Maziko a Kusankha

Kusankha ndiko njira yoyambitsidwa yachiweruzo yogwiritsira ntchito Bill of Rights ku boma ndi maboma akomwewo kupyolera mwa Account Process of the 14th Amendment. Chiphunzitsocho chinatuluka m'mpikisano wautali wa lamulo ponena za kaya zisinthidwe khumi zoyambirirazo ziphatikizidwa kokha ndi boma la boma. Barron v. Baltimore[FL:1] [1833] Khoti Lapamwamba linakhulupirira kuti Bill of Rights imagwira ntchito kotheratu ku boma la boma.

Posinthira pake pa [[FLT: 0] Getlow v. New York (1925), pamene khoti linalengeza kuti “ufulu wa kulankhula ndi wa kusindikiza ndi kusindikiza (kumene kwatetezeredwa ndi First Amendment kuchokera ku Congress [1] ndi pakati pa ufulu wa munthu ndi ‘ kutetezeredwa ndi malamulo oyenera a 1450 Demendment kuchokera ku zigawo." Izi zimatsegula khomo la mlandu ndi mbanda. Pazaka makumi angapo zotsatira, Bwalo Losanja losankha pafupifupi zonse la ufulu wa Bill of Rights, kuphatikizapo malamulo a Wearmergamest ([F.2]].[3] vFOLD [6], ufulu wodzitetezera , kutsutsana ndi kumbuyo kwa [1] [F.[4]

Dongosolo silinali lachisawawa; makonzedwe ena, monga kuyenera kwa Second Amendment kusunga ndi kunyamula zida, anaphatikizidwa monga McDonald v. Mzinda wa Chicago (2010]). Chimene chimachititsa zosankha zimenezi ndi lamulo lakuti ufulu uyenera kukhala “wolingalira za ufulu wathu wolamulidwa” kapena“ wozikidwa kwambiri m'mbiri ndi miyambo ya dziko lino. Kusintha kumeneku kusanayambe. Kusintha kwa , pragmatic kunachititsa kusinthika kwa Malamulo pamene kunali kusungitsa ufulu wa boma.

Kudziimira pa Wekha pa Makompyuta ndi Kusintha kwa Kachinayi

Chikalata cha Opaleshoni cha China chimateteza ku kufufuza ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri. Kale kwambiri umboni wa makompyuta usanakhale ponsepo, Khoti Lapamwamba lomwe linasungidwa mu Katz v. United States (1967) kuti kukonzanso Komphonyaku kumadalira kuti munthu apeze “kuyembekeza kwachinsinsi kwa munthu.] Muyezo wamakono watsimikizira kuti ndi wofufuza wachinsinsi. [FLT:] RYY v. California (2014, Khoti limakhulupirira kuti apolisi ambiri sangafufuze zokhala m’malisechetewero wopanda chilo, kuzindikira kuti zipangizo zotero zili ndi “zo. Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, [FLT:] California [vPT].[5]

Zosankha zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti kusankha mawu a pa Intaneti pa ndandanda ya manambala kumafunikira kukonzanso zinthu zimene zili ngati “kufufuza.". Kukhoza kwa boma kugwiritsa ntchito njira zolankhulirana zobisika, zokhala m’mitambo, ndi metadata kuchokera ku makampani a pa Intaneti kumadzutsa mafunso amene sangayankhidwe mokwanira ndi mawu a 88. Akatswiri atsutsa zoti malamulo a boma ayenera kuphatikizapo njira zatsopano zofufuzira, monga kupezeka kwa makampani. Khoti limafunitsitsa kugwirizanitsa zinthu zofunikira kuchitika pa Intaneti.

Maboma ambiri akhazikitsa malamulo awoawo achinsinsi, monga ngati Electronic Communicationss Infish Act (CalECPA), imene ikufuna chilolezo cha boma kuti lizigwiritsa ntchito njira yamagetsi ndi malo. Malamulo ameneŵa sadalira pa Pempho Lachinayi koma amapanga malamulo otetezera galasi ndipo nthaŵi zina amapitirira malamulo a boma. M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, ntchito ya boma ingakakamize Khoti kukhazikitsa chinsinsi chachinsinsi cha magetsi pansi pa 145 Demendment, kutsimikizira chitetezo chalamulo kuzungulira dziko lonselo.

