Maziko a Mavuto A mbiri Yake

Nkhondo imene inadziŵika monga Nkhondo sinabuke mwadzidzidzi kumapeto kwa ma 1960; inali chimake cha zaka mazana ambiri za ndale, chipembedzo, ndi chuma mu Ireland. Pambuyo pa kugaŵidwa kwa Ireland mu 1921, magawo asanu ndi limodzi kumpoto chakummaŵa anakhala mbali ya United Kingdom monga Northern Ireland, pamene ena onse anakhala Department Free State (pambuyo pake Republic of Ireland). Dziko latsopano linakokedwa ndi mgwirizano wa Aprotestanti womangidwa mwachisawawa, umene unalamulira boma lake, apolisi, ndi zipani za anthu. Nationalis, omwe anali Akatolika kwambiri ndi ofuna kugwirizana ndi Republic, anayang'anizana ndi tsankho lachisanja, ntchito, ndi ufulu wosankha. Kuyambira mu 1960, kuyambika kwa chiwawa, kufalikira kwa chipani chachipani chachiweniweni cha chinzaniŵeni.

Pofika kumayambiriro kwa 1970, nkhondoyo inakula kukhala nkhondo yapamsewu zitatu pakati pa asilikali a republican Army (choyambirira Irish Republican Army , IRA), asilikali okhulupirika (monga Ulster Wolorganizery Force , UVF), ndi magulu ankhondo a Briteni. Kuphulitsa, kuwomberana, ndi nkhondo za m’khwalala zinapha zikwi zambiri. Chiwawa chinatayikanso ku Great Britain ndi Republic of Ireland. M’zaka makumi atatu, anthu oposa 3,600 anaphedwa ndi kuvulazidwa zikwi zambiri. Ndalama za anthu ndi chikhalidwe chawo zinali zowononga, kusiya zipsera za m’maganizo ndi kusokonezeka kwa anthu. Zoyesayesa kufikira malo andale mobwerezabwereza zinalephera, ndi kuyesayesa kwakukulu kwa Sundansi kwa 1973.

Mkhalidwewo unakhalabe wotsekerezedwa kufikira kutsatizana kwa nkhani zachinsinsi mu ma 1990, zopeputsidwa ndi ziŵerengero zonga John Hume (Mtsogoleri wa Social Democratic and Labour Party , SDLP) ndi Gerry Adams (wokhalako Sinn Féin). Kuleka kwa maluwa kwa 1994 ndi magulu a anthu okhulupirika adapanga windo la kukambitsirana. Pambuyo pa kukambitsirana kwakukulu kwa mbali zambiri kokhala ndi yemwe kale Sénator George Mitchell, Good Agreement inasainidwa pa 10 April 1998 . Ilo linavomerezedwa modabwitsa ndi Revetainberg Ireland (79%) ndi Republic of Ireland (99%) (99%) m'malemba la May lotsatira.

Mfundo za Malamulo ndi Zogaŵira

Good Wear Adventive ndi chikalata chovuta chimene chimakhudza nkhani za malamulo, zoikidwiratu, ndi zoyenera za anthu. Pamtima pake pali lingaliro lodziŵika monga [[FLT: 0] conciationism . [1] mtundu wa mphamvu zothandizira kutsimikizira kuti ponse paŵiri ogwirizana ndi auniversity chitaganya ali ndi mawu m’boma ndipo sangakhudzidwe ndi wina.

Udindo wa Malamulo

Chipanganocho chinatsimikiziranso kuti Northern Ireland ndi mbali ya United Kingdom, komanso chinavomereza kuti ku Ireland kuli kuthekera kwa kugwirizana ngati anthu ambiri ku Northern Ireland ndi Republic of Ireland avomereza. Lamulo ili loti palibe kusintha kwa lamulo kumene kukhoza kuchitika popanda chilolezo cha anthu ambiri. Linalola ogwirizana kukhala otetezeka mu Union pamene likupatsa ochirikiza dzikolo njira yovomerezeka ku chonulirapo chawo, ngakhale kuti akufuna kuti chisankho chidziwike popanda chilolezo cha ambiri.

Mgwirizano Woyamba: Msonkhano wa Kumpoto kwa Ireland ndi Ukulu

Nyumba ya malamulo yogwirizana . Inapangidwa pa Stormont, ndi 108 ya Mamembala a Legislative Assembly (MLS) yosankhidwa mwa kuimira . Crucily, zigamulo zazikulu zimafuna chichirikizo chodutsa ndi kugwirizanitsa, kutanthauza unyinji wa onse aŵiri ogwirizana ndi aunyinji a dziko la MelA ayenera kuvota. Bungwe la Olamulira (bungwe la komiti) limatsogozedwa ndi Nduna Yoyamba ndi nduna Yoyamba imene imayang'anira maulamuliro olingana ndi gulu lalikulu kwambiri la bungwe la dziko. Makonzedwe ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti gulu la anthu silingalamulirenso ena. MMMA amaphatikizanso atumiki ochokera ku magulu ena omwe akukhala m'malo awo ku msonkhanowo.

Strand Wachiŵiri: Msonkhano Wautumiki Wakumpoto ndi Kummwera

Kulimbitsa mgwirizano pakati pa Northern Ireland ndi Republic of Ireland, pangano linayambitsa Msonkhano wa Utumiki wa North- South South . Bungwe limeneli limasonkhanitsa atumiki ochokera ku magawo onse aŵiri kuti agwirizane pa nkhani monga zaulimi, zoyendera, ndi zokopa. Si boma logwirizana koma ndi bungwe lokafunsira ndi kuchita zinthu mogwirizana. Umenewu unkazindikira kuti dziko la Ireland ndi logwirizana ndipo unachititsa kuti anthu aunike ku Lipabuliki pamene likutsimikizira kuti silinasokoneze malo a Northern Ireland ku UK.

Msanganizo Wachitatu: Msonkhano wa Britain ndi Britain ndi Mgwirizano wa Oloŵera ku Boma

Panganoli linakhazikitsanso bungwe la Britain-Irish Council, limene limaphatikizapo oimira a boma la UK ndi Ireland komanso akuluakulu a Scotland, Wales, ndi Northern Ireland. Bungweli limalimbikitsa mgwirizano ku zilumba zonse. Kuwonjezera apo, bungwe la Britain-Irish Intergovernmental Conference linakhazikitsidwa kuti lisamalire nkhani zopanda devolved, monga ngati chitetezo ndi chilungamo ku Northern Ireland.

Kusintha Ufulu wa Anthu, Chiweruziro, ndi Chilungamo

Kuti athetse zidandaulo za anthu autundu panafunika kusintha kwambiri pa nkhani ya chilungamo.

  • Kusintha kwa Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) , kumene kunali kwachiprotesitanti modabwitsa ndi kuonedwa ndi aunyinji monga ogaŵana. Patten Report (1999) kunatsogolera ku kupangidwa kwa Pulice Service ya Northern Ireland (PSNI), ndi lamulo la 50: 50 la kulembetsa kwa Akatolika ndi Aprotesitanti, ndi bungwe latsopano loyang’anira, Board ya Polishist.
  • Kupimidwa kwa Commission ya Northern Ireland Human Rights Human Rights Commission kutsimikizira kuti malamulo ndi malamulo zigwirizana ndi miyezo ya ufulu wachibadwidwe wa anthu a ku Ulaya.
  • Chilengedwe cha Commission ya Kulingana kukhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kusagwirizana ndi kulimbikitsa mwaŵi wofanana.
  • Kutulutsidwa koyamba kwa akaidi ankhondo , mbali yofunika kwambiri ya dongosolo la mtendere, ndi akaidi ochokera kumbali zonse akumamasulidwa mkati mwa zaka ziŵiri, kulola kuti mabungwe awo apitirizebe kuzima moto.
  • Kutulutsa zida zankhondo mkati mwa zaka ziŵiri, chonulirapo chimene chinatsimikizira kukhala chovuta koma chinafikiridwa pambuyo pa kukambitsirana kwanthaŵi yaitali.
  • Kusintha kwa makonzedwe a chisungiko , kuphatikizapo kuchotsedwa kwa nsanja za Nkhondo za Britain ndi kuchepa kwa nkhondo ku Northern Ireland.

Chiyambukiro Chamwamsanga pa Chiwawa ndi Moyo wa Ndale

Chiyambukiro chowonekera kwambiri cha Good Lachisanu Agreement chinali kuchepa kwakukulu kwa chiwawa cha ndale zadziko. M'zaka zapita 1998, imfa zapachaka kuchokera ku nkhondoyo zinayambira pa anthu ambiri kufikira ku mazana; pambuyo pa 1998, chiŵerengero chinatsika kufika pa madigiri amodzi. Madail a social anasungidwa, ndipo ngakhale kuti magulu opatukana monga Real IRA ndi Continnuim IRA adapitirizabe kuukira (makamaka kuphulitsa bomba la Omagh mu 1998 limene linapha anthu 29,) iwo anapatulidwa ndi kutsutsidwa ndi unyinji wa anthu. Ma kampani ankhondo a ku kuvimbika analekanso kuchita ntchito zawo, ngakhale kuti ena anapitirizabe kuchita upandu wolinganiza.

Pandale, panganoli linagwirizanitsa anthu omwe kale anali adani a boma. Ulamuliro wa ulamuliro woyamba unasonkhana mu 1999 ndi David Trimble (Unity Union Party) monga Nduna Yayamba ndi Seamus Mallon (SDLP) monga wachiŵiri kwa Mtsogoleri Woyamba. Kwanthaŵi yoyamba, Sinn Féin . Kampata wa ndale wa IRA . Kusintha kwabwino kwa maunansi andale kunali chiyambi chachikulu. Anthu amene analetsedwa ndi kudana ndi boma, ngakhale ngati anthu atakhala osadalirana kwambiri.

Ulendo Wautali Womanga Mtendere

Kumanga mtendere si chochitika chimodzi koma ndi chochitika cha nthaŵi yaitali, kaŵirikaŵiri chosagwirizana. Chikalata cha Good Lachisanu Agreement chinapereka makonzedwe a kumanga, koma kupangidwa kwake kunafuna khama ndi kulolera.

Kukhazikika ndi Mavuto: Chipangano Choyera cha Andreas

Mabungwe a mphamvu zamphamvu analetsedwa nthaŵi zingapo chifukwa cha mavuto. Owopsa kwambiri anali kuyambira October 2002 mpaka May 2007, pamene akuluakulu a boma anagwa pakati pa milandu ya mzondi wa IRA ku Sponsont . Mkati mwa nyengo imeneyi, Northern Ireland analamulidwa mwachindunji ku London. Kupambana kunachitika ndi [[FLT: 0] Andrews Project [[FL: 1] [200], zimene zinatsogolera ku ulamuliro watsopano mu 2007, ndi Democratic Union Party (Dupu) ndi Sin Féin monga magulu aŵiri aakulu. Paisley, mtsogoleri wokhulupirika wa anthu amene anakana kulankhula ndi dziko la publicran, anakhala ndi Martin McGin Fin (uin) (uin) Pulowe Lawo Loyamba, monga gulu Lawo Loyamba la Ogwirizana.

Kupirira Zakale

Chimodzi cha mbali zovuta kwambiri za kukhazikitsa mtendere pambuyo pa kukhazikitsa mtendere ndicho kufotokoza mbiri yakale. Zikwizikwi za imfa zosakonzedwa, kuvulala, ndi zikumbukiro zowopsa zatsala. Chikalata cha Good Lachisanu chinakhazikitsa [[FLT: 0] . . . . , ndi matupi onga [[FLT:]] [mabungwe] Ochititsa chidwi [[[FLT: 2]] Opatula [A] ndi otetezera anthu ndi Opulumuka . Komabe, njira yokulira yosamalira zinthu zakalezo, kubwezera kwa olakwa, ndi oŵerengera mlandu chifukwa cha zochitika za boma ndi zolephera. Prolate "' kulowa m'kaungwe ya UKK (NTS.UTS) ndi magulu ambiri otsutsa milandu yosagwirizana ndi kutsutsana ndi kulakwa kwa anthu ambiri.

Kusintha kwa Makhalidwe ndi Zachuma

Kugaŵanikana kwa mtendere kunabweretsa kusintha kwakukulu kwa zachuma. Kusungitsa ndalama kunapititsidwa ku Northern Ireland, kuphatikizapo kuchokera ku United States kudzera ku International Fund ku Ireland . Tourism inakula, mzinda wa Belfast unakula, ndipo chuma cha ku Northern Ireland chinakula mofulumira kuposa ku UK m'zaka zambiri. Komabe, kusagwirizana kwakukulu kwa anthu sikukuchitikabe, makamaka m'midzi ya anthu a m'zigawo zimene zinakumana ndi chiwawa choopsa. Sebata m’nyumba ndi maphunziro adakalipobe [1] Ana ambiri omwe ali ndi maphunziro achikatolika kapena olamuliridwa ndi boma (Aprotestanti yaikulu). Malo ogaŵana ndi nyumba a anthu akukhalabe opereŵeruka. Makoma a mtendere ndi Akatolika omwe ali m'madera ena a Belfastism , ngakhale kuti ena ayamba kapena achotsedwa posachedwapa.

