Malamulo a ufulu wa ku America ali pa maziko a zitsimikizo za lamulo ndi mafotokozedwe achiweruzo amene amaloŵetsa moyo m’mawu olembedwa amenewo. Kumvetsetsa zoyenera zanu zalamulo sikuli kokha njira yamaphunziro ya kutsogolo kwa moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, kuyambira pa kuyang'anirana ndi lamulo kufikira ku kugawana ndi nkhani za boma. Khoti Lapamwamba la United States, monga woyambitsa wamkulu wa tanthauzo la malamulo, wasintha ufulu umenewu mwa zosankha zapadera zimene zikupitirizabe kumveka lerolino. Nkhaniyi imapereka kupenda koyambirira kwa ufulu wa anthu, milandu yotchuka, ndi kuzungulira malo alamulo kwa nzika iliyonse iyenera kudziŵa.

Maziko a Ufulu wa Munthu Aliyense M’lamulo

Malamulo a ku United States, amene anavomerezedwa mu 1788, poyamba anali ndi malamulo ochepa otetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha. Buku la Bill of Rights, lowonjezera mu 1791, linathetsa zimenezi mwa kutchula malire a boma. Komabe, ufulu umenewu unali wochepa, kutanthauza kuti unali kuimira boma lokha. Udindowu sunalipo mpaka pambuyo pa nkhondo ya Chilivil ya nkhondo itatha [1] mobwerezabwereza kukhazikitsa Genestite’s Intective Procession ndi Acument Classies .

Njira imeneyi imatanthauza kuti pafupifupi ufulu uliwonse wa m'Malamulo a Ufulu Woyamba unagwiritsiridwa ntchito ku maiko ndi madera tsopano, osati kokha Washington, D.C. Chiphunzitso cha Khoti Lalikulu chakhala chofunika kwambiri kutsimikizira chitetezo chofanana m'dziko. Mwachitsanzo, chitetezo chaulere pansi pa Kukonzanso Koyamba chinagwiritsidwa ntchito ku maiko mu Getlow v. New York . (1925), ngakhale kuti Khotilo linachirikiza chitsimikizocho.

Ufulu wa Kulankhula ndi Kulimbikira

Pamaziko a demokrase ya ku America pali First Amendment, imene imaletsa Nyumba ya Malamulo kuletsa ufulu wa kulankhula kapena wa nyuzipepala. Chitetezero chimenechi sichiri chotheratu . Khoti lakhala likuzindikira kwa nthaŵi yaitali magulu a kulankhula kosatetezeka, monga kusonkhezera chiwawa, kuipitsa, kuipitsa, ndi “mawu onyansa. Nkhani za m'mapepala monga scheck v. United States (1919) imayambitsa mayeso a“ kuopsa ndi kumene kulipo, pamene Branburg v. [OFLT:] [3] [1969]) inayeretsedwa kuti ifunikire kuchitapo kanthu kosa kwachisa.

Kuyenera Kukhala Wekha

Ngakhale kuti liwu lakuti “prigacy” silikuwoneka mu Malamulo, Khoti Lapamwamba lazindikira kuyenera kwa lamulo kwa kubisa mawu kuchokera ku“penumbras” ndi “mapangano” a zitsimikizo zina. Kuyenera kumeneku kunafotokozedwa choyamba mu Grisbold v. Connecticut [[FL:1] [1965], imene inagonjetsa lamulo loletsa kulera ana ndi okwatirana. Pambuyo pake inapanga maziko a Reoe v. Wade [73] [77] ndi [[FL:4].[FLT] [5]

Chitetezo Cholingana cha m’Chilamulo

Chikalata cha Expand Claus Protection of the 14th Amendment chilamula kuti palibe boma limene lidzakana munthu aliyense wokhala m’manja mwake “chitetezero chofanana cha malamulo.” Mawu ameneŵa akhala malo ankhondo a magulu omenyera ufulu wa anthu, kuyambira pa kusankhana mafuko mpaka kusankhana amuna. Khoti Lapamwamba limagwira ntchito kuyang'anitsitsa mosiyanasiyana malinga ndi kusankhana kophatikizidwa: kupenda kosamalitsa fuko ndi mtundu, kupenda kwapakati kwa mwamuna, ndi maziko oyenerera a mitundu ina yambiri. Kudziŵa milingo imeneyi kumathandiza kumvetsetsa chifukwa chake malamulo ena amamenyedwa pamene ena apulumuka.

Milandu Yapansi Yosonyeza Ufulu Wanu

Nkhani zotsatirazi zikuimira nthawi zikuluzikulu zoweruza milandu ku America.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954) – Mapeto a “Kuleka Kuŵerenga Koma Kulingana”

Mwinamwake chigamulo cha Bwalo Lapamwamba kwambiri la m'zaka za zana la 20, Brown v. Board of Education adavomereza pamodzi kuti tsankho la fuko m'masukulu a boma linaswa Telect Protection Claus . Khotilo linazemba chiphunzitso cha “wosiyana koma wolingana" chokhazikitsidwa mu . Ferguson [1866], kuvomereza kuti malo opangidwa ndi osagwirizana. Woweruza wamkulu Earl Warrenson analemba kuti chiphunzitsocho chimayambitsa“ kudziona ngati chotsika m'kayiko pakati pa anthu amene angayambukire mitima ndi maganizo awo m’njira yosayembekezerekayikiretu kuchotsedwa. Chigamuchigamuchi cha ufulu wa anthu ndi chomaika pa kachitidwe ka chigamutsira mchitidwe kake.

Miranda ndi Arizona (1966) – Ufulu Wanu Wosankha Ufulu Wochita Zinthu Atamangidwa

Ngati munamvapo wapolisi akunena kuti “Muli ndi kuyenera kwa kukhala chete,” muli ndi Marinda v. Arizona kuti ayamikire. Khoti Lapamwamba linavomereza kuti chitetezo cha Fife 5 Demendment ku kudzitsutsa. Milandu yakhala ikuthandiza kuti lamulo lizindikiritse kuyembekezera kuti ali ndi ufulu wawo wakukhala chete, ndi kuti chilichonse chimene amanena chingagwiritsidwe ntchito polimbana ndi iwo. Chigamulo chapamwambacho chikhale choletsa kufunsidwa kwa mlandu. Milandule ya “Malamulo aletsa kuyembekezera kuperekedwa kwa lamulo, koma lamulo lachikhalidwe limakhalabe. Mwachitsanzo, [FFO:] BMPFFF. [FF]

Kusunga Ufulu Wanu

Khoti mu Roe v. Wade . Wade [FLT :1] inazindikira kuti ufulu wa mkazi wosankha kuchotsa mimba yake unagwera m’manja mwa lamulo lalamulo kuti akhale yekha. Chigamulocho chinakhazikitsa maziko ozikidwa pa zopinga, kupatsa maboma ulamuliro wowonjezereka wakulamulira kuchotsa mimba pamene mimba ikupita patsogolo. Mlanduwu udakali umodzi wa nkhani yochititsa mkangano kwambiri m'mbiri ya Amereka. Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization ya Akazi [202], Khoti lolamulira Roe, limabwezera funso la kuchotsa mimba ku maiko. Mosasamala kanthu za kusokonezeka maganizo, kumvetsetsa kwa Rot'kulingalira ndi choloŵa chalamulo.

Nzika United ndi Federal Echontration Commission (200) – Ndalama Monga Kulankhula

Pachigamulo 5-4, Khoti Loyamba Lakhazikitsa Malamulo linatsutsa boma kuti liletse zowonongedwa zandale ndi makampani ndi maukwati. Ambiri analingalira kuti kulankhula zandale n’kofunika kwambiri pa demokrase ndi kuti kulankhula kwa makampani, mofanana ndi anthu, kuyenera kutetezedwa. Otsutsa anatsutsa kuti chigamulocho chinatsegulira mageti a ndalama zopanda malire m'ndale, kukhoza kuipitsa njira yosanthula ndalama. Nkhaniyi yasonkhezera kutsutsana kopitirizabe kwa ndale za ndale za ndale ndi chisonkhezero cha ndalama pa masankho. Zogwirizana ndi zosankha zonga [[FLT:] MCcheon v. FFEC (kuwonjezerapo malire, kuchirikiza lingaliro lakuti kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama pa ndale zadziko kuli mtundu wotetezedwa.

Gideon ndi Wainwright (1963) – Kuyenera kwa Kupereka Uphungu

Clarence Earl Gideon anali wolephera wopatulidwa wopatsidwa mlandu wa kuswa malo osungiramo zinthu ku Florida. Polephera kupeza loya, anakakamizika kudziimira ndipo anaimbidwa mlandu. Khoti Lapamwamba linasintha mogwirizana, likumati ufulu wa Sixth Amendment wa kupereka uphungu ndi ufulu wofunika kwambiri kwa maboma kudzera mu Century Procestion Clause. Chigamulocho chinatsimikizira kuti munthu aliyense amene ali ndi mlandu waukulu waupandu ali ndi ufulu kwa loya loya, ngakhale ngati sangathe kukhala ndi mmodzi. Chigamulochi chinatsogolera ku kulengedwa kwa madongosolo a boma otetezera anthu m’dziko lonselo ndipo chisungiko cha ku America.

Sullivan (1964) – Declear Press Freedom

Mlandu umenewu unayambira pa kulengeza kwa masