Ulendo wa Mlandu Kudzera m’Chilungamo cha Apandu

Dongosolo la chiweruzo laupandu ndilo dongosolo locholoŵana lolinganizidwira kusungitsa malamulo, kusunga dongosolo la anthu onse, ndi kupereka chilungamo. Kwa ophunzira, akatswiri a zamalamulo, ndi aphunzitsi, kumvetsetsa ulendo wokwanira wa mlandu waupandu nkofunika kumvetsetsa mmene njira zalamulo zimagwirira ntchito pofufuza kupyolera m’chiyeneretso chothekera. Mbali iriyonse imaphatikizapo njira zenizeni, miyezo yalamulo, ndi opereka milandu yaikulu, kuyambira kwa oimira lamulo ndi oimira milandu kufikira kwa maloya ndi oweruza.

Otengamo mbali Okulira m’Chilungamo Chaupandu

Musanamirire m’masitepe, kuli bwino kudziŵa oseŵera amene amapanga chola:

  • Osungitsa lamulo – apolisi, apolisi, ndi akuluakulu a boma amene amafufuza milandu ndi kusonkhanitsa umboni.
  • Aloya a boma amene amasankha kukonza milandu ndi kuimira boma.
  • Maloya a polisi – maloya amene amaimira woimbidwa mlandu, kaya pambali kapena monga otetezera anthu onse.
  • Oweruza - akuluakulu auchete amene amayang'anira zochitika, kulamulira pa zochitika zamwambo, ndi kuika zigamulo.
  • [[FULT:0] Zikalata zovomerezeka [ – magulu a nzika amene amamva umboni ndi kupereka zigamulo m’mayesero ena.
  • Zilembo ndi mboni – anthu amene amapereka umboni kapena mawu osonkhezera.

Msanganizo uliwonse umatsatira malamulo a chikhalidwe amene amasiyana mogwirizana ndi ulamuliro, koma kakonzedwe kake kamayendera limodzi ndi malamulo ambiri, kuphatikizapo a ku United States ndi ku United Kingdom. Zigawo zotsatirazi zikulongosola njira yeniyeni ya mlandu waupandu.

Chipilala 1: Kufufuza

Mabungwe osungitsa malamulo monga apolisi a m’deralo, apolisi, kapena mabungwe a boma monga FBI, amamva malipoti a upandu kapena kutchula milandu imene ingachitike. Cholinga chake n’kupeza ngati upandu wachitika, ndipo ngati ndi choncho, osungitsa milandu amagwiritsira ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana:

  • Kufunsa anthu amene anavutika, mboni, ndi anthu odziŵitsa za mavuto awo
  • Kusunga umboni wosonyeza kuti munthu ali ndi chida cha m’mizere, DNA, zida kapena zinthu zina zolembedwa pa Intaneti
  • Kupereka zifukwa za kuloŵa m’malo achinsinsi
  • Kufufuza za upandu pogwiritsa ntchito malabolafi
  • Kufufuza mmene mungayendere kapena mmene mungagwiritsire ntchito zipangizo zamagetsi

Mkati mwa mbali imeneyi, kusungidwa kwa lamulo kuyenera kugwira ntchito mkati mwa malamulo. Mu U.S., [FLT: 0] Demendment yoyamba imatetezera ku kufufuza kosayenera ndi khunyu; umboni wopezedwa mosemphana ndi lamulo ungatsekerezedwe m'khoti pansi pa lamulo la [[[FLT:]] lakusintha kwa malamulo (onani [[FLT:]] chilungamo.: Kufufuza kwa Umboni ).

Ngati ofufuza apeza chochititsa — chikhulupiriro chomveka chakuti munthu wina anachita upandu — iwo angapitirize kufikira pambali yotsatira.

Chipilala 2: Kumangidwa

Munthu amagwidwa akagwidwa ndi munthu amene akumukayikira kuti ndi wolakwa ndipo izi zimachitika m’njira ziwiri:

  • ndi chikalata cha kumangidwa – woweruza amalemba chilolezo chozikidwa pa chilumbiro chosonyeza chochititsa.
  • Popanda chilolezo - apolisi angagwire akawona upandu kapena ali ndi mikhalidwe yosadziŵika (m’chitsanzo, kulondola kotentha).

