Chiphunzitso cha ufulu wa boma chotetezera ufulu wa boma ndi chiphunzitso chalamulo chimene chimateteza maboma ndi mabungwe awo ku kuimbidwa mlandu m'khoti popanda chilolezo. Makampani ndi anthu amene amagwirizana ndi, kugwira ntchito, kapena kuvulazidwa ndi makampani a boma (SOEs), chiphunzitso chimenechi chimapereka chopinga chachikulu. SOEs amakhala ndi malo apadera alamulo; amachita ntchito zamalonda zimene amachitidwa ndi makampani a boma koma amasunga chitetezo chalamulo cha boma. Kulimbana ndi makampani ameneŵa kumafuna kumvetsetsa kwapamwamba kwa boma, lamulo lalamulo, ndi chilolezo chapadera chimene chimavomereza kuchita.

Malamulo Ogwirizana a Boma Lolamulira

Chiphunzitso chamakono cha kudzitetezera kwa munthu kwalamulo chimachokera ku Ofesi Yachisanu ndi chimodzi ku United States Constitution , , inavomerezedwa mu 1795. Mpando wa Kusintha unaikidwa molunjika ku chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba mu Chashishm . Georgia [1793] [1793], kumene khoti linavomereza kuti nzika yachinsinsi ikhoza kulembetsa boma m’khoti la boma. Malemba a Demende la 119 ndi opereŵera, akungo lokha kuti mphamvu ya boma silimawonjezera kubweretsa masuti kwa nzika ya boma ina kapena anthu achilendo.

Ngakhale kuti pali malemba ochepa ameneŵa, Khoti Lalikulu laona kuti Kusinthaku kuli ngati kuphatikiza lamulo la boma lodzitetezera. Hans v. Louisiana (1890), Khoti linaona kuti chitetezero chimenechi chimatsekeranso nzika za boma pa mfundo za boma. Pambuyo pake, mu [FLT:] SAMUNOLE FUL of Florida v. Florida (19696), Khoti inalimbikitsa chiphunzitsocho mwa kuweruza kuti Nyumba za Ufumu sizingagwiritsire ntchito mfundo zake (monga ngati Commodentine Claus) ku chitetezero cha boma. Milanduko imeneyi inakhazikitsa kuti ulamuliro wa boma, kugawa ulamuliro wa mabungwe onse aŵiriwo, kukhazikitsa ulamuliro wa boma ndi ulamuliro wa boma.

Kuzindikira malire ake ndi kusiyana kwake ndiko ntchito yaikulu ya apolisi m’munda umenewu, koma kumachititsa kuti khoti lichotsedwe m’bwalo la milandu.

Kumasulira Boma-lonzeke: Kuyesa kwa Boma"

Nkhani yofunika kwambiri m'gulu la boma lolamulidwa ndi boma ndi yakuti kaya bungwelo liyeneretsedwa kukhala dzanja la boma. Ngati SOE ilingaliridwa kukhala dzanja la boma, limaloŵa mmalo mwa boma loletsa ulamuliro. Ngati lilingaliridwa kukhala bungwe la kampasi kapena gawo la ndale zadziko, kaŵirikaŵiri sililandira chitetezo cha 1145 Amendment, ngakhale kuti lingakhale ndi chitetezo china chopezeka pansi pa lamulo la boma.

Makhoti amagwiritsa ntchito mayeso a zinthu zambiri kuti aone ngati chinthu ndi mkono wa boma. Chofunika kwambiri ndi amene amapereka chiweruzo . Ngati zowonongedwazo zikhoza kuperekedwa kuchokera ku chosungira ndalama cha boma, chiŵalocho nchothekera kukhala chosatetezeka. Zinthu zina zofunika kwambiri zimaphatikizapo:

  • Control ya chigawo: mlingo wa uyang'aniro ndi kulamulira boma kuyendetsa ntchito za bungwe ndi kupanga zosankha.
  • Kudziŵika pa Chilamulo cha Boma: Kodi lamulo la boma limamasulira motani chiŵalo (m., monga gulu la boma kapena chiŵiya chodziimira).
  • [[MTL:0] Kuchokera: Ngati bungwelo likulipiriridwa makamaka mwa kuulutsa kapena ntchito zake za boma zopanga ndalama.
  • [[FULT:0] Purpose: Ngati chiŵalocho chitumikira ntchito ya boma kapena ntchito ya propritary / commercial.

Mu Hess v. Port Authority Trans-Hudson Corp . (1994], Khoti Lapamwamba linagogomezera kuti ngakhale kuti zinthu zingapo nzofunika, "zifukwa za nyukiliya" kaamba ka Demendment yachisanu ndi chimodzi . Kutetezera chuma cha boma ndi kusungitsa ulemu wa boma. Zinthu zimene zimagwira ntchito ngati mabizinesi, kukweza ndalama zawo, ndi ziweruzo zimene sizimaloŵa m’manja mwa boma sizingatetezedwe kwambiri. Komabe, mabungwe amene amalamulidwa ndi boma ndi kusungitsa malamulo a boma mwachisawawa, ngakhale pochita malonda.

Mmene Kugaŵikana Kolamulira Kumakhudzira Kudziimira Pachiŵeniŵeni

Pamene chitetezero cha kudziimira , ziyambukiro zake nzodabwitsa. Khoti la bomalo silikhala ndi ulamuliro wa munthu wogonjera pa suti, kutanthauza kuti mlanduwo ungachotsedwe pachiyambi penipeni pa kachitidwe ka kuchotsa pansi pa Lamulo 12(b) (1) la Federal Magail of Civil Procediture. Kuchotsedwako kaŵirikaŵiri kumachitidwa ndi tsankhu, kuletsa wotsutsa kujambula m'khoti la boma.

Zimenezi zimafikanso pa mitundu yambiri ya anthu odzinenera kuti ndi a SOE, kuphatikizapo:

  • Kusintha kwa Contract: SOE imene imalephera kulipirira wogulitsa kapena zotsalira pa pangano zingakhale zotetezeka ku suti ya chiwombolo.
  • Zinenero za Tort: Munthu wovulazidwa ndi kunyalanyaza kwa wolembedwa ntchito SOE angaletsedwe kufuna chiwongola dzanja m'khoti la boma.
  • Constigational Torts (42 U.S.C. . 1983): Mtsogoleri sangaimbe mlandu bungwe la boma kapena SOE mwachindunji kaamba ka ziwombolo za ndalama m'khoti ya boma kaamba ka kuswa zoyenera zalamulo la boma.
  • Tsankho lopanda pake: Amanenetsa pansi pa Aamereka ndi Lamulo la Kupunduka (ADA) kapena Tsankho la Nyengo mu Auros Act (ADEA) ndi SOE) ingakhale yochepetsedwa kapena yoletsedwa kutsekeredwa kwalamulo ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo.

Chochititsa Kusintha ndi Zoyesayesa Zolimbana ndi Machenjera

Ngakhale kuti pali njira zambiri zodzitetezera zolamulira, pali njira zingapo zongosiyapo ndi zopatsirana zimene zimalola ofufuza kulondola zonena za makampani odzifunira a boma.

Kusintha kwa Nyumba ya Malamulo Pansi pa Chigawo 5 cha Lamulo la 14

Pamene kuli kwakuti Congress siingatetezere ku chitetezero cha mphamvu zake za Maulamuliro I, ikhoza pansi pa Chigawo 5 cha Kusintha kwa 14. Mu FATRItzpack v. Bitzer [197], Khoti linatsutsa kuti chifukwa chakuti Kukonzanso kwa Thungwe kwa 149 kunalinganizidwa kuletsa ulamuliro, Nyumba ya Malamulo ili ndi mphamvu yokakamiza makonzedwe ake mwa kulola masuti kuwonongeka ndi maboma. Kuti kukhale koyenera, Congress Congress (1) iyenera kusiyanitsa bwino "kumveketsa bwino" m'malemba la pulogalamu, ndi (2) kuchitapo kanthu pakati pa mphamvu zake zolamulira 5.

Khotili lasankha kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo imeneyi. Mwachitsanzo, mu [FLT: 0] Testae v. Lane (2004), Khoti linachirikiza kutetezeredwa kwa malo otetezera a ADA onena za kupezeka kwapadera m’makhoti. Komabe, ku Alabama. Garrett (2001), Khoti linagamula kuti ADA (kupatula ntchito), kupeza kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo sanasonyeze njira yokwanira ya tsankho. Litigtion ayenera kupenda mosamalitsa lamulo la boma lokhudza nkhani ngati likhale ndi makonzedwe oyenerera.

[[MTL:0] Exte Young [[FT:1] Chiphunzitso: Kusudzula Akuluakulu a Boma kaamba ka Chipulumutso Chakupha

Chimodzi cha zida zamphamvu kwambiri zotsutsa kutetezeredwa kwa ufulu wa boma ndicho chiphunzitso cha Ex Young . Chiphunzitso chimenechi chinakhazikitsidwa mu 1908, chikalata chachinsinsi chimaloleza gulu la boma kusungirira nduna ya boma m'khoti ya boma kaamba ka ufulu woyembekezeredwa kuletsa kuswa lamulo la boma kosalekeza. Nkhani zopeka za lamulo nzakuti nduna ya boma imene imachita zinthu mosatsatira boma silikuchitapo kanthu pa boma, ndipo chotero Kusintha kwa khumi ndi chimodzi kwa Malamulo sikumaletsa jati.

Kupatula kumeneku nkofunika kwambiri kuti ufulu wa anthu ukhazikike, lamulo la malo, ndi kulikonse kumene wofufuzayo akufuna kuletsa boma kapena lamulo la SOE mmalo mwa kusonkhanitsa zowonongeka. Mwachitsanzo, wofufuza angasunge mutu wa chipatala (A SOE) kuletsa kachitidwe kamene kamaswa malamulo a boma. Komabe, chiphunzitsocho sichimalola kuti pakhale zonena za kubwezera, monga ngati ndalama zowonongedwa kapena mali obwezera kuwonongeka. Kuchotsa kaya chithandizo chopemphedwacho ndicho "Mpenyezo" kapena "kufufuza" kuli mbali yovuta ya lamulo imene imalongosola malire a kulekana kumeneku.

Chipilala Chokongola ndi Chomanga

Boma kapena SOE likhoza kusokoneza chitetezo chadziko ndi kuvomereza. Woletsa ameneyu ayenera kutchulidwa "credreate ndi mopanda chikayikitsa". Nyumba ya malamulo ya boma ingapereke lamulo loletsa kutetezera mapangano a gulu lapadera, monga ngati pangano lotsutsana ndi dongosolo lake la yunivesite kapena kuvomereza kuti lichokera ku ntchito ya galimoto za boma.

Maiko ena akhazikitsa mfundo zonse zonena kuti kutetezera thupi kwa mtundu wina wa kunyalanyaza kumanena, ngakhale kuti kaŵirikaŵiri kumachotsa zivulazo pamlingo wotsika. Ndiponso, SOE amene amachotsa mlandu kuchokera ku khoti la boma kupita ku bwalo lamilandu la boma angawonedwe kukhala atawaletsa kuchinjirizidwa kwawo kaamba ka mlanduwo, monga momwe kwatsimikizidwira mu Lapides . Board of Regents of Georgia Georgia (2002]

Oyang’anira ayeneranso kupenda chikalata cha SOE kapena lamulo lokhazikitsa. Ma SOE ambiri apangidwa ndi makonzedwe omveka bwino ponena za kaya angasunge kapena kuimbidwa mlandu. Mawu "ukulu ndi kusutidwa" m'lamulo la boma ali chisonyezero champhamvu cha kulanda, koma mawu ofananawo m'malamulo amatembenuzidwa mochepera ndi makhoti a boma.

Khoti Lalikulu Linatsutsa

Mlandu wa khumi ndi Asanu ndi Asanu ndi mmodzi wa Amereka uyenera kuperekedwa m’khoti la boma, koma sikuti kwenikweni umayenera kuikidwa m’khoti la boma. Boma lingafotokoze ukulu wa chitetezo chake cha kudziimira paokha m’makhoti ake.

Uku ndiko kusiyana kwakukulu. Pansi pa Erie Railroup Co v. Tompkins [1] (1938), makhoti a boma okhala ndi kusiyana kwa malamulo a boma amagwiritsira ntchito lamulo la boma. Komabe, Demendment yachisanu ndi chimodzi imatsekereza khoti la boma kuti lisamve mlanduwo, ngakhale ngati kunena kwake kunazikidwa pa lamulo la boma lokha. Motero, maboma ambiri asunga ziphunzitso zawo zachitetezo zimene zingakhale zazikulu kapena zopereŵera kuposa muyezo wa boma, chotero lamulo la bomalo liyenera kupendedwa mosamalitsa.

Kusiyana kwa Ulamuliro wa Kunja (FSIA)

Nkofunika kusiyanitsa makampani a boma ndi makampani a boma lachilendo. Nyumba za SOES (m’jek., ulamuliro wa boma wothamanga ku New Jersey) amalamulidwa ndi Saudi Arabia yochita malonda a U.S.. jurisprudence. SOES . (m. g., kampani ya mafuta ya boma yopangidwa ndi Saudi Arabia yomwe imachita malonda ku U.S.) imalamulidwa ndi Mfumu yamitundu ina ya Immunies Act (FSIA), U.C.C. 16011.

FSIA imapereka mwachindunji ntchito yosiyana ndi yosagwirizana ndi boma, imene imakana kutetezeredwa ku SOES yachilendo pamene mlandu uzikidwa pa ntchito yamalonda mu United States. Zimenezi nzosiyana kwambiri ndi Demetrie ya khumi ndi limodzi, imene ilibe ntchito yamalonda yotsatsa malonda kwa anthu onse a m'dziko la SOE. Mtsogoleri wachipembedzo amakana kuswa pangano lamalonda kaŵirikaŵiri amayang'anizana ndi chitetezo chalamulo cha boma, pamene kuli kwakuti woyang'anira SOE wotsutsa wachilendo wofanana ndi SOE satero.

