Kodi Ufulu wa Malamulo Nchiyani?

Malamulo a United States si nkhani ya mbiri yakale chabe; ndi dongosolo lamoyo limene limaumba unansi pakati pa boma ndi nzika tsiku lililonse. Zoyenera za Malamulo ndizo chitetezo chenicheni chosungidwa m'Malamulo ndi kusintha kwake, cholinganizidwira kuchepetsa mphamvu ya boma ndi kukhazikitsa ufulu wa munthu. Ufulu umenewu suli mwaŵi woperekedwa ndi boma koma wachibadwa pa ulamuliro, wozikidwa pa malamulo achibadwa ndi mapangano a chikhalidwe. Amatsimikizira kuti munthu aliyense, mosasamala kanthu za chiyambi chake, akhoza kukhala ndi ulemu, kulankhula maganizo awo, kulambira (kapena kusalambira) monga momwe amasankhira, ndi kulandira kuchitiridwa koyenera pansi pa lamulo.

Pa maziko ake, Konsichushoni imakhazikitsa boma la maulamuliro oŵerengera. Bukhu la Malamulo la Malamulo . Kusintha koyambirira kwa khumi ndi limodzi kwakhala kukugwiritsidwa ntchito kugwiritsira ntchito zitetezero zochuluka zimenezi ku boma ndi maboma akumaloko, chiphunzitso chodziŵika bwino kuti ndi choloŵa cha dziko la America. Kusintha kumeneku kutchula bwino ufulu umene boma silingathe kuswa. Pambuyo pake, Malamulo a 145 Demendment a Servement ndi Actal Claus agwiritsiridwa ntchito kugwiritsa ntchito zitetezero zochuluka za boma ndi maboma akwawo. Kumvetsa ufulu wa malamulo sikumatanthauza kokha zimene mawuwo amanena komanso mmene makhoti amasulira mawuwo kwa zaka mazana ambiri kuti athetse mavuto atsopano.

Mpukutu wa Ufulu: Maziko a Ufulu

Bill of Rights, yomwe inavomerezedwa mu 1791, imaimira bungwe la anthu ndi boma lawo. Linalembedwa ndi James Madison poyankha foni yochokera kwa Anti-Fedalist amene anada nkhaŵa kuti Malamulo analibe chitetezo chenicheni cha ufulu wa munthu. Mmodzi aliyense wa khumi wobwezera anayang'anizana ndi malo ena amene boma la boma lingagwiritsire ntchito mphamvu zake molakwika. Pansipa ndi kuyang'anitsitsa zitsutso zowononga kwambiri, pamodzi ndi mafomu awo amakono.

Kusintha Koyamba: Ufulu Usanu

First Amendment imatetezera ufulu wogwirizana ndi zisanu: chipembedzo, kulankhula, kusindikiza, msonkhano, ndi kuchonderera. Imaletsa Nyumba ya Malamulo kukhazikitsa chipembedzo kapena kuletsa chipembedzo mwaufulu, ndipo imaletsa malamulo akuti ufulu wolankhula kapena kusindikiza. Kusintha kumeneku kumatchedwa "chikalata cha demokrase" chifukwa chakuti imalola nzika kusuliza boma lawo popanda kuopa kubwezera. Mwachitsanzo, Khoti Lapamwamba la 1969 linkasankha [FL:0] Tuker v. Des Moines Independent Community School School [[FLT: 1] Disclation School] kuti ophunzira sachotsa ufulu wawo wa ufulu wa kulankhula kapena mawu pa khomo la sukulu. M'badwo, kutetezera kumeneku kumawonjezera pa Intaneti, ngakhale kuti kutsutsana ndi malamulo a za makhalidwe olakwika.

Lamulo Lachiŵiri: Kuyenera Kunyamula Zida

Chikalata chachiŵiri cha Amereka chikunena kuti: "Iwo alamulidwa bwino ndi Malitia, pokhala ofunika ku chisungiko cha Boma laufulu, kuyenera kwa anthu kusunga ndi kunyamula Zida, sadzaswedwa. Chiwonjezeko chenicheni cha kuyenera kumeneku chatsutsidwa mopambanitsa. Mu [[FLT:] Heller [2001] [2008] [Bwalo Lapamwamba], Khoti lapamwambalo linakhulupirira kuti kutetezera kuyenera kwa munthu kukhala ndi mfuti ya malamulo alamulo, monga kudzitetezera yekha kunyumba. Zaka ziŵiri pambuyo pake, [FLT:] Maccovevv]. Mdovid. M City ya Chicago [1] [FFFF: 3.] limatsatira mfundozo, lerolino, mfundo za kukhazikitsa malamulo a Childlined.

Kusintha kwachinayi: Kukhala Wekha ndi Chisungiko

Demetriment Yachinayi imateteza ku kufufuza kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri. Kufunikira kusungidwa kwa lamulo kupezera chilolezo chozikidwa pa chifukwa chothekera kuchitika asanafufuze nyumba ya munthu, mapepala, kapena ziyambukiro. Kusintha kumeneku kuli chivomerezo chachindunji ku zikalata zachisawawa ndi ziŵiya zimene maulamuliro a Britain anagwiritsira ntchito kulanda nyumba zolamulira. M'zaka za zana la 21, Kukonzanso kwa Kayendetsedwe ka zinthu kwa Kachinayi kwakhala ndi tanthauzo latsopano ponena zachinsinsi cha magetsi. Khoti Lapamwamba la Courtus Carpenter mu . United States linagamula kuti boma lifunikira chilo chakupeza chikalata cha makompyuta, kuzindikira kuti luso la zamakono layamba kuyembekezera zinthu zachinsinsi.

Kusintha kwachisanu: Kuyenera Kuchitika ndi Kudzitsutsa

Demendment yachisanu imaphatikizapo zitetezero zazikulu zingapo: kuyenera kwa ku mlandu waukulu wa oweruza, chitetezo ku ngozi yoŵirikiza, kuyenera kwa kudzitsutsa ("kutsogolera wachisanu"), chitsimikizo cha njira yoyenerera boma lisanalande munthu aliyense moyo, ufulu, kapena chuma, ndi chiletso cha kutenga katundu popanda kulipira chabe (boma lokhalamo anthu). Njira yoyenerera yakhala yosonkhezera kwambiri; imaletsa njira zongodziimira za boma ndi kutsimikizira njira zolungama. Mardav. Arizona [1] (6) (6) yotchuka youza apolisi kuti adziikire ufulu wawo (udindo waudindo) kuphatikizapo kusakhala chikhalire.

Lamulo Losintha Zinthu Lachisanu ndi Chimodzi: Kuzenga Mlandu Mwachilungamo

Chikalata cha Sixte Amendment chimapereka ufulu wa mlandu wa mwamsanga ndi wa anthu onse wochitidwa ndi oweruza opanda tsankho, kuyenera kwa kuuzidwa milandu, kufunsa mboni, kukakamiza mboni zachiyanjo, ndi kukhala ndi chithandizo cha uphungu. Kuyenera kwa kupereka uphungu kunafutukulidwa mu Gideon v. Wainwright [1963], limene limavomereza kuti liyenera kupereka loya kwa oimbidwa mlandu amene sangathe kulipira. Kusintha kumeneku kumatsimikizira kuti dongosolo la chilungamo lili lowonetseguka ndi kuti oimba mlandu ali ndi mpata wodzitetezera okha.

Kusintha kwa Malamulo Kwachisanu ndi Chisanu: Nkhanza ndi Chilango Chachilendo

M'makalata a ku South Africa, mawuwa akhala ogwirizana kwambiri ndi chilango cha imfa, kuikidwa kwayekha, ndi mikhalidwe ya ndende. Attins v. Virginia [1] (2002] [200]], Khoti Lapamwamba linagamula kuti kupha anthu olumala maganizo kumaswa malamulo a makhalidwe abwino a pa dziko la 88, kusonyeza kupendeka kwa miyezo ya makhalidwe abwino.

Kusintha kwa Zakumwa Zokwana 14: Chitetezo Cholingana ndi Kusagwirizana

Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwapadera pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni, Kusintha kwa 14 ndi kuwonjezera kwakukulu kotsatira Malamulo. Makonzedwe ake aakulu amaphatikizapo Malo Oyenera kapena ma Immunitia Claus, Act Claus, ndi Acimente Procestion Claus . Chitetezo cha Malamulo a Claus chikufuna kuti anthu onse achitire limodzi mofanana pansi pa lamulo, ndipo chakhala maziko a malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe, kuphatikizapo [[FL:0] v. Board of Education [[FLT: 1] [1954], chimene chimamaliza kugawa kwa mafuko m'masukulu, ndi [FLT] ku Malamulo onse. Hodges . "5]

Kutsatira Ufulu wa Malamulo Tsiku ndi Tsiku

Kumvetsa mfundo zimenezi kumathandiza nzika kuzindikira ufulu wawo akamalemekezedwa kapena kuswedwa.