Mkati mwa kumangidwa, apolisi ayenera kudziŵitsa wonyumwiridwa za kuyenera kwawo Machiza a Malamulo (ku U.S.): kuyenera kwa kukhala chete ndi kuyenera kwa loya. Kulephera kutero kungapereke ndemanga zotsatira zosawoneka. Wokayikirayo kenaka amalembedwa: wojambula mapepala, ndi kuikidwa m'selo. Bail angaikidwe panopo kapena pambuyo pake.

M'madera ambiri, munthu sangaikidwe kwamuyaya popanda kupatsidwa lamulo. Lamulo la maola 48 (Limene Lili Pambali pa Mtsinje ndi McLaughlin, 1991) likufuna kumvetsera mothekera mkati mwa maola 48 a kumangidwa popanda chilolezo. Atagwidwa, mlanduwo upita ku siteji yozenga mlandu.

Chipinda 3: Kuimba

Woweruzayo akangogwidwa, amafufuza umboni ndi kusankha ngati alembe milandu.

  • Umboni wamphamvu
  • Kuopsa kwa upandu umene amati ndi waupandu
  • Mbiri ya upandu wa wonyumwirayo
  • Zokomera chilungamo ndi mikhole
  • Zinthu zimene zingakuthandizeni ndiponso zimene zingakuchititseni kuti muzichita zinthu zambiri

Malo angasiyane ndi [[FLT: 0] kuswa (m’ lekuatiso, matikiti a galimoto) kwa mismessis (m., kuba pang'ono) kwa [[FLT:] maupandu [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [[5] [maganizo] [maganizo] [maganizo] [ma] [m', kupha]. M''A. [FT: FT] [FF:] [FF:]

Chithunzi 4: Kuonekera Koyambirira ndi Kumva Miyoyo

Mwamsanga pambuyo pa kugwidwa, woimbidwa mlanduyo akuwonekera pamaso pa woweruza kaamba ka kuwonekera koyamba.

  • Fufuzani woimbidwa mlanduyo
  • Apatseni ufulu wawo
  • Ikani belo kapena mikhalidwe yomasula

Bail ndi chitsimikizo chandalama chakuti woimbidwa mlandu adzabwerera ku madeti amtsogolo. Woweruza angakhazikitse ndalama zoikika, kumasula woimbidwa mlanduyo pa kudziŵidwa kwake (kupanda ndalama zofunikira), kapena kukana belo ngati woimbidwa mlanduyo ali ngozi ya ndege kapena ngozi kwa anthu. [[FLT: 0]] Development yoikika imaletsa ndalama zopambanitsa, koma makhoti amalingalira zinthu zonga mbiri ya upandu, ndi mtundu wa upandu.

Kwa awo osakhoza kulipira, gulu la kusintha lasintha m'maiko ambiri, kugogomezera kupenda mavuto a zachuma (onani [[FLT:] Prison Policy Initive: Bail Reformation).

Chithunzi 5: Kutsegulira Makutu

M'nkhani za mlandu, kuweruzidwa koyambirira kumachitidwa kaŵirikaŵiri kutsimikizira ngati pali umboni wokwanira ( chochititsa cholakwika ] kupitiriza kuzenga mlandu. Uku sikuli kuzenga mlandu pa liwongo; mmalomwake, kuli njira yopimira. Woweruza amapereka umboni ndi mboni, ndipo wotetezerayo angawolokere motsata. Woweruza amasankha ngati mlanduwo upita patsogolo.

Ngati chochititsa chipezedwa, mlanduwo chikupitirizabe. Ngati sichoncho chimachotsedwa, ngakhale kuti ozenga mlandu angaipitse ngati umboni watsopano uwonekera. M’madera ena, kumvetsera koyambirira kungabwezeretsedwe ndi wotetezera, makamaka ngati cholinga chiri kukambitsirana kuchonderera.

Chigawo 6: Kuyenera

Woimbidwa mlanduyo akuŵerengedwa mwalamulo m’khoti lapoyera.

  • [1] Chigaŵenga – kuvomereza ku upanduwo, umene kaŵirikaŵiri umatsogolera mwachindunji ku kuweruza.
  • Opanda liwongo [ – kukana milandu, kukhazikitsa poyambira kuzenga mlandu.
  • Palibe mpikisano (nolo imate) – kusavomereza liwongo koma kulandira chilango, kaŵirikaŵiri wogwiritsiridwa ntchito kupeŵa kulakwa kwa boma.

Woweruza atsimikiziranso woimbidwa mlanduyo kukhala woimira lamulo. Ngati sangathe kupereka loya, wotetezera wapoyera amaikidwa. Mikhalidwe ya Bail ingawongoledwe pa nthaŵi ino. Pambuyo pa kuweruza, mlanduwo umaloŵa chigawo cha komiti isanayambe.

Chithunzi 7: Zotsatira ndi Kutulukira

Pakati pa kuweruza ndi kuzenga mlandu, mbali zonse ziŵiri zimaloŵa m'kuvumbula . Kusinthana umboni ndi chidziŵitso. Kudzitetezera kuyenera kuvumbula zinthu zina (m', mboni), ndipo woweruza ayenera kutembenuza umboni wopereka umboni pansi pa [FLT:] Brady v. Maryland . (1963).

  • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  • . . . . . kuchotsa[[FL:1] – kutsutsa kuti zinenezo nzosakwanira kapena zoikidwiratu zinaswedwa.
  • . . . kusinthitsa malo [1] – kutumiza pemphelo ku malo ena chifukwa cha kufalitsidwa kwa makampani asanayambe.
  • Comment

Nkhani zambiri zimathera pano kupyolera mwa kutsatizana [1]. Maupandu aupandu oposa 90% mu U.S. amathetsedwa ndi mapangano ochonderera, kumene woimbidwa mlanduyo avomereza kuvomereza mlandu wa mlandu wa kuchepetsa milandu kapena chigamulo chopepuka. Kukambitsirana kuloŵetsapo woweruza, loya wotetezera, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri woweruza, koma woimbidwa mlanduyo ayenera kuvomereza modzifunira.

Mlanduwo ukapanda kuperekedwa, umapita ku mlandu.

Chigawo 8: Kuzenga Mlandu

Kuzenga mlandu ndi mbali yowonekera kwambiri ndi yodabwitsa. Woimbidwa mlanduyo ali ndi kuyenera kwa lamulo kwa kuzenga mlandu ndi mlandu wapoyera ndi juli yopanda tsankho (Sixth Amendment). Komabe, woimbidwa mlanduyo angabweze mlandu wa ajuli ndi kusankha mlandu wachikole pamene woweruza amasankha mfundo zonse ziŵiri ndi lamulo.

Kusankha Zochita za Jury (Kukonda Kudya Moŵa)

Oweruza ndi otetezera amafunsa oweruza okhoza kuzindikira tsankho. Mbali iriyonse ingakantha chiŵerengero chochepa cha ajuli kaamba ka chifukwa (m’m., kukondera kovomerezeka) kapena kugwiritsira ntchito mavuto (osafunikira chifukwa, koma osakhoza kuzikidwa pa fuko kapena thangata). Cholingacho ndicho gulu lolungama ndi lopanda tsankho.

Mawu Otsegulira

Mlanduwu umakhala wotsatira ndipo mawu amenewa sasonyeza kuti akupereka umboni koma amaimira njira ya oweruza.

Umboni Wosonyeza

Woimba mlandu akupereka mlandu wake, kuitana mboni ndi kuyambitsa zionetsero. Mboni zotetezera za mtanda wa astamines . Pambuyo pa kutha kwa mlandu, wotetezerayo angapereke umboni wake ndi mboni. Woimbidwa mlanduyo safunikira kupereka umboni; Kusintha kwachisanu kumatetezera kudzitsutsa.

Malamulo otsimikizira amalamulira zimene zingavomerezedwe. Mawu (kunja kwa bwalo lovomerezeka) kaŵirikaŵiri sagwiritsidwa ntchito, kusiyapo zambiri. Mboni zaluso zingapereke umboni wa sayansi yotsutsa, psychology, kapena nkhani zina zapadera.

Kutseka Malire

Mbali iliyonse imalongosola mwachidule umboni ndi kutsutsa chifukwa chake oweruza ayenera kugamulapo mwapadera. Mlandu uli ndi umboni: kupyola chikaikiro chomveka — muyezo wapamwamba koposa m'malamulo. Kutetezera sikufunikira kutsimikizira kukhala wopanda liwongo koma kumangopanga kukaikira koyenera.

Malangizo ndi Malonjezo

Woweruza amalangiza oweruza pa lamulo logwirizana. Ndiyeno oweruzawo amaweruza mwadala mwamseri, akumatsimikiza chigamulo chimodzi m'milandu yaupandu. Ngati sangavomereze, ndilo juli yosanja yomangira [1], ndipo woweruza angalengeze mlandu molakwa. Woweruzayo angasankhe ngati angayesetse mlanduwo.

Chilengezo

Ngati ajuli apeza kuti woimbidwa mlanduyo sali ndi mlandu, iwo amamasulidwa ndipo sangaikidwenso mlandu umodzimodziwo ([[FLT: 0]] ngozi yoŵirikiza kaŵiri imaletsa zimenezi). Ngati liwongo, mlanduwo umapitiriza kuweruza.

Chisudzo 9: Kupereka chilango

Woweruzayo amaganizira zinthu zosiyanasiyana:

  • Zitsogozo zopereka chilango kapena zocheperapo zofunikira
  • Mkhalidwe ndi kuwopsa kwa upanduwo
  • Mbiri ya upandu wa woimbidwa mlandu
  • Mawu onenedwa
  • Kubwerera m’mbuyo kapena kuwonjezera zinthu

Ziganizo zimene zingakhalepo ndi izi:

  • Makhalidwe Abwino ndi Obwezera
  • Kuperekedwa kwa mapangano (kunaperekedwa ku kutulutsidwa m’chitaganya)
  • Ntchito ya m’deralo kapena ntchito yothandiza anthu
  • Kusuntha (jail kaamba ka malungo, ndende za mabwinja)
  • Chilango cha imfa (mwa mphamvu zimene zimachilola)

[[FLT: 0] Kusintha kwa mlingo kwa Florida[FLT :] (2010) kumaletsa chilango chankhanza ndi chachilendo, koma makhoti asunga zigamulo zazitali pa milandu yaikulu. Mwachitsanzo, khoti Lapamwamba la U.S. ku [FLT:]Graham v. Florida (2010) kuletsa moyo popanda ana m'ma mlandu wosakhala wakupha. (onani [FLT:] Oyz: Graham v. Florida .[FLD:5]]

Chithunzi 10: Kukopa ndi Kukopa Kotsatira

Pambuyo pa kuweruza, woimbidwa mlandu angalondole appeap . Kuchonderera sikuli kuzenga kwatsopano; ndiko kubwereranso kwa zolakwa za lamulo zimene zingakhale zitayambukira chotulukapo. Zifukwa zachibadwa zimaphatikizapo:

  • Kuvomereza umboni kosayenera
  • Malangizo aujuli olakwika
  • Thandizo losaphula kanthu la uphungu
  • Kudzisungira Molakwa

Khoti lamilandu lipenda mbiri ya mlandu ndi mawu achidule kuchokera ku mbali zonse ziŵiri. Ingachirikize chigamulocho, kuchotsapo (nthaŵi zina kulamula mlandu watsopano), kapena kusintha chigamulo. Mu U.S., oimbidwa mlandu ali ndi kuyenera kwa kufunsira kolunjika; kuchonderera kowonjezereka kumakhoti apamwamba nkosankha.

Pambuyo pa chilengezo chachindunji, oimbidwa mlandu angapereke kuwukira kwa chikole konga ngati habeas corpus zifuno, akumanena kuti kuikidwa kwawo m’ndende kumaswa zoyenera za lamulo. Izi nzovuta ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri zimaphatikizapo makhoti a boma openda zikhululukiro za boma.

