Mpumulo Wachisanu ndi Chisanu: Mtanda wa Chiweruzo cha Chilungamo cha Anthu m’Chilamulo cha ku America

Chikalata cha Malamulo cha Edzi cha United States chimakhala chimodzi cha zitetezero zazikulu koposa m'Bill of Rights , chovomerezedwa pa December 15, 1791. Mawu ake ngoluza bwino: "Pail ya ndalama sizidzafunikira, kapena kulipiritsa kopambanitsa, kapena chilango chankhanza ndi chachilendo choperekedwa. Komabe kuchokera ku mawu ochepawa, lamulo lalikulu la malamulo limene limakhudza mbali iliyonse ya chilungamo cha apandu ku America. Kusinthako kumaika malire aakulu pa mphamvu ya boma, kukakamiza kuti kachitidwe ka boma kake ka makhalidwe aupandu kakhalebe kolingana, koyenera, ndi kogwirizana ndi miyezo yaulemu ya anthu. Kwa aphunzitsi, akatswiri a zamalamulo, ndi ophunzira a malamulo, kumvetsetsa malamulo, kulongosola kwa mbiri yake, kumasulira kwake kwa kazembe, ndi kuweruza kwake kwamakono.

Kusinthako kumagwira ntchito monga kukakamiza nthambi zonse zitatu za boma. Malamulo sangapereke njira zobwezera zimene zikuswa mawu ake; oweruza sangafune, kapena kukhazikitsa, zigamulo zimene zimadutsa malire a lamulo; ndipo oyang’anira owongolera sangapereke mikhalidwe kapena mankhwala amene ali chilango chankhanza ndi chachilendo. Kugwiritsira ntchito kotsatira lamulo limeneli kumapangitsa kuti Eighth Amendment ikhale yoona mphamvu ya boma, imene ikupitirizabe kuyambitsa kukambirana ndi kutsutsana kwapoyera.

Maziko a Mbiri Yakale a Kusintha kwa Malamulo Kwachisanu ndi Chisanu ndi Chitatu

Lamulo Lofala la Chingelezi ndi Lamulo la Ufulu wa Anthu 1689

Chikalatacho chinalengeza kuti: "Kuchuluka kwa Baile sikuyenera kufunidwa, kapena kuikidwa ndi Mabwino opambanitsa; kapena chilango chankhanza ndi chachilendo chomwe chinachitidwa. Malamulo achingelezi anabuka chifukwa cha milandu yotsutsa Mfumu James II, amene oweruza ake anakhazikitsa zigamulo zankhanza kwambiri kwa adani andale. Nkhani ya Titus Oates, amene anakwapulidwa, kumangidwa, ndi zilango zonyoza pambuyo powaimba mlandu, kutsutsa koopsa ndi kuchititsa kuti apereke chilango chankhanza ndi chachilendo ku Bill of Rights.

Atsamunda a ku America anatengera mwambo walamulo wa ku England. Malamulo a boma ndi malamulo akale kaŵirikaŵiri anali ndi ziletso zofanana, kusonyeza chitsimikizo chofala chakuti boma liyenera kugwira ntchito mkati mwa malire a makhalidwe abwino polanga nzika zake. Chikalata cha Virginia Declaration of Rights cha mu 1776, cholembedwa ndi George Mason, choletsedwa mwachindunji "chilango chachilendo," chikalata chimene chinasonkhezera James Madison pamene analembetsa chimene chidzakhala Sex Hend Remeterment.

Nthanthi ya Kuunikiridwa ndi Masinthidwe Ongoperekedwa

Uphungu wa kuunikiridwa kwa Chilungamo unasonkhezera kwambiri Chilamulo cha Eleah, osati kubwezera kapena kuvutitsa. Cesare Beccaria's 1764 analemba pa Upandu ndi Chilango zinatsimikizira kukhala zosonkhezera kwambiri. Becria anatsutsa kuti chifuno cha chilango chiyenera kuletsa ndi kubwezera chilango, osati chilango kapena kuzunza. Analimbana kuti chilango chiyenera kulingana ndi maupandu ndi kuti kuyenera kuchitika ndi kupambana kuwopsa kwake. "Kufuna chilango chosayenera, m’kachitidwe wachiwawa kwa munthu mmodzi kapena ambiri pa munthu aliyense," Béccaria analemba, "kuyenera kukhala choyenera kuchitika poyera, kusonkhezera, kuthekera, kulakwa, ndi kuphwanya malamulo, ndi kuperekedwa kwa lamulo.