Mavuto Amene Alipo Panopo Ndiponso Kukayikira

Pafupifupi zaka makumi atatu pambuyo pa panganolo, mtendere ku Northern Ireland ukuyang'anizana ndi zitsenderezo zatsopano. Britit ndilo vuto lalikulu. Kuchoka kwa UK ku Ulaya Union kunachititsa malire pakati pa Northern Ireland (imene idakali pamsika umodzi wa zinthu mu Northern Ireland Protocol ) ndi Great Britain. Zimenezi zakwiyitsa maukwati, amene akuwawona kukhala ofooketsa Union, ndipo achititsa kusakhazikika kwa ndale. DUP inagwetsa mphamvu ya ulamuliro kwa zaka ziŵiri (20222.2022) pa malamulo, kusoŵa boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti kubwerera ku chiwawa pamlingo waukulu, kudalirana kwandale kwakhala kukukula mu 1998.

Mavuto ena amene timakumana nawo ndi monga:

  • Chisonkhezero cha nkhondo : Pamene kuli kwakuti moto uleka kuyaka, magulu ankhondo akugwirabe ntchito, makamaka m'madera ogwira ntchito, kulamulira upandu ndi nthaŵi zina kuukira.
  • Kugaŵana kwa chigwirizano cha anthu [[FLT: 1]: Mafuko ambiri amakhalabe ogaŵanika, ndi mbendera zosiyana, masamu, ndi madeshoni kaŵirikaŵiri amayambitsa chipwirikiti.
  • Kuphwanya lamulo la kupsinjika maganizo : Matenda a maganizo, kuphatikizapo kupsinjika maganizo pambuyo pa kupsinjika maganizo, n’zofala pakati pa awo amene anakhalapo pamavutowo.
  • Kutha kwa Chisumbu [1]: Kutsika kwa mapwando oyenera (SDLP ndi Ulster Union) ndi kukwera kwa Dupu ndi Sin Féin kwapangitsa kulolera molakwa.

Tanthauzo la Padziko Lonse ndi Maphunziro

Chipangano Chabwino Lachisanu kaŵirikaŵiri chimanenedwa kukhala chitsanzo cha zochita za mtendere padziko lonse, kuyambira ku Middle East mpaka ku Dziko la Basque.

  • Kufunika kwa nkhani zophatikizapo zimene zimabweretsa mbali zonse zazikulu ku gome, ngakhale zimene kale zinalingaliridwa kukhala "apandu"
  • Phindu la kuphatikiza kwa dziko, m'nkhani ino ndi United States, limene linapereka wotsutsa (Wolamulira George Mitchell) ndi kuchirikiza ndale zadziko.
  • Kufunika kwa [Mbali:0] ya mlingo wokwanira [[[MTL:1] imene imakhudza nkhaŵa zazikulu za mbali zonse(maumboni, chisungiko, ndi kuyenera kwa lamulo.
  • Chiyeneretso cha [[MT.0] makina ochirikizira mphamvu , monga kubwereza misonkhano yokhazikika ndi maboma oyang’anira odziimira.

Komabe, panganolo ndi chikumbutsonso chakuti mtendere ndi njira yokhayokha imene munthu angapezere mtendere osati kumene akufuna kupita.

Mapeto ake: Choloŵa Chokhalitsa

Chikalata cha Malamulo a Chipangano Chabwino Lachisanu chidakali chochitika cha mbiri yakale . Chikalatachi chidakalipobe chitathandiza kwambiri kukhazikitsa chiwawa chachikulu, chinayambitsa demokrase, ndipo chinapatsa chiyembekezo kwa anthu mamiliyoni. Chinasonyeza kuti ngakhale mikangano yosatha ingathetsedwe mwa kukambirana, kulolerana, ndi kulimba mtima. Ophunzira mbiri, ndale, ndi maphunziro amtendere, chimawathandiza kwambiri kuphunzira mmene angayambire mtendere pambuyo pa nkhondo. Anthu a ku Northern Ireland, ndiwo maziko amene amapitiriza kumangapo tsogolo limodzi, pang’onopang’ono ndi momvetsa chisoni, koma ndi chikhulupiriro chakuti njira zina sizingachitike. Pamene mbadwo wamakonowu sukumbukira mwachindunji za mavuto, choloŵa m’malo chenicheni chidzakhala ngati chidzakhala mtendere umene suoneka ngati kusoŵa nkhondo, koma mofanana ndi kukhalapo kwa chilungamo.

Kuti muŵerenge zambiri, onani Chipangano Chabwino Lachisanu pa Britannica , BBC's relable , ndi malemba onse a chipangano pa CAIN [1].