Zotulukapo Zina: Kusokonezeka ndi Kutha

Si nkhani zonse zimene zimatsatira ulendo wokwanira. Maboma ambiri amapereka maprogramu otembenuza kwa olakwa oyambirira kapena a m'masiteshoni apamwamba. Maprogramu ameneŵa amalola oimbidwa mlandu kumaliza utumiki wa m'chitaganya, mankhwala, kapena maphunziro osinthana ndi kuchotsedwa kwa milandu. Kumaliza kopambana kumatsogolera ku ku kutsendereza kwa , kumene kumangidwa ndi kuimbidwa mlandu. Zimenezi zingatetezere zotulukapo zanthaŵi yaitali za ntchito ndi nyumba (onani [[FL:]] NTSL: Subment and Sealvering of Acrictics [FLD [FFFFFD:5]]]

Mbali Zapadera za Malamulo a Boma

Dongosolo la chiweruzo laupandu limasiyanasiyana pakati pa milingo ya boma ndi ya boma. Milandu ya Federal imaphatikizapo kuswa malamulo a United States (m’chitsanzo, kuzembetsa mankhwala ogodomalitsa m’malamulo a boma, kuba m’banki, intaneti ya pa Intaneti) ndipo imatsutsidwa ndi Attorney a ku United States. Milandu ya boma imaphatikizapo kuswa malamulo a boma ndipo imatsutsidwa ndi maloya a boma. Kaŵirikaŵiri ziweruzo za boma zimakhala zazitali chifukwa cha malamulo oyenerera ndi zitsogozo za boma. Makhoti ndi njira za kachitidwe zimasiyananso pang'ono, koma ulendo wonsewo ngwofanana.

Ufulu wa Wopatsidwa Mlandu Pantchitoyo

Mbali iliyonse ya upanduwo imayendera malamulo oteteza ndipo ufulu wake waukulu ndi:

  • [[FL:0] First Amendment - kutetezeredwa ku kufunafuna kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri.
  • Fith Amendment – kuyenera kukhala chete, kutetezeredwa ku ngozi, ndi njira yoyenerera.
  • Mpambo wa chigawo - kuyenera ku mlandu wa mwamsanga ndi wapoyera, juli yopanda tsankho, chidziŵitso cha milandu, kutsutsana kwa mboni, ndi chithandizo cha uphungu.
  • [[ML:0] Kusintha kwa Malamulo kwa Malo Opapatiza [[FL:1] – chitetezo ku belo lopambanitsa ndi chilango chankhanza / chosayenera.

Kuyenera kumeneku kumachititsa kuti ngakhale anthu amene apatsidwa mlandu wa maupandu aakulu alangidwe mwachilungamo, ngati anyozedwa, zotsatira zake zingakhale kupondereza umboni, kuchotsa milandu, kapena kuibwezera pa mlandu.

Malingaliro Ofala Olakwika Onena za Ulendo wa Chiweruziro cha Apandu

Anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti milandu yambiri imapita ku mlandu, koma kwenikweni, unyinji wa anthu amathetsedwa mwa kupempha zotsatiridwa. Chinanso nchakuti kumangidwa kumatsogolera ku chitsimikizo; kwenikweni, nkhani zambiri zimatayidwa chifukwa cha umboni wosakwanira. Ndiponso, mbali ya woberedwayo kaŵirikaŵiri imamvedwa molakwa: minkhole siimakhala mbali ya mlanduwo, koma ikhoza kupereka chiyambukiro kupyolera mwa mawu oyambukiridwa ndipo ingakhale ndi kuyenera kwa kudziŵitsidwa ndi kubwezeredwa pansi pa lamulo la boma.

Kumaliza

Ulendo wa mlandu wodzera m'dongosolo la milandu ndi njira zambiri zolinganizidwira kukhala nzika yodziŵa bwino za ufulu wa anthu. Kufufuza ndi kumangidwa ku mlandu, kuweruza, ndi kuchonderera kothekera, mbali iliyonse imaphatikizapo njira zalamulo ndi kupanga zigamulo zochulukira kwa akanema. Kuzindikira kuti mbali zimenezi nzofunika kwa aliyense wophunzira malamulo, kugwira ntchito m’dongosolo, kapena kungofuna kukhala nzika yodziŵa bwino. Pamene kuli kwakuti dongosolo lili kutali ndi kuyenerera — nkhani za kulekana kwa fuko, kuchulukitsa upandu, ndi chuma cha zikupitiriza — maziko ake amachokera pa malamulo oyenera ndi kusadziŵa kanthu kwa kulakwa. Kufufuza kwakukulu, chuma kuchokera ku [FLT:]