Koyamba.

Malire a Kampeni ndi Kutsekereza

Federal Evolution Campaign Act ya 1971 ndi kukonza kwake zoikizira zopereka kwa oyembekezera ndi zipani, ndipo panafunikira kuvumbula opereka. Federal Evolution Commission (FAC) imakhazikitsa malamulo ameneŵa. Komabe, zowonongedwa zaumwini ndi Super PACs ndi mabungwe osapanga phindu zingakhale zopanda malire, malinga ngati sagwirizana ndi ndawala. Zofunikira za dissociation zafooketsedwa ndi kukwera kwa "Brimp" magulu amene sazindikira poyera operekawo.

Kuthandiza Anthu Kusintha Zinthu

Maboma ena ndi makampani amapereka ndalama kwa oyembekezera kuperekedwa ndi boma omwe amavomereza kupereka malire, monga maprogramu ku New York City ndi Connecticut. Pamlingo wa boma, dongosolo la kayendetsedwe ka ndalama la pulezidenti lasiyidwa ndi akuluakulu oyembekezera chifukwa cha kupereŵera kwa ndalama. Mapangano osintha zinthu akuphatikizapo kusintha malamulo alamulo kuti agule Citazens United , kuwonjezeka kwa malamulo oonekera bwino, ndi madongosolo ang'onoang'ono oyenderana.

Kaamba ka kufukulidwa kokwanira kwa lamulo la chigawo cha ndawala chamakono, fufuzani [[FLT: 0] . .FEC a komiti ya oyembekezera ndi makomiti.

Mavuto Amene Anthu Akukumana Nawo

Ngakhale kuti pali malamulo amphamvu, mavuto aakulu amene akufunika kusintha ndi ofunika kwambiri kuti tipende bwino za ulamuliro wa demokalase wa ku America.

Kutsendereza ndi Kupeza Nkhani

M’zaka zaposachedwapa, maboma ambiri anakhazikitsa malamulo oletsa zifuno za wovota, kuchepetsa kuvota, kuchepetsa masiku ovota, ndi kuchotsa pepala la ovota. Ochirikiza njira zimenezi amatsutsa chinyengo ndi kuwonjezera chidaliro; otsutsa akunena kuti iwo amapanga kupondereza kwamakono kwa wovota, kuyambukira kwambiri madera a mitundu, okalamba, ndi ophunzira. Kumenyanako kwachititsa kuti pakhale kumveka pa Chilamulo cha Voting Rights Act, Constitution, ndi malamulo a boma. John Voting Rights Act, yomwe idzabwezeretsa Previtation Act, yaperekedwa m'bungwe la Congresssions koma osakhazikitsa lamulo.

Kuchepetsa Kusintha

Gerrymander idakali chida champhamvu chothandizira kuletsa kusanthula ndi kuchepetsa mphamvu ya kuvota yaing'ono. Pamene kuli kwakuti Khoti Lapamwamba lakana kuloŵererapo m'kusintha kwa ofufuza, makhoti a boma agonjetsa mapu pansi pa malamulo a boma (m'zilongo, ku Pennsylvania ndi North Carolina). Makomiti a Independent, kuvota kwa malo, ndi zigawo zambiri zili pakati pa kusintha kokhala ndi mapepala monga njira zopangira kuimira kwa oimira.

Luso la Zamakono

Zipangizo zopanga makompyuta zasintha mofulumira. Kulembetsa pa Intaneti kumapezeka m'mayiko ambiri koma anthu akuda nkhawabe ndi kusatetezeka kwa Intaneti. Ogulitsa makompyuta amayang’ana kuopsa kwa makompyuta komanso amatumiza zinthu zowononga pulogalamu. Kukakamiza anthu kuti alembe mapepala komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mapepala ovuta kwambiri. Komabe, ndalama zoyendetsera mavoti si zokwanira, mayiko ambiri a m’deralo amadalira zipangizo zaukalamba, ndipo anthu ofufuza zinthu zamakono akuvutika kwambiri.

Kusintha Kofunika Kwambiri ndi Malangizo Am’tsogolo

Malamulo olinganiza malamulo amakono amaphatikizapo: kulembetsa kodzisankhira (AVR), kumene kukuvomerezedwa m'maiko oposa 20, kupanga Chisankho Day kukhala holide ya boma; kutsata nyengo zoyambirira zovota; ndi kufutukula mavoti papositi. The for the People Act (H.R. 1) mu 117th Congress inayesa kukhazikitsa masinthidwe ambiri otero, koma sinapite. Pamlingo wa boma, kusintha kukupitirizabe kutsutsana, ndi maboma ena kupita ku malo aakulu pamene ena anatsendereza.

Kumaliza

Chisankho chalamulo cha boma ku United States si chachikulu komanso si chachimodzi. Chili njira yamoyo imene imasintha kuchokera ku malamulo, kutsutsana, ndi kutsutsana kwa anthu. Kuyambira pa Reconstanton-era kumapeto a mikangano yaposachedwapa yokhudza kusanthula makalata ndi kugwiritsa ntchito Intaneti, mpambo uliwonse wa lamulo umaonetsa kuti anthu akulimbana ndi amene akufuna kuvota, mmene mavoti amapangidwira, ndiponso mmene amatsatidwira bwino. Kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira, kutsutsana ndi zimenezi si ntchito yamaphunziro okha koma ndi mfundo yofunika. Kumvetsa malamulo amene amasonkhezera anthu kupanga masankho kuti athandize kuti apeze njira zonse ziŵirizo zikhale zotetezeka ndiponso zosavuta, kuchirikiza lonjezo la democracy pa zimene dziko linapangidwa.

Pamene mayendedwe a chisankho 2024 akuyandikira ndi kupitirira, ambiri a mafunso a zamalamulo ameneŵa adzatsutsidwa m'makhoti ndi makhoti m'dziko lonselo. Kukhalabe odziŵitsidwa kupyolera ku magwero odalirika onga NCSSS FICS ndi Kampailo tsamba ndi [FLT] Center ya Chilungamo Brenan Center ya Chilungamo [] ndi yofunika kwa aliyense wodzipereka kutetezera ndi kulimbitsa njira ya chisankho.