Table of Contents
Maboma amatumikira monga mlingo waukulu wa ulamuliro wa nkhani zambiri zapanyumba mu United States, akumagwiritsira ntchito maulamuliro operekedwa ndi malamulo a boma ndi boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo a U.S. amasunga maulamuliro ena a boma, Tenth Amendment imatumiza maulamuliro ena onse ku maboma kapena anthu. Makonzedwe ameneŵa amaika malo a patsogolo popereka mautumiki ofunika kwambiri. Kuchoka pa kusunga dongosolo la anthu mpaka kuwaphunzitsa mbadwo wotsatira. Kumvetsa bwino mkhalidwe wa moyo wa nzika za dziko ndiko kuyenera kumvetsetsa mmene Ameretsera dziko la America. M’munsimu tipenda malo aakulu alionse, kufufuza mmene malo alionse akugwirira ntchito ndi kukonza zinthu.
Chitetezo cha Anthu Onse
Ntchito yothandiza anthu kuti atetezeke ndi kutetezeka ndi yokhudzana ndi ntchito ya maboma a boma, si ya apolisi okha ayi, ndipo ndi yokhudza mabungwe oonetsetsa kuti malamulo a boma akutsatiridwa, mabungwe oyendetsa zinthu zangozi, ndiponso mabungwe okonza zinthu.
Kukakamiza Lamulo la Boma ndi Patrol Wapamadzi
Boma lililonse limasunga gulu la apolisi odzipereka . Mogwirizana ndi malamulo a boma. Maboma amakhazikitsa malamulo a pamsewu wa boma m’misewu ya m'dziko, kupenda upandu waukulu, ndi kuthandiza magulu a boma pamene zochitikazo zikudutsa malire a m'boma. M'mayiko ambiri, sat bureau ya kufufuza imayang'anira milandu yovuta yokhudza ndalama, ikbercrime, ndi katangale. Mwachitsanzo, Department of Public Safety iyang'alders , kugawa kwa mbiri yaikulu ya kufufuza kwa za za kampani ya Texas.
Makhoti ndi Kuwongolera
Maboma amayang'anira mabwalo ambiri a boma. Amasunga makhoti, makhoti a milandu, ndi kutchula makhoti aakulu amene amamasulira malamulo a boma ndi malamulo. Maboma amayang'aniranso zigamulo . Njira , ndende, ndi malo osungiramo achinyamata. [[FLT:] Dipatimenti ya boma yowongolera milandu [[FLT: 1] imayang'anira anthu otsatidwa ndi mapulogalamu a boma, mapulogalamu owongolera, ndi mautumiki audindo. Malinga ndi zimene a bungwe la Bureauty of Justice Staties , amawononga mabiliyoni chaka ndi chaka chimodzi pokonza milandu, ndi kusiyana kwakukulu kwa makampani omangawa.
Kusamalira Zamsanga ndi Kulabadira Ngozi
Maboma amalinganiza kukonzekera tsoka ndi kuchitapo kanthu kupyolera mwa mabungwe odzipereka oyang'anira zadzidzidzi. Mabungwe ameneŵa amagwira ntchito ndi Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) ndi maboma akumaloko kukonzekera za masoka achilengedwe monga mikuntho, moto wolusa, mafunde, ndi mafunde. Mathayo a chinsinsi amaphatikizapo kusungitsa malo ochitirako opaleshoni , kutsogolera, ndi kugaŵira ndalama zothandizira kukonzanso. Mwachitsanzo, Kazembe wa Office ya Emergency Services (CAL OES) ayang'OFS) ayang'anira ntchito ya boma yobwezera piri ndi chivomezi.
Mautumiki Ophera Moto ndi Kuteteza Thanzi la Anthu Onse
Pamene kuli kwakuti madipatimenti a moto ambiri amagwira ntchito m'chigawo chakwawo, maboma amapereka ndalama, malangizo, ndi zipangizo. Oyang'anira moto amafufuza ndi kutsata malamulo a moto. Maboma amayang'aniranso malabola a zaumoyo wa anthu onse, madongosolo ofufuza matenda, ndi akatemera olemba. Dipatimenti ya zaumoyo ya zachipatala inachititsa kupima, katemera, ndi zolankhula ndi anthu.
Maphunziro
Maphunziro ndi limodzi la magulu aakulu owonongera ndalama zochuluka kwambiri a maboma a boma, kusonyeza ntchito yawo ya lamulo kukhazikitsa “masukulu a boma olinganizidwa mwalamulo” m’malamulo ambiri a boma. Kuloŵerera kwa boma kumayambira paubwana mpaka ku maphunziro apamwamba.
K-12 Miyezo ya Maphunziro ndi Kupereka
Maboma amakhazikitsa miyezo ya maphunziro, madongosolo a maphunziro, ndi kumaliza maphunziro a sukulu za boma. Iwo amapanga mayeso oyenerera (m’chitsanzo, kuŵerengera kwa boma kogwirizana ndi Common Core kapena miyezo ya boma) ndi kusunga sukulu zili ndi mlandu wa ntchito ya ophunzira. Kuthandiza kuli msanganizo wocholoŵana: maboma amapereka ndalama zambiri zothandizira kulipira ndalama mwa njira zimene kaŵirikaŵiri zimalingalira chuma cha katundu, chiŵerengero cha ophunzira, ndi zosoŵa zapadera. Komiti yapamwamba ya maphunziro a sukulu ya boma ndi oyang'anira sukulu ya boma (kaŵiri wosankhidwa) yoyang'anira ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, Dipatimenti ya Education ya New York iyang'anira maphunziro onse ndi ya boma.
Kutsimikizira Kuti Ndi Mphunzitsi Ndiponso Kupita Patsogolo kwa Akatswiri
Maboma amakhazikitsa ziyeneretso za mandasi a aphunzitsi, kuphatikizapo mlingo wa maphunziro wochepera, mayeso a mayeso (monga ngati mpambo wa PRAS), ndi magawo a maphunziro opitirizabe. Maboma ambiri ali ndi njira zina zokopa mapepala zokopa akatswiri kuchokera ku magawo ena. Maboma amapanganso maprogramu aluso ndi mayeso. National Education Association malamulo a boma apamwamba a detimenti. Kuwonjezerapo, makampani a mphunzitsi a desikitory, amene ali ovuta kusungitsa aphunzitsi oyenerera.
Maphunziro Apamwamba
Boma lililonse limachita mayunivesite a boma, makoleji a anthu, ndi masukulu a zopangapanga. Maboma amakhazikitsa malamulo a zaumoyo, kuyang'anira ntchito, ndi kupereka chithandizo cha boma chofunikira ndi choyenerera. Mabungwe a makampani a ma foni kapena maphunziro apamwamba olinganiza dongosolo la zinthu padziko lonse ndi kuŵerengera. Mwachitsanzo, yunivesite ya California imalamulidwa ndi Board of Regents yoikidwa ndi kazembe. Maboma amathandizanso madongosolo a koleji amene amapereka maphunziro a ntchito ndi njira zokhoza kuyendetsa ntchito ndi kuyendetsa madigirisi anayi a zaka zinayi.
Maphunziro Apadera ndi Chitetezo cha Sukulu
Maboma ayenera kugwirizana ndi bungwe la Assembly With Disectable Education Act (IDEA), limene limatsimikizira ophunzira opunduka kuti aphunzire kwaulere kwa onse (FAPE). Madipatimenti a maphunziro a boma amayang'anira kugonjera kwa zigawo za sukulu, kugaŵira ndalama za maphunziro apadera, ndi kuthetsa mikangano. Maboma ambiri amalamulanso kuti pasukulu pakhale makonzedwe a zachitetezo, malamulo oletsa kudwala matenda a maganizo, ndi mautumiki a zaumoyo m'masukulu. U.S Dipatimenti ya Maphunziro ya ` imapereka uyang'aniro koma imadalira kwambiri pa kukwaniritsa kwa boma.
Zoyendera
Chuma chamakono chimadalira pa makampani oyendetsa zinthu, ndipo maboma amatsogolera kukonzekera, kumanga, ndi kukonza misewu, milatho, madongosolo a zaulendo, ndi mabwalo a ndege. Madipatimenti a boma a zoyendera (DOT) amayang’anira ntchito yaikulu imeneyi.