Panyumba ndi Pagulu

Apolisi sangaloŵe m’nyumba mwanu popanda chilolezo pokhapokha ngati pali mikhalidwe ina yake kapena ngati mukuvomereza. Uku ndiko kugwiritsa ntchito mwachindunji Lamulo Lachinayi Lowonjezera. Ngati mwaimitsidwa m’khwalala, muli ndi kuyenera kwa kukhala chete (Kusintha kwa Thungwe la Masamba) ndi kukana kufufuzidwa ngati kulibe chifukwa chomveka. Layisensi ndi zofunika zolembetsa za kuyendetsa galimoto sizifuna chilolezo, koma kumangidwa kwanthaŵi yaitali kuyenera kuzikidwa pa kukayikira koyenera.

Kuntchito ndi Kusukulu

Pamene kuli kwakuti First Amendment imatetezera kulankhula kwanu ku ziletso za boma, olemba ntchito aumwini ndi masukulu a anthu wamba samangidwa ndi malamulo a malamulo a boma ndi a boma angapereke chitetezo chofanana. Komabe, antchito a boma ndi ophunzira a sukulu za anthu onse ali ndi ufulu Woyamba, wogonjera ku ziletso zina. Mwachitsanzo, aphunzitsi sangaperekedwe chilango pa nkhani zaumwini pankhani zokhudza anthu onse, ndipo ophunzira sangalangidwe chifukwa cha kulankhula kosakhudzana ndi mawu amene samachititsa kusokonezeka kwenikweni.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Intaneti Ndiponso Kugwiritsa Ntchito Makompyuta

Malamulo a malamulo amatetezanso makompyuta anu, ngakhale kuti anthu amakumangani. Komabe, mfundo zachitatu zimene anthu amauzana ndi gulu lachitatu (monga mmene amachitira ntchito za pa Intaneti) sizingakutetezereni kwambiri.

M’Madongosolo a Zaumoyo

Malamulo a ufulu wa anthu amayendera limodzi ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zosamalira thanzi. Kuteteza kwa bungwe la 144th Amendment ndi kuteteza kofanana kwasintha ufulu wobereka, kutha kwa moyo, ndi kutha kwa magulu opatuka.

Mmene Ufulu wa Malamulo Umakhalira Pakhoti

Malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri amatchedwa "Chikalata chamoyo" chifukwa chakuti kumasulira kwake kumasintha mwa kupenda zembe. Khoti Lapamwamba limachita mbali yaikulu polongosola ufulu walamulo. Mwa milandu yosintha zinthu, khoti limasintha chinenero cha zaka zapakati pa 18, kuti chigwirizane ndi mikhalidwe yamakono.

Milandu Yaikulu ya Khoti

  • Brown v. Board of Education (1954) [1] : Anatembenuza chiphunzitso "kugaŵana koma kulingana" ndi kulengeza kusiyanitsa mafuko m'masukulu a anthu onse pansi pa Chitetezo cha Exture Clause.
  • . [[FLT .] [[FLT :2] : adazindikira kuyenera kwa lamulo kwa kuchotsa mimba pansi pa Claus Century, pambuyo pake kugwedezeka mu [[FLT:] Dobs v. Jackson Akazi’s Health Organization [20222], kubwezera nkhaniyo ku maboma.
  • Citablens United v. FEC . FETC . (2010) [1] : adawona kuti kutsatsa malonda andale kumatetezeredwa ndi kuperekedwa kwa Madeti Oyamba.
  • bergefell v. Hodges [1] (2015 : Kupezedwa kuti okwatirana a kugonana ali ndi ufulu walamulo wa kukwatira pansi pa dongosolo loyenerera ndi chitetezo cholingana.
  • [FLT :1] Bostock v. Clayton County [20] : adalamulira kuti Zidindo VII za Ufulu wa Chiŵeruzo cha Chiŵeruziro Chiletso Chiletso Chiletso choletsa tsankho lozikidwa pa mkhalidwe wa kugonana kapena chizindikiritso cha mwamuna, kumasulira kwa lamulo ndi maziko a lamulo.

Zigamulo zimenezi zimasonyeza kuti ufulu walamulo susintha.

Mavuto ndi Kuwopseza Ufulu wa Malamulo

Ngakhale kuti ufulu walamulo uli ndi maziko, ufulu wotsatira malamulo umakumana ndi mavuto a boma ndi a m’mafilimu a anthu.

Kuphunzira ndi Kukhala Nokha

Kupita patsogolo kwa tekinoloji kwachititsa kuti pakhale kuyang'anira kwakukulu kwambiri. Kusonkhanitsa metameta metal , maprogramu ozindikira nkhope, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zipangizo zotchedwa stingray kudzutsa nkhaŵa zonse za Gemence Yachinayi. Pambuyo pake USA PATRIOTT Act yayesa kulinganiza chisungiko ndi chinsinsi, koma otsutsa akutsutsa kuti maprogramu osaloledwa akuswa maziko a Lamulo la Opansi pa Folete Amendment. Mkhalidwe wina, mabungwe amagwiritsa ntchito mayeso onga "Chiphunzitso cha " kuti apeze chidziŵitso popanda chilo.

Kulankhula Mwaufulu m’Masiku Omwe Akungofika Masinkhu Amakono

First Amendment imayang'anizana ndi zitsenderezo zatsopano kuchokera ku mapulogalamu a wailesi ndi kanema omwe angaletse ogwiritsira ntchito kapena kutsendereza zolembedwa. Pamene kuli kwakuti zochita zimenezi siziri zopitirizidwa ndi boma, ukulu wa mapulatifomu onga Facebook ndi Twitter amadzutsa mafunso akuti kaya zakhala zodzionetsera kwa anthu onse. Kuwonjezerapo, malamulo olamulira mawu a pa Intaneti "kuda kulankhula" kapena "misformation" ayenera kulinganizidwa mosamalitsa kuti apeŵe kusiyanitsa kwa malamulo. Khoti Lapamwamba likulimbana ndi nkhani zakuti kaya maboma angakakamize makampani oulutsirako a za makampani olankhula za anthu kuti avomereze zinthu zina.

Kupanga Zida za Malamulo

Zoyenera za Malamulo zingafooketsedwe ngati dongosolo la malamulo ligwiritsidwa ntchito mwadongosolo kuletsa otsutsa. Malamulo oyenera oletsa kutengamo mbali kwa anthu (SLAPP sud) ndi njira yofala yoopseza nzika kuti zisapereke ufulu wawo woyamba wopereka chipukutira misozi. Mayiko ambiri apereka malamulo oletsa SAPP kuti ateteze, koma vutolo likupitirizabe. Mofananamo, ndalama zopitirira ndi kumangidwa zigamulo zikhoza kupatsa anthu chilango asanaikidwe mlandu, zikuopseza kuti anthu ali ndi mlandu wa kulakwa ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a Andexhend Reformation.

Kuthetsa Ufulu Wopatsa Ena

Kuyenera kwa kuvota sikunanenedwe mwachindunji mu Malamulo koma kwatetezeredwa kupyolera m'kukonza ndi malamulo. Chikalata cha Voting Rights Act cha 1965 chinali chokwaniritsa chotchuka, koma zigamulo za Khoti Lapamwamba monga Shelby County v. Hoker [1] (2013)) (2013) yofooketsa makonzedwe ofunika a kusungitsa. Lerolino, malamulo a voti, kuchotsa kwa ovota pulogalamu, ndi kupitirizabe kutokosa kuyenera kwa kugawana mu demokrase. Chitsimikiziro cha Konsi cha chitetezo chofanana pansi pa 1449 DesPration kaŵirikaŵiri chimatsutsidwa kutsutsa zoletsa zimenezi.

Mkhalidwe wa Chilanditso cha M’nthaŵi Yadzidzidzi ndi cha Pachiŵeniŵeni

Pamavuto monga miliri, masoka achilengedwe, kapena ziwopsezo za uchigaŵenga . Malamulo samangotha mwadzidzidzi pamavuto, koma makhoti nthaŵi zina alola ntchito yaudindo. Khoti Lapamwamba la United States lanena kuti ngakhale panthaŵi ya nkhondo, njira yofunika ikugwirabe ntchito (onani Hamdi v. Rumsfeld [1], 2004. Anthu ayenera kukhala maso kuti atsimikizire kuti njira za kanthaŵi kanthaŵi sizingalowetsedwe m’malo.

Mmene Mungachirikizire Ufulu Wanu wa Malamulo

Kudziwa bwino ufulu wanu kungakuthandizeni kuti muzitha kuugwiritsa ntchito bwino.

Dziphunzitseni Nokha Ndiponso Ndiwo Ena

Ŵerengani Konsichushoni ndi zisinthiko zake. Consitution Annoted ya ku laibulale ya Congress imapereka kusanthula kwaluso kwa mfundo iliyonse ndi mlandu wa Khoti Lapamwamba. Kugaŵana zimene mukuphunzira ndi mabwenzi ndi banja. Anthu ambiri amamvetsetsa ufulu wawo, pamene kuli kovuta kuti ufuluwo uchotsedwe.

Dziŵani Ufulu Wanu Pochita Zinthu Motsatira Lamulo

Ngati muimitsidwa ndi apolisi, kumbukirani: Muli ndi kuyenera kwa kukhala chete, kuyenera kwa kukana kufunafuna, ndi kuyenera kwa loya. Simufunikira kuyankha mafunso osadziwitsa. ACLU's Known Your Rights [ tsamba likupatsa zitsogozo zothandiza ndi makhadi a zikwama. Kujambula zikalata (kwalamulo) kungaperekenso umboni ngati ufulu wanu waswedwa.

Muzichita Zinthu Zothandiza

Kusintha masankho alionse, kuyambira pa makomiti a sukulu mpaka m'mipikisano ya pulezidenti. Akuluakulu a boma kaŵirikaŵiri ali ndi mphamvu pa ntchito yapolisi, nyumba, ndi maphunziro amene amakhudza ufulu walamulo. Pitani ku misonkhano ya m'holo za tauni, lemberani nthumwi zanu, ndi kutenga nawo mbali m'zotsutsa zamtendere. Ufulu wopempha boma suli chabe cholembedwa m'mbiri yakale; uli chida chamoyo kaamba ka kusintha.

Mabungwe Ochirikiza Amene Amachirikiza Ufulu

Zomwe sizili phindu zambiri zimagwira ntchito kutetezera ufulu wa lamulo. [[FLT:] Malo Ovomerezeka a Chigawo a America Union [1] Malamulo a mawindo a malitansi a mawindi ophatikizapo kulankhula mwaufulu, kukhala chinsinsi, ndi njira yoyenerera. Bill of Rights Institute imapatsa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi zinthu zophunzitsira. Magulu ena amasumika maganizo pa kukonza zinthu, monga ngati kukonzanso kwachiŵiri kapena kukhazikitsa kwa National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers. Ganizira kapena kudzipereka.

Kutsutsa Malamulo Osemphana ndi Malamulo

Ngati mukhulupirira lamulo loswa zoyenera zanu zalamulo, mungaike chitokoso m'khoti. Pamene kuli kwakuti kuzenga mlandu kwa munthu mmodzi ndi mmodzi kungakhale kokwera mtengo, mungakhale wokhoza kulowa m'kagulu ka gulu la anthu oweruza mwalamulo. Khoti la Suprememe liri ndi mbiri yaitali ya milandu yoperekedwa ndi nzika wamba zimene zinachirikiza zoyenera zawo. Ngakhale zipambano zazing'ono zingakhazikitse zitsanzo zimene zimatetezera mamiliyoni.

Mmene Dziko Lonse Limaonera Nkhaniyi: Kuyerekezera Ufulu Woyenerera ndi Woyenera

Ngakhale kuti malamulo a U.S. ali ndi mphamvu padziko lonse, mayiko ambiri ali ndi malamulo awo amene nthaŵi zina amapereka chitetezo chachikulu. Mwachitsanzo, Tchata cha ufulu ndi Freedom ku Canada chimateteza poyera ufulu wa anthu ndi ufulu wa anthu. Msonkhano wa Ulaya wa ufulu wachibadwidwe umaphatikizapo kuyenera kwachinsinsi kumene kumafotokozedwa motsimikiza kwambiri kuposa kukhazikitsa malamulo a United States. Kuphunzira njira zina kungachititse kusintha ndi kugogomezera madera kumene chitetezo cha America chingalimbitsiridwe. Komabe, malamulo a U.S. amachirikiza kuchuluka kwa ufulu wa anthu.

Kumaliza: Thayo la Ufulu wa Tsiku ndi Tsiku

Ufulu wa Malamulo suli kudziphera. Ufuluwu sufuna kutetezeredwa ndi nzika yodziŵa bwino. Nthaŵi iliyonse imene mulankhula motsutsana ndi chisalungamo, kufunsa boma, kapena kuchitiridwa chilungamo, mukuchita zoyenerera zimene mibadwo ikuyesetsa kusungidwa. Malamulo amapereka maziko, koma ndi kwa aliyense wa ife kuti atsimikizire kuti akhalabe amphamvu. Mwakumvetsetsa mmene ufulu wanu umagwirira ntchito pamoyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, kuyambira kusukulu kupita ku bwalo la wailesi ya magetsi / . Mumakhala mdindo wogwira ntchito kwambiri. Chitetezero chachikulu cha ufulu wa malamulo a malamulo si mabwalo okha; ndi anthu amene amadziŵa, amtengo wake, ndi kuumirira ufulu wawo tsiku lililonse.