John Locke anadziŵitsanso okonza maulakeji a maganizo. Locke anatsimikiza kuti anthu amapatula ufulu wokwanira kuti atetezedwe ku ngozi, osati kuyenera kwawo kofunikira kwa kuchitiridwa ndi anthu. Lingaliro limeneli la ulamuliro wa boma wochepa pa oimbidwa mlandu linalimbikitsa lingaliro lakuti mphamvu za boma zopereka chilango ziyenera kukhala ndi malire. Opanga malamulo a malamulo, ophunzitsidwa m’mafilosofi ameneŵa, anazindikira kuti boma lokhoza kupereka zilango zankhanza kwambiri linali boma lokhoza kulanda anthu mwankhanza.

Kupeputsa ndi Kumasulira Koyambirira

Pamene bungwe loyamba linakhazikitsa bungwe la Bill of Rights mu 1789, chilango chankhanza ndi chachilendo chinayambitsa mkangano wochepa poyerekezera ndi malamulo ena. Maboma ambiri anali ndi chitetezo chofanana m'malamulo awo, ndipo mawuwo anaonedwa kukhala chiletso chomveka choletsa kunyanyira kwa chilungamo cha monarchy. Komabe, kukonzanso kwa zaka za kutha kwa kanthaŵi kunasiya malo aakulu omasulira. Makhoti ambiri anamasulira mawuwo mopepuka, akuwagwiritsa ntchito kuletsa njira zolozera chilango zimene mwadala zinali zowaletsa kapena zopanda chilungamo, monga kujambula ndi kutentha, kutentha pamtengo, kapena kuchotsapo anthu.

Khoti Lapamwamba linali ndi nthaŵi yochepa yomasulira chisanu ndi chitatu Demendment mwachindunji mpaka zaka za zana la 20. Wilkerson v. Utah (1879]), Bwalo lamilandu linapereka lingaliro lakuti chilango chokhudza kuzunza kapena imfa yosatha chikaswa kutha kwa mpando wa magetsi, koma chigamulocho chimakhala choopsa ndi chachilendo chifukwa chakuti chinapangidwa kuti chichititse imfa. [FLT:] Mu Remler [FLT] (1890]), Khotilo linachirikiza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mpando wa magetsi, linapeza kuti sichili chilango chankhanza ndi chachilendo chifukwa chakuti chinakonzedwa kuti chiphetseke.

Makonzedwe Atsatanetsatane

Kuposa Malire

A Spadmidial Bail Claus amaletsa makhoti kuika belo pa ndalama zambiri kwambiri moti amakana woimbidwa mlanduyo kuti aperekedwe. Mawuwa amagwira ntchito ku boma la boma mwachindunji ndipo aikidwa kutsutsana ndi maboma kudzera mu Cends Procesme of the 1450 Reformation. Bail amakwaniritsa cholinga chotsimikizira kuti woimbidwa mlanduyo akuonekera pa mlandu, koma sangagwiritsidwe ntchito monga chida chotsekera anthu oimbidwa mlanduwo kapena monga chida chokakamiza kuti aimbidwe ndi mlandu.

Muyezo wodziŵira kuti kaya belo nlopambanitsa umasumikidwa pa kutsimikizira ngati ndalamazo zili zogwirizana ndi zikondwerero zoyenerera za boma. Stack v. Boyle (1951], Khoti Lapamwamba linatsutsa kuti pasupt iyenera kuikidwa pamlingo wosaposa pamlingo woyenerera kutsimikizira kuwoneka kwa woimbidwa mlanduyo. Zotero zonga ukulu wa mlanduwo, mbiri ya upandu wa woimbidwa mlandu, mbiri ya upandu, ndi chuma zonse zimagwirizana ndi chigamulo chimenechi. Otsutsa atsutsa kuti dongosolo labelo lamakono, makamaka ndalama, amalanga bwino kulola oimba mlandu achuma kumasulidwa pamene olakwawo ali oyembekezera kuyesedwa, kukweza nkhani zazikulu zimene zikupitiriza ndi makhoti a m'khoti.

Zabwino Zopambanitsa za Claus

Mabungwe a Mafashoni Osafunika amaletsa boma kulipira ndalama zimene sizingafanane ndi mlandu wochitidwa. Mawuwa, monga a Kusstandive Bail Clause, amagwira ntchito ku maboma onse a boma ndi a boma. Mu United States v. Bajakaan , Khoti Lapamwamba linakhazikitsa kuyesa koyenera kwa kupenda zovala zopambanitsa. Khotilo linanena kuti kuswa Kusintha kwa Sex kwa Dziko lapansi ngati kuli "kuphetsa proportion" ku ukulu wa mlanduwo.

Slassive Fipe Claus imagwiranso ntchito ku kulephera kwa chuma cha boma, kachitidwe kotsutsana kamene boma limalanda katundu wogwirizanitsidwa ndi ntchito yaupandu. Timbs v. Indiana (2017), Khoti Lapamwamba likugwirizana kuti Malamulo Opatulikitsa a Claus amagwira ntchito ku boma ndi maboma a kumalowo kudzera pa Gemetic Remendment. Mlandu unakhudza munthu amene anagwidwa mlandu wake wa kugulitsa heroin yochepa. Khotilo linavomereza kuti kulakwa kwa anthu kugwiritsidwa ntchito m’malamulo, ngakhale kuti linasiya kuyendera mayeso a makhoti a ku makhoti otsika.

Chilango Chankhanza Ndiponso Chachilendo cha Claus

Chilango Chankhanza ndi Chachilendo ndi Chilango cha Claus ndicho njira yoposa ndi yotsutsana kwambiri ya Kusintha kwa Malamulo kwa Eighth. Kumasulira kwake kwasintha modabwitsa m’kupita kwa nthaŵi, kukusonyeza kusintha kwa miyezo ya chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi kumvetsetsa kwambiri kwa maganizo a anthu. Khoti Lapamwamba lafotokoza mfundo yotsogolera: Kusintha kwa Malamulo: Kusintha kwa Miyengo Kumene Kumachititsa Kusintha kwa Mkhalidwe wa Anthu. Muyezo umenewu, unalengezedwa mu Trop v. Dulles . [1958]], ikupitirizabe kupanga tanthauzo lake kuchokera ku " miyezo yachisanu ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi yachigem.

Mawuwo amaletsa chilango chauchinyama, monga ngati kuzunza kapena imfa yosatha. Amaletsanso chilango chimene chimafanana ndi upanduwo, kutanthauza kuti chilango chiyenera kukhala ndi unansi woyenerera ndi ukulu wa kulakwa ndi kulakwa kwa wochimwayo. Kuwonjezerapo, mawuwo amaletsa chilango chongofuna kapena chopalamula, ndipo amafuna kuti chilango chigwire ntchito zolinga zovomerezeka monga chilango, kubwezera chilango, kubwezera mlandu, ndi kubwezeretsa.

Zotsatirapo za Khoti Lalikulu

Kuwonongeka kwa Imfa ndi Zopangapanga za Furman

Chikalata cha kuperekedwa kwa chilango cha imfa cha Seveni chikutanthauza bungwe la chiphunzitso chachikulu ndi lotsutsana kwambiri m'dera lino. M' Furman v. Georgia [772], Khoti Lalikulu linathetsadi lamulo la imfa lililonse ku United States. Malamulo a Khotilo anachirikizidwa ndi malingaliro ogwirizana ogwirizana otsatizana, ndi zoweruza zogawidwa pa mfundo yeniyeni. Ambiri anavomereza kuti chilango cha imfa, monga momwe chinaperekedwa, chinaswa Malamulo a Chiyere chifukwa chakuti kutsata kwake kunali kololera, kopeputsa, kopanda pake, ndi kokondera upandu. Woweruza wotchuka anayerekezera imfa ndi chilango cha imfa ya "kumenyedwa ndi mpheziri."

Kuyankha Furman adafulumira. Mayiko ambiri adakhazikitsa malamulo atsopano okonza zothetsera mavuto a lamulo odziŵika ndi Khoti. Malamulo atsopanowa anatengera limodzi mwa mafomu aŵiri: malamulo a chilango cha imfa omwe anafuna chilango cha imfa pa milandu ina, kapena malamulo ogamula milandu yokhayo yokhudzana ndi kuweruza ndi kuchotsa zinthu zina zofunikira kugamulidwa. M'malamulo otere Gregbbbbb ndi . Georgia [6], Khoti Lapamwamba linachirikiza lamulo la Georgia, kutsimikizira kuti limapereka mayeso oweruza ndi otsimikizira. Khoti linalimbikitsanso malamulo ofanana ndi a Florida ndi oweruza a kumbuyo kwa ku Florida ndi kumadera a ku North America.

Chigamulo chinakhazikitsa malamulo a chilango cha imfa chimene chikutsala. Pansi pa dongosolo limeneli, maboma ayenera kupereka ziyeso zongodziimba mlandu ndi kugamula mlandu zimene zimachitika mosiyana, kutsimikizira kuti majuli apende mikhalidwe ina iliyonse ndi umboni wotsimikizira, ndi kukhazikitsa kupenda kwatanthauzo. Khotilo linagogomezera kuti chilango cha imfa chasungidwa kwa olakwa ndi milandu yoipitsitsa, lamulo limene laumba pambuyo pake.

Zilango Zophiphiritsira pa Chilango Chokulira

Chiyambire , Bwalo Lapamwamba lakhazikitsa zipilala zingapo zoletsa chilango cha imfa kwa magulu ena a opalamula. Mu Attins v. Virginia [200] [200], Bwalo la Mabwalo lamilandu linanena kuti kupha anthu okhala ndi luntha la luntha kumaswa chidetso cha Eightat. Kulemba kwa ambiri, Woweruza John Paul Stevens anatchula miyezo yokhudza ulemu, osati kuti chiŵerengero chomakula cha malamulo adakhazikitsa kupha koteretsa kotero ndi kuti mabungwe a zaumoyo m’mikhalidwe yamaganizo anakulitsa njira zopimirapo kwambiri zopimira. Khoti linagalamu linaganiza kuti anthu okhala ndi kupunduka kwa nzeru zamwala kwa nzeru za anthu ndi kusawakwaniritsa chifuno choyenerera.

Mu . Simmons v. (2005) [200], Khoti linawonjezera mfundo imeneyi kwa achinyamata opalamula milandu, likumati kupha anthu amene anali ndi zaka zosafika 18 panthaŵi ya maupandu awo kumaswa Sevenir Demendment. Khoti linagogomezera kuti achinyamata ndi osaopsa kwenikweni kuposa achikulire chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa thupi, kutengera kupanikizika kwa anzawo, ndi khalidwe lomakulabe. Chigamulo cha kulamula chapamwamba kwa anthu olamulidwa . Constantine v. Kentuckyn (19989]), chimene chinalola kuphedwa kwa anthu 16 ndi 179 chaka cha zaka. Oweruza a Anthony Kennedy anakope malingaliro ambiri ofufuza za sayansi yofufuza zaunika za ubongo, chikalata chosonyeza kuwonjezera chikalata chokhudza kukhazikitsa chikalata cha kukambirana cha ku Khiripypyner.

Mu HAll v. Florida (2014, Bwalo linawongoleranso ma Attins Atkins , ndi kuti kudula kwake kwakukulu sikungagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi kuchotsapo nzeru pa zifuno za chilango cha imfa. Khoti linagogomezera kuti malongosoledwe a luntha amafunikira kulingaliridwa kwa zonse ziŵiri za luntha ndi makhalidwe ogwirizana, ndi kuti kudula kwake kwakukulu sikungafotokoze chifukwa cha kuphophonya kwa muyeso lobadwa mu IQ. Jasidy analemba kuti lamulo lachisanu ndi chitatu "Reformres" lidziŵitsidwe ndi ntchito ya za zamankhwala."

Kulangidwa ndi Kuperekedwa kwa Anthu Opanda Khoti

Chilungamo cha Kulinganiza kwa Eleah Confterment chimafalikira kupyola chilango cha imfa ku chilango cha ndende chanthaŵi yaitali, ngakhale kuti Khotilo lakhala ndi thayo lalikulu ku chiweruzo cha lamulo m'milandu yosakhala yamilandu. Rummel v. Estelle [1980], khoti linachirikiza chilango cha moyo ndi lamulo loikidwa pansi pa Texas la kugamula mlandu wachinyengo wokwana pafupifupi $30. Khoti linalingalira kuti chigamulocho chinatumikira zikondwerero zovomerezeka zoletsa ntchito ndi zopatula ndi kuti kuthekera kwa partolese kaperekedwe ka njira ya kubwereza.

Komabe, mu Sulm v. Helm [FLT :1] [193], khoti linagonjetsa chigamulo cha moyo popanda kuikidwa chilolezo cha kuyang'anira kuopsa kwa kubwerera kwa South Dakota. Khoti linasiyanitsa Rummel panthaka imene woimbidwa mlandu Sulm [FLT] analibe chilolezo cha kuchepetsa parevole, kupanga chigamulo cha moyo wofanana ndi mpata wokaloŵa m’ndende. Woweruza wamkulu Wachikulu Burger anapetula malingaliro atatu openda kulakwa, ndi kulakwa kofanana kwa mlandu, kulakwa.

Khotilo linabwerezanso kulinganiza kwa muyezo wa Harmalelin v. Michigan [1] (1991 , mmene linachirikiza chilango cha moyo chokakamiza popanda kugamulidwa kuti akhale ndi cocaine. Woweruza Antonin Scalia analingalira kuti ndi wochepa pa mapuligalamu a Elearth Reformation, kutsutsa kuti nkhanza ndi Zilango za Claus sizili ndi chitsimikizo chachisawawa cha kulamula milandu ya ndende. Komabe, Justice Anthony Kennedy anavomereza kuti "kulinganiza mfundo yachidule" imagwira ndi ziganitso zosakhala zachikulu, ndi "Kuletsa malamulo 8 akuletsa kopambanitsa kumene kuli kuphwanya upandu.

Mu . California ndi Lockyer v. Andrade (2003]), Bwalo lamilandu linachirikiza zigamulo za zaka 25 za moyo pansi pa California. Malamulo atatu oikidwa pa milandu yaing'ono. Khotilo linagwiritsira ntchito "mapropective" muyezo wochokera ku [[[FLT: 4.] Harmalin ndipo linapeza kuti zigamulo, ngakhale kuti zinali zowopsa, sizinaswe malamulo auchimo asanu ndi atatu operekedwa. Zosankha zimenezi zikusonyeza kuchuluka kwa milandu ya mlandu.

Njira Zodziŵira ndi Zotsutsana za m’Nthaŵi Yathu Ino

Mkhalidwe wa M’ndende ndi Chitukuko cha Kundende

Chikalata cha Owonjezera chija cha kukhazikitsa malamulo ovomereza kuti akaidi afunika kukhazikitsa mikhalidwe ya kutsekera anthu. Estelle . Gamble [1976], Khoti Lalikulu linanena kuti kusasamala dala za zofunika zazikulu za mankhwala a akaidi kumapanga chilango chankhanza ndi chachilendo. Myezo umenewu umafuna kuti akaidi asonyeze kuti matenda awo anali oopsa kwambiri ndipo akuluakulu a ndende anachita mopanda chidwi ndi mkhalidwe umenewo. Estelle muyezo waperekedwa ku chisamaliro chamaganizo, kutetezeredwa kwa chiwawa, ndi zofunika zofunika monga chakudya, malo osungirako, ndi ukhondo.

Mu Farmer v. Brennan [[FL:1] (1994]), Bwalo linafotokoza muyezo wa kusalabadira kwadala m'nkhani ya kusungika kwa ogwidwa. Mlandu unakhudza mkaidi amene anamenyedwa ndi kugwiriridwa chigololo ataikidwa m'ndende. Khotilo linaona kuti mkulu wa ndendeyo amachita zinthu mwadala wosasamala ngati mkuluyo akudziŵa kuti ali pangozi yaikulu ya kuvulala ndi kulephera kuyesa kuichita. Chigamulocho chinakana muyezo wa cholinga chenicheni, mmalo mwake kuti akuluakulu a boma adziŵe za ngoziyo, komanso chinazindikira kuti chidziŵitso chotero chingawonedwe ku ngozi ya ngoziyo.

Mikhalidwe ya kutsekeredwa m’ndende za ku America ikupitirizabe kupanga litgendment . Nkhani zimaphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa anthu, kusakwanira kwa mankhwala ndi zamaganizo, kupezeka ku madera otentha kwambiri, kusoŵa udongo, ndi chakudya chopereŵera. Brown v. Plata[[FLD:1] (201], Khoti Lalikulu linachirikiza lamulo la khoti lochepa lofuna kuti California achepetseko andende ake kuti athe kusamalira bwino thanzi ndi thanzi. Malingaliro a Oweruza Kennedy anazindikira kuti mayanja apamwamba anachititsa mavuto osafunikira ndi imfa za akaidi ambiri" (2011) ndi kuti boma linalephera kupereka chisamaliro chosagwirizana ndi malamulo a boma.

Kutsekeredwa M’ndende Kokha ndi Kuvulazidwa Mwamaganizo

Kuwaika m’ndende kwakhala nkhani yaikulu ya kuchepetsa ufulu wa anthu pa nkhani ya kuchuluka kwa anthu opatulidwa kwa zaka zaposachedwapa. Kupatulana kwapadera kumaphatikizapo kutsekera akaidi ku maselo aang’ono kwa maola 22 mpaka 24 patsiku popanda kukumana ndi anthu, maprogramu ochepa, ndi kuchititsa chidwi pang’ono. Kufufuza kwasonyeza kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa maganizo chifukwa cha kutsekeredwa kwa nthaŵi yaitali, kuphatikizapo nkhaŵa, kupsinjika maganizo, kusokonezeka maganizo, ndi ngozi ya kudzipha.

Makhoti ang'onoang'ono apeza mayeso osiyanasiyana ponena za ngati kutsekeredwa paokha kuli kosemphana ndi Lamulo Lachisanu ndi Chimaliziro. Makhoti ena anena kuti kudzipatula kwanthaŵi yaitali popanda kutetezedwa kapena kuyang'aniridwa kwa thanzi lamaganizo kuli chilango chankhanza ndi chachilendo. Ena alolera kuweruza kwa oyang'anira ndende za kufunika kwa kuikidwa pawekha kuti alangidwe kapena kutetezedwa. Khoti Lapamwamba silinafotokoze mwachindunji za malamulo a kutsendekera kokulira, ngakhale kuti Jaji Kennedy anapereka ndemanga mu [FL:0] Davis v. Ayala [1] (20: 5) akulongosola nkhaŵa ponena za kuchitidwa ndi "kuwonjezereka kwa kufufuza koopsa ndi kopanda maziko" kuchokera ku kuchotsedwa kwaumwini kungalungamidwenso.

Maboma angapo asintha zinthu kuti achepetse kutsekedwa kwa munthu payekha, kuphatikizapo malire a nthaŵi pa kuikidwa kwa anthu, kuwonjezereka kwa maprogramu a akaidi opatuka, ndi njira zina zoperekera chilango. Kusintha kumeneku kumasonyeza kugwirizana kowonjezereka kwakuti kudzipatula kokulira kuli kosemphana ndi miyezo ya kuyenera kwa Eighth Amendment, monga momwe malamulo a malamulo amakhalira osagonjetseka.

Moyo Wopanda Mapasa

Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa Eight Conflinection kwa ana kukuimira chimodzi cha zinthu zofunika kwambiri m'njira zamakono zaupandu. Graham v. Florida (2010), Khoti Lalikulu linanena kuti kuweruza achinyamata olakwa kuti akhale ndi moyo popanda kumangidwa popanda kupatsidwa chilango chankhanza chimene chimaswa malamulo osatsatira lamulo la boma. Khotilo linazindikira kuti achinyamata achepetsa mphamvu yowayerekezera ndi achikulire ndi mphamvu yawo yowawongolera, ndi kuti chilango cha moyo chopanda malire cha mlandu wosafuna kulangidwa chimakhala chilango chankhanza kwambiri chimene chimaphwanya mlandu wa munthu wolakwayo.

Zaka ziŵiri pambuyo pake, Miller . Alabama [1] (20: 2), Khoti linawonjezera malingaliro ameneŵa kwa olakwa achinyamata opha anzawo, kugwiritsa ntchito zigamulo zokakamiza za achinyamata popanda kungokhala ndi moyo, kuswa malamulo a Eighth Amendment. Khoti silinapereke zigamulo za moyo popanda kugamulidwa popanda kugamulidwa kwa achinyamata chifukwa cha kuphana, koma linafunikira kuti khoti lilingalire za msinkhu wa ana, chiyambi, ndi mikhalidwe ya aliyense payekha isanapereke chigamulocho. Chigamulocho chinagogomezera kuti "ana ali osiyana ndi akuluakulu movomerezedwa ndi malamulo kaamba ka kuweruza kwa munthu aliyense payekha ndi zigamu za nkhani zopanda lamulo.

.Louisiana (2016], Bwalo Lamilandu linavomereza kuti Miller akugwira ntchito mogwira ntchito, kufuna kuti maboma apereke kutsutsa olakwa achinyamata amene analandira zigamulo zokakamiza za moyo popanda zigamulo. Khotilo linazindikira kuti [[FLT: 4.]Miller analengeza lamulo lalamulo lakunsi kwa lamulo lakuti moyo wopanda paraleole n’losafunikanso kwa achinyamata ambiri ophwanya malamulo. Chigamulo chinatsegulira chitseko cha ana zikwi zambiri kuti afune kukwiya.

Zinthu Zina Zofunika Kuphunzira

Kwa awo ofuna kukulitsa chidziŵitso chawo cha Eighth Amendment, [[FLT: 0] Constitution Anuted yosungidwa ndi laibulale ya Congress imapereka kusanthula kochuluka kwa zitsanzo za Khoti Lapamwamba. [[FLT:] Chikalata cha Chikalata pa Cornell Law School [[FLT:] [3] chimapereka malongosoledwe ofikirika a chiphunzitso cha Exthmendment. M'mbiri, Faunders On Online [[FLT:] , [FLT:] ] . Cholembamondacho chimaphatikizapo zoyamba za kukonza ndi kulembedwa kwa malamulo ndi kulongosola kwake kwa ufulu. [FLD] National Institute of Justices [FT]

Mapeto ake: Kusintha kwa Malamulo Kusanu ndi Kutatu kwa Chisinthiko

Chisinthiko chachisanu ndi chitatu chidakali chochititsa chidwi ndi chotsutsa lamulo lachimereka cha America. Malembo ake, olembedwa mu 1789, akupitiriza kulankhula ku mafunso amakono onena za malire a ulamuliro wa boma m'chitaganya cha democracy. Luntha la kusintha limakhala la kuchuluka kwake, kumene kumalola makhoti kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo ake ku mikhalidwe yatsopano ndi kugwirizanitsa kumvetsetsa kwa munthu, kuvulaza maganizo, ndi njira zowongolera zogwira mtima.

Chidziŵitso chachikulu cha Lamulo la Kusintha kwa Kuleredwa kwa Asanu ndi Kuŵiri nchakuti chilango chiyenera kukwaniritsa zifuno zoyenerera ndi kulemekeza mtundu wa anthu amene akulangidwa ngakhale monga momwe amalangidwira kaamba ka khalidwe lawo. Chidziŵitso chimenechi chasonkhezera kuthetsedwa kwa njira zankhanza, kuvomerezedwa kwa zikole za imfa kwa anthu osatetezereka, kuyambika kwa malamulo a malamulo a malamulo a mikhalidwe ya ndende, ndi malire oyambika pa zigamulo zopambanitsa za opalamula a achichepere. Chilichonse cha zochitika zimenezi chimasonyeza lamulo lalamulo lakuti mphamvu ya boma ya kulanga njosatha ndipo Malamulo a Eight Effective amatsimikizirabe kutsutsa kutsika mchitidwe wankhanza.

Kwa aphunzitsi ophunzitsa lamulo la malamulo, Eighth Amendment imapereka kufufuza kochuluka kwa nkhani m’njira imene tanthauzo la malamulo limasinthikira mwa kugwirizana kwa mawu, chitsanzo, makhalidwe abwino a anthu, ndi chidziŵitso cha mayanjano. Kwa ophunzira, kusinthako kumapereka mafunso ofunika ponena za chilungamo, kulingana, ndi malire a ulamuliro wa boma. Ndipo kwa nzika, Sendrey Amendment imaimira kudzipereka kwa lamulo lakuti ngakhale awo amene aswa malamulo ofunika kwambiri a anthu asungabe malamulo a anthu ndi ulemu wawo.

Pamene anthu a ku America akupitirizabe kutsutsana za kusintha kwa chilungamo, chilango cha imfa, kumangidwa kwa anthu ambirimbiri, ndi kuchitiridwa kwa anthu omangidwa, ndithudi Mpando Wakuti Azindikiro Wachisanu ndi Chisanu udzakhalabe pachimake pa makambitsirano ameneŵa.