Njira Yapamwamba ndi Mlatho Wosamalira
Misewu yambiri ya ku United States ili pansi pa boma kapena chigawo cha boma. Malo, kumanga, ndi kukonza njira zapamtunda m’malire awo, komanso njira za boma ndi maluso aakulu. Ndalama zimachokera ku misonkho ya mafuta, ndalama zolembera galimoto, ndi boma kupereka ndalama kudzera ku Fateral Highway Administration [1]. Maboma amathandiza pa chitetezo, kulemera, ndi mavuto a zachuma. Mwachitsanzo, Dipatimenti ya Texas of Transportation (TDOT) imayang'anira umodzi wa mipando yaikulu kwambiri m'dziko.
Kuyenda Kwapoyera ndi Kuyenderana
Maboma amapereka chichirikizo cha ndalama ndi ntchito kwa mabungwe oyendetsa anthu onse . Mautumiki a bus, njanji yamagetsi, njanji za pansi panthaka, ndi sitima zoyenda. Amasunga ntchito zazikulu (mizere yatsopano, kuisintha) ndi kukonza ndalama zogwiritsidwa ntchito. Maboma akugwirizananso ndi Amtrak kuwongolera mautumiki a onyamula anthu, kuthandiza kuwongolera ndi kuwonjezera njira. Fateral Transit Administration
Kutetezeka kwa Magalimoto ndi Kusintha
Maboma amakhazikitsa malire a liŵiro, zoledzeretsa za mwazi (BAC) za DOUI, ndi malamulo ocheutsa. Amayang'anira ma freeting dalaivala, kufufuza galimoto, ndi kulembetsa. Maofesi a boma a chitetezo a m’msewu akuchititsa ndawala za anthu onse ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a kusungitsa malamba a pampando ndi mipando ya ana. Maboma ambiri amalizanso maprogramu oyendetsa magalimoto a a a a dalai. Malinga ndi National Highwal Atracture Administration , akunena kuti malamulo otetezera kwambiri akuona kutsika kwa kuphedwa kwa magalimoto.
Kulinganiza Zinthu Zanthaŵi Yaitali
Maboma akukonzekera bwino za kayendedwe komwe kukukhudza kuchuluka kwa anthu, kukwera kwa katundu, kuwononga chilengedwe, ndi kusintha kwa luso la zopangapanga (m’njira yachidule, magalimoto amagetsi, kuyendetsa galimoto modziimira okha). Mabungwe a kulinganiza malo a boma m’zigawo zoyang’anira. Maboma amayang’aniranso mabwalo a ndege, madoko, ndi m’madzi, kaŵirikaŵiri kudzera mwa akuluakulu amene amayendetsa zinthu kuti akonzetse bwino zinthu.
Kusamalira thanzi
Kusamalira thanzi ndi thayo logawana pakati pa maboma a boma ndi boma, koma maboma amachita mbali yaikulu m’kuyang’anira osamalira, kutsogoza maprogramu a inshuwalansi ya boma, ndi kutetezera thanzi la anthu.
Médicaid ndi Programu ya Inshuwalansi ya Zaumoyo ya Ana (CHIP)
Maboma amayang'anira ntchito ya boma ya kukhazikitsa chigawo cha boma cha anthu olandira ndalama zochepa, mabanja, ana, akazi oyembekezera, ndi anthu olumala. Maboma ali ndi ufulu wokhazikitsa makhonde, mapindu, ndi ndalama zolipirira (ndi chilolezo cha boma). M’zigawo zimene zinawonjezera Medicaid pansi pa Affordal Care Act, amapatsira akulu ndalama zofikira 138% pamlingo wa umphaŵi wa boma. CHAIP imayang'anira ana m’mabanja amene amapeza ndalama zambiri kwa Medicaid koma sangathe kulipira inshuwalansi yaumwini. Madera a Medicarective & Médicaid Services .
Kuletsa Matenda ndi Umoyo Waumoyo
Madipatimenti a zaumoyo a boma amayang'anira malaboratori, kutengera matenda opatsirana, ndi kuyendetsa maprogramu a katemera. Amagwiritsira ntchito ntchito ntchito ntchito ya akazi, makanda, ndi ana (WIC) a chakudya chopatsa thanzi, amachititsa kuletsa matenda osatha (m), matenda a shuga, matenda a mtima), ndi kuyankha ku kuyambika kwa miliri. Maboma amayang'aniranso zipatala, nyumba zosungirako okalamba, ndi kuyang'anira ntchito za chisamaliro. Mliri wa CVHOVID , akuluakulu a boma anakhala odziŵa bwino zaumoyo wa anthu. CDC . CD . . . . . . . .
Kupereŵera kwa Zaumoyo ndi Kuchiritsa kwa Madokotala
Laisensi ya boma ndi zipatala, zipatala, nyumba zosamalira okalamba, ndi mabungwe a zaumoyo a panyumba kutsimikizira kuti iwo akugwirizana ndi miyezo ya chisamaliro. Mabungwe a zamankhwala (oikidwa ndi abwanamkubwa) amaloleza madokotala, manesi, ogulitsa mankhwala, ndi akatswiri ena a zaumoyo, kufufuza kusatsatira malamulo ndi kukhazikitsa mautumiki a zaumoyo. Maboma amayang'aniranso inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo kupyolera m'madipatimenti a inshuwalansi, kuyang'anira mapepala ndi zofunikira kukonza.
Mautumiki a Zamankhwala a M’nthaŵi Yamsanga (EMS)
Mayiko anakhazikitsa malamulo a EMS, madokotala othandiza anthu pangozi, ndiponso ma ambulansi. Amakonza njira zothandizira odwala ovutika maganizo kuti ayendetsedwe bwino ku malo oyenerera. Maboma ambiri ali ndi akuluakulu a bungwe la EMS amene amayendetsa malamulo a dziko lonse, kuphatikizapo anthu ovulala kwambiri.
Chitetezo cha Malo Okhala
Maboma ndiwo ogwiritsira ntchito kwakukulukulu malamulo a boma a malo okhala, ndipo ali ndi dongosolo lawolawo lolimba la kulamulira kuipitsa, kusungitsa katundu, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito malo.
Kusintha Kayendedwe ka Mpweya ndi Madzi
Pansi pa Ceac Air Act and Clean Water Act, akukhazikitsa makonzedwe a kulinganiza kukwaniritsa miyezo ya dziko. Amalola kutulutsa maindasitale, kutuluka kwa madzi otayika, ndi kutha kwa madzi a mkuntho. Mabungwe a dziko amayang'anira mpweya ndi kulimba kwa madzi, kukakamiza kugonjera, ndi faindi. Mphotho za Air Resources Board ya California (CARB) imakhazikitsa miyezo yotulutsa mpweya wa galimoto zimene kaŵirikaŵiri zimavomerezedwa ndi maboma ena. [[FLT: 0] EPA imayang'anira maprogramungwe a boma koma nthumwizonse za boma za boma kukhazikitsa mapangano a boma.
Kusamalira Zakufa ndi Kuipitsa
Maboma amayang’anira ntchito yochotsa zinyalala, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oopsa, ndi kukonzanso zinthu zina. Amayang’anira ntchito yoyeretsa malo oipitsidwawa. Kuphatikizapo malo ofufuzira ndi owonjezerapo malo ena oterewa, ndi mapulogalamu monga Dipatimenti ya Toxic Substances Control ya ku California.
Kuteteza Nyama ndi Zachilengedwe
Nsomba za boma ndi mabungwe a zinyama zimasamalira kusaka ndi kupha nsomba, kuteteza nyama zokhala pangozi, ndi kubwezeretsa malo okhala. Mapaki a boma amapereka zosangulutsa kunja pamene akusamalira zachilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe. Mabungwe a nkhalango amamenyana ndi nkhalango, kuyang'anira nkhalango, ndi kukakamiza kututa mitengo. U.S. Fish ndi Wildlife Service akugwirizana ndi maboma a mbalame zosamuka ndi kuyendetsa nyama zimene zikuwonongeka.
Kugwiritsira Ntchito Nthaka ndi Kuumba
Pamene maboma akuyang'anira ntchito za tsiku ndi tsiku, maboma amakhazikitsa malamulo owonjezereka oyendetsera kukula kwa nthaka, kusungidwa kwa mafamu, ndi kutetezeredwa kwa gombe. Kuwononga malo okhala kumafunikira kupenda malamulo (monga CEQA ya California) ya ziyambukiro za malo okhala. Maboma ambiri ali ndi madipatimenti achilengedwe omwe amayang'anira ntchito ya migodi, mafuta ndi kuchotsa mpweya, ndi zoyenera za madzi.
Kupita Patsogolo kwa Chuma
Kupita patsogolo kwa zachuma ndiko ntchito yaikulu ya maboma, kaŵirikaŵiri olinganizidwa kupyolera mwa mabungwe odzipereka.
Malonda ndi Malonda
Maboma amapereka ngongole za msonkho, kusalandira ndalama, ndi ndalama zochepera kwa makampani amene amasamuka kapena kufutukuka m'malire awo. Zisonkhezero zimenezi zingagwirizanizidwe ndi kukonza ntchito, kuikizira ndalama, kapena ntchito zofufuza. Mwachitsanzo, maboma kaŵirikaŵiri amapereka msonkho wa katundu kapena ngongole za ndalama za ndalama za ndalama za kufakitale. Council for Community and Economic Research [[FLT]] imapanga zikopa zachikopa. Komabe, otsutsa ena amanena kuti zisonkhetso zimaimira “kulandira m’munsi mwa dala ndalama zimene zimachepetsa ndalama zimene boma limapereka.
Kupita Patsogolo ndi Kuphunzitsa Ntchito
Maboma amapanga ntchito mwa makoleji a chitaganya, masukulu a ntchito, ndi maprogramu ophunzitsa. Makomiti a boma amagwirizanitsa maphunziro ndi olemba ntchito, kaŵirikaŵiri amaika mafakitale otchuka monga zaumoyo, tekinoloji, ndi kukonza zinthu zotsogola. Ntchito ya boma Indulotion and Opportunity Act (WIO) imapereka ndalama zimene zimalepheretsa mabungwe opanga ntchito.
Malonda Aang’ono ndi Chichirikizo cha Kupalasa
Maboma amayendetsa malo ang'onoang'ono opangira malonda (SBDCs), amapereka maprogramu aulangizi ndi obwereketsa, ndi malamulo otsatizana a kuyambika kwa ntchito. Mayiko ambiri ali ndi madoko a malonda “amodzi ochepetsa". Omwe amachepetsa mabizinesi kufunsira ndi kulola makampani. Maboma amaperekanso chithandizo cha mabizinesi aang'ono ndi mapangano a boma.
Kukonza Zoyendetsera Chuma
Kusiyapo zoyendera, maboma amawononga ndalama zopitira pa intaneti (makamaka m'madera akumidzi), mphamvu zamakono, ndi mapaki a maindasitale. Maprojekiti akuluakulu ameneŵa amapanga ntchito zomanga zazifupi ndi kupikisana kwa ndale. Mabanki a zachuma a boma amapereka ndalama zobwezetsera ngongole za makampani zimene sizingakope likulu la anthu wamba.
Kumaliza
Maboma ndiwo mahatchi a ntchito a boma la America, kuyang'anira ntchito zosiyanasiyana zimene zimakhudza mbali iliyonse ya moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Kuchokera ku ntchito ya misewu yathu ndi kuphunzitsa ana athu kumanga misewu yathu, kuteteza thanzi lathu, kuteteza malo okhala, ndi kukulitsa chuma chathu, amalongosola maulamuliro aakulu ndi aakulu. Pamene nkhani ino yakhudza malo aakulu asanu ndi limodzi, ikuchitanso maudindo aakulu m'madera onga nyumba, mautumiki a anthu, malamulo owonjezera, kuyang'anira masankhoti, ndi kuyendetsa mathangato, ndi kuwonjezera malamulo a kayendetsera kayendetsedwe ka boma. [[FLT.0] Kugwirizana kwa Religial Religialcts [1] kwa atsogoleri awo akuvomereza kuti nthaŵi zonse zivuto za boma.