Kutengeka ndi Kukula kwa Khoti Lalikulu Laposachedwapa

Bwalo lamilandu Lalikulu la otetezera thupi la munthu lidakali lokangalika, ndi zigamulo zaposachedwapa zokhala ndi chikhoterero chochepetsa ukulu wa chitetezo cha boma m’nkhani zenizeni.

Mu Pennn Easter Pippine Co. v. New Jersey[FLT :1] (2021], Bwalo lamilandu linavomereza kuti boma la boma lingapereke mphamvu yake ya ulamuliro kwa makampani aumwini, ndi kuti mphamvu imeneyi imagonjetsa ulamuliro wa boma. Khoti linalingalira kuti pamene United States igwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zake zalamulo za kuweruza, maboma anapatula chitetezo chawo mu "Program of Convention". Chigamulo chimenechi chimapereka chitetezero m'nkhani ya ntchito za boma.

Mu Torres v. Dipatimenti ya Texas ya Safety [FULT:1] (2022), khotilo linagwiritsira ntchito mfundo yofananayo "Tchalist reliver" ku mfundo ya ntchito za Serviced Services Respourment Rights Act (USTERRA). Khotilo linanena kuti Texas sanali wotetezedwa kuchokera ku suti yoperekedwa ndi wantchito wa boma pansi pa MFUSSRA chifukwa chakuti ulamuliro wa boma pa chitetezo cha dziko ndi ntchito zankhondo zimafunadi kuvomereza malamulo a masuti a kachitidwe ameneŵa.

Nkhani zimenezi zimasonyeza chikhoterero chomakulakula: pamene kuli kwakuti kutetezera kwamwambo kwalamulo kumakhalabe kwamphamvu kaamba ka mikangano yanthaŵi zonse yamalonda, kungakhale kosavuta kwambiri pamene mphamvu zalamulo za boma zoŵerengedwa [1] monga kutetezera dziko, malamulo a zamalonda a pakati pa dziko, kapena malo otchuka a ntchito za anthu onse . Otetezera ayenera kuyang'anira kuwonjezereka kwa "Programal chauniver" kapena "plan of the Convention" yosiyana.

Zotsatirapo za Malo Okongola

Asanalembe chisuti chotsutsana ndi bungwe lokhulupiriridwa kukhala bizinesi ya boma, maloya ayenera kupenda mosamalitsa:

  1. Malo a Bungwe: Sankhani ngati bungwelo liri dzanja la boma. Onetsetsani dongosolo la malamulo, njira zoyendetsera ndalama, ndi mlingo wa kulamulira kwa boma. Ngati bungwelo ndilo bungwe la kampasi kapena chigawo cha magetsi chakwanu, Depressiment yachisanu ndi chimodzi ikusagwira ntchito.
  2. Kuzindikiritsa Chachititsa Achitidwe: Ngati chinenezocho chibuka pansi pa lamulo la boma, tsimikizirani ngati Nyumba ya Malamulo iri ndi mphamvu yotetezera yovomerezedwa. Ngati kunenako kuli lamulo la boma lonena (m., kuswa pangano), pendani ngati boma lalephera kutetezera makhoti ake.
  3. [[FLT: 0] Nthawi zina pulogalamu yokha yopindulitsa ndi khoti la boma. Musatenge khoti la boma nloyenera chifukwa chakuti mlanduwo ukukhudza nkhani ya boma. Onaninso lamulo la boma lokhudza ufulu wodzitetezera.
  4. [[FLT: 0] Funani Thandizo Loyembekezera: [[FLT :1] Ngati chiwombolo cha ndalama chiletsedwa, lingalirani ngati chinenezocho chingabwezedwenso kaamba ka chopereka choyembekezeredwa kwa nduna ya boma pansi pa Exte Young .
  5. Chithunzi cha Waiver: [1] Fufuzani "kusungirira ndi kusutidwa" ziganizo za bungwelo zotheketsa lamulo. Kanizani ngati bungwelo linaikidwapo m'khoti la boma popanda kukweza chitetezo.

Kumaliza

Chitetezo cha boma chodzitetezera chidakali chimodzi cha ziphunzitso zofunika kwambiri ndi zofunika kwambiri m'kutsutsa kwa boma. Kwa awo amene amalimbana ndi makampani a boma, chitetezo si kutha kwenikweni, koma kufunikira kuyendetsa bwino malamulo a boma ndi boma. Kusiyana pakati pa zowonongeka ndi kuchepetsa, chinenero chapadera cha malamulo a boma, ndi kapangidwe kapadera ka SOE membala zonse zimatsimikizira ngati nkhaniyo ingachitike. Pamene zigamulo zaposachedwapa za Khoti Lapamwamba zikupitirizabe kuyeretsa malire a boma ndi a boma, kukhalabe ndi chidziŵitso cha malamulo ameneŵa nkofunika kuti ziyendere bwino ndi mabungwe a zamalonda a boma.