Chiphunzitso Chachitatu Chosiyana ndi Chachikulu Chikuponderezedwa

Lamulo lamwambo . . . kuti chidziŵitso chogawana modzifunira ndi mbali yachitatu (monga kampani ya telefoni kapena banki) sichilandira chitetezo cha Fourter . Nzotsutsidwa mwachindunji ndi njira zamakono za chidziŵitso. Anthu lerolino amagaŵana chidziŵitso chochuluka ndi operekera makompyuta a pa Intaneti, mapulatifomu a za mayanjano, ndi okonza mapulogalamu. [[FLL:0]] Kampate [[FLT]] inali kutsika kwakukulu kuchokera ku chiphunzitso cha selo la ma cellus data, koma Khotilo limasiya kuti kaya magulu ena a mafalitale a makompyuta (m.g., ma-email osungidwa ndi osungidwa ndi chisungiro chachikulu) omwe angalimbitse chitsimikizire kapena kudalirana kwa malamulo osankhidwa ndi chigamu chachikulu. Osati ofufuza milandu yosanja la U.

Kulankhula Mwaufulu m’Gwiro Lokhala ndi Malo Ozungulira

Chitetezero cha First Amendment chakhala chikutsutsidwa kwa nthaŵi yaitali ndi maboma. Koma kugwiritsira ntchito kwa ufulu wakalewo ku intaneti . Makamaka ku masiteshoni a za manyuzi olankhulirana ndi mabungwe a anthu. N’kukhazikitsa chiletso chatsopano. M'dziko lakuthupi, ziletso zolankhulana ndi anthu pabwalo ndizofunika kuyang'aniridwa kwambiri. Online, boma . Mawebusaiti a boma a boma ndi manyuzi a za manyuziko a anthu onse akugwira ntchito monga mapulogalamu a anthu onse. Khoti lokhala ndi mapangano aufulu Packham v. North Caroline . [FLT:] (207]) lamulo loletsa kugonana kwa olembetsa malonda ovomerezeka kwa anthu, monga “achisankhomo lamakono. Chigamu cha . Chigamu cha m'malamulo cha pulogalamu yachikulu cha pulogalamu ya .

Nkhani yotsutsana kwambiri ndi yakuti, ngati Facebook kapena Twitter itakhalapo mwachikatikati, First Amendment imaletsa mapulatifomu a boma. Khoti Lapamwamba lakhala likugamula kuti Kusintha Koyamba kumagwira ntchito ku boma, osati khalidwe laumwini. Komabe, pamene maboma akukhazikitsa malamulo amene amayesa kukhazikitsa mapulatifomu, muyezo pakati pa zochita za boma ndi kulamulira kwaumwini. [[FL: 0] [NT] [NTHOUCE], LLC[FLC] [2004], Bwalo linaka pansi mbali zina za lamulo la Florida la kakhalidwe limene limaletsa mphamvu ya mapulati ena, kupeza kuti lamulo likuswa ufulu wa papulation. Mowlentioctive. Mosemphana ndi [FT] [FLT] [5]

Malo ena ndi a “ufulu wa anthu kusonkhana mwamtendere. Kusonkhana kwa pa Intaneti. Intaneti imatheketsa kutsutsa kwakukulu kwa makompyuta ndi kulankhula kogwirizana. Kukhoza kwa boma kuyang'anira kapena kusokoneza misonkhano yoteroyo kumabutsa nkhaŵa zachinayi ndi First Amendment. Kusankha kuyenera kukambirana ngati misonkhano ya pakompyuta ili ndi ufulu woteteza malamulo ofanana ndi a kuthupi. Zimenezi n’zofunika kwambiri makamaka monga mmene maboma amatengera malamulo ofuna kuti azikhala ndi zaka zovomerezeka kwa anthu, zimene zingabweretse mawu osadziwika ndi kuletsa kulankhula kwa achikulire .

Kuphatikiza Ufulu wa Makompyuta ndi Njira Zoyenera

Kupatulapo zinthu zachinsinsi ndi zolankhula, luso la zopangapanga limapanga ufulu watsopano umene sugwirizana bwino ndi magulu a malamulo amene alipo. Mwachitsanzo, “kuyenera kuiwalidwa” (kukhazikitsidwa m'lamulo la European Union) kulibe malamulo a U.S. ofanana, koma malamulo ena a boma amafuna mapulatifomu kuti achotse zinthu zina zolembedwa ndi anthu ogwiritsa ntchito popempha. Kodi kulephera kwa boma kupereka njira yotero yosemphana ndi malamulo a boma? Khoti lakhazikitsa malamulo oyenera otsutsana ndi malamulowo, kutanthauza kuti pamene boma lilanda munthu moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, liyenera kudziŵitsa ndi kubweretsa mpata. Pamene moyo wathu ukuyenda pa Intaneti [1] kuphatikizapo kulowa m’ngolengo, ndi maphunziro amene amapanga zosankha zozikidwa pa “mapanga chidziŵitso chaumwini, kapena kupangitsa“ kuteteza zinthu zoyenera zaumwini.

Mu Goldberg v. Kelly[FLT: 1] (70), Bwalo lamilandu linanena kuti kutha kwa mapindu a ubwino kunafunikiritsa kumvetsera kwapasadakhale. Mwa kuyerekezera, chigamulo cha boma choikidwa m'zopereka zimene zimalepheretsa nzika kulowa pa webusaiti ya boma kapena kukana laisensi ikhoza kuswa ngati munthu wokhudzidwayo alibe mpata wotsutsa chigamulo. Chigamulo chaposachedwapa m'chigamulo chaposachedwapa [[FLT:] mu [FL:] BEILE]. v.[FLT:] [20] [2] [2] [2])) chinakhudza kufunika kwa ulamuliro womveka bwino wa boma, chilengezo chimene sichikuimira njira yolakwika. Ngati chikhozetsa chigani kufotokoza kuti chiganikiriro chaku

Kuswa malamulo a kugaŵana kwa zinthu kuli malo ena otulukira ufulu. Maboma makumi anayi ndi atatu ali ndi malamulo ofuna makampani kudziŵitsa anthu pamene anyalanyaza mfundo zawo. Ngati boma lilephera kukhazikitsa lamulo lotero, kapena ngati lamulo lake nlofooka kwambiri, kodi kutetezera kwa 1449 Demendment kukufuna zambiri? [[FL:0] Spokoo, Inc. Robins . v. " [20], Khoti limakhulupirira kuti kuphwanya lamulo la boma la Genelth Reformation sikumaima popanda kuvulala koonekera. Zimenezi zimapereka lingaliro lakuti kuphatikizapo mfundo ya kuyenera kwa chidziŵitso cha chitetezo kungachepetsedwe pokha ngati kuvulaza kwenikweni. Komabe, kukhala kodziŵika bwino ndi chinyengo chofala, “kuphwanya kwa munthu mwini.

Mtsogolo mwa Kusintha Zinthu Mwadongosolo

Kusankha kagwiritsidwe ntchito kakhala kamphamvu. M’zaka za zana la 20, kanachititsa ufulu wa anthu kuwonjezera ufulu. M'zaka makumi aŵiri 76 zoyambirira, ikhoza kuyesedwa ndi maluso amakono amene anthu opanga mafaramenti sankawaganizira. Njirayi ikhoza kutenga imodzi mwa njira zitatu.

Njira Yoyamba: Kuimirana Kochitidwa ndi Analogy

Khotili likhoza kupitiriza kukonzanso ufulu wa mwambo pa zinthu zofanana ndi zimene zili pa manambala. Mwachitsanzo, kuteteza kwa Owonjezera achinayi kwa mapepala ndi zotsatira zake kungaperekedwe ku makope ndi mafaelo a manambala; chitetezo cha First Amendment chikhoza kuphatikizapo misonkhano yeniyeni. Njira imeneyi imathandiza kuti ziphunzitso zipitirizebe ndipo imathandiza kuti pakhale nkhani zatsopano. Kuopsa ndiko kuti kuyerekezera kukhale kochepa kwambiri, kuchititsa kuti malamulo asokonezeke kapena kuti asokonezeke.

Njira Yachiŵiri: Kulengedwa kwa Ufulu Watsopano

Khotilo linazindikira kuti luso la makono likufuna ufulu umene ulibe mawu omveka bwino m'buku la ufulu. Mwachitsanzo, kuyenera kwa kuonekera kwa marojeti kapena kumasuka ku ntchito yapolisi yolosera zinthu zolakwika yochokera ku zinthu zolakwika. Izi zikhoza kukhala zofunikira ku “malamulo.. Kungakhale kusiyira kwa malembo oyambirira, koma kukhazikitsa malamulo kwa 1448 Demendment kwakhala ndi malire a pansi pa malire a malamulo ( Roe v. Wade , 1973; [FL:2]bergefell. v [FL:3], 2015]). Khoti lingakhale ndi ufulu watsopano umenewu “m'dziko lino lapamwamba".

Njira Yachitatu: Boma Losintha Zinthu

Kulephera kapena kusafuna kuchitapo kanthu motsimikiza, Khoti Lalikulu lingasiye ufulu wa magetsi kwambiri m'maboma. Maboma ambiri ali ndi malamulo amene amatsimikizira kuti ufulu wachinsinsi ulipo. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo a California ali ndi ufulu wa kukhala chinsinsi wosapezeka m'Malamulo a boma. Ngati maboma apitiriza kuyesa, angapange nyumba yofufuzira ufulu wa makompyuta umene potsirizira pake umaumba boma. Khotilo lingasankhe ndi kusankha kuti ndi zinthu ziti zimene zingakwezetse ufulu walamulo. Izi ndizo njira yosankhira yogwirizira ntchito tsatanetsatane: machitachita a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amasonkhezera chitsimikizo cha ufulu wa boma.

Zovuta za Chitaganya ndi Kulamulira

Malamulo amene khotili limatsatira adzakhudza kwambiri mmene anthu a m’boma komanso mabungwe a anthu. Ngati khotili liphatikiza ufulu wachinsinsi wa foni, boma liyenera kupempha zikalata asanalembe foni, kufufuza zamagetsi kuti agwire, kapena kutumiza zipangizo zamakono za nkhope kumadera ena. Ngati Khoti likana kugwiritsa ntchito, ntchito yoteteza ipitirira, ndipo anthu ena akukhala ndi ufulu woyenerera ndipo ena sachita zimenezi.

Kusintha Koyamba kophatikizidwa m'malo a manambala kulinso ndi chotulukapo chofanana. Chosankha chakuti zosankha za pulatifomu zotetezera programuzozo zikaletsa mphamvu ya boma kulamulira manyuzi a mayanjano. Chigamulo chosiyana chingapereke malamulo auchete oikidwa pamlingo wosapambanitsa, kuletsa zolakwika komanso kutheketsa kusanthula. Kuphatikizidwa kwa ufulu wa kusonkhana kungatsimikizire kaya maboma angaone kapena angatse zitsutso za pa Intaneti popanda kuswa Malamulo.

Pomalizira, njira yofunikira kugwirizanitsidwa ndi manambala ingafunikire maulamuliro kupereka njira zatanthauzo pamene ma algoritime ayambukira zikondwerero zofunika. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa zigamulo zopangidwa mwa kampani za kakhalidwe ka anthu, kupima kwaupandu, ndi kufufuza kwa ana kukukula. Popanda malamulo a kayang'anira, anthu angavulazidwe ndi madongosolo achibwana popanda chinsinsi. Kufunitsitsa kwa Khoti Lapamwamba kufutukula lamulo la Goldberg v. Kelly ku masamu a pulogalamu a , kudzakhala kopesetsa kope lachiza lachikulu lachikhalidwe cha anthu.

Kulinganiza pakati pa kupangidwa kwa luso la zopangapanga ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense kwakhala ntchito yaikulu ya lamulo lalamulo la America. Kusankha kumapereka chiŵiya chofeŵa chotsimikizira kuti ufulu wapamwamba susiyidwa ku chifundo cha boma kapena mphamvu ya kampani. Pamene maluso a makono akuyanjidwa m'mbali iliyonse ya moyo, funso silili [. Kuyankha kuumba ufulu wa m’tsogolo.

[[FLT : 0] kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, onani lingaliro la Khoti Lalikulu mu Carpeent v. United States [[FLT :2] ndi kusanthula kwachinsinsi cha magetsi mu . California . .[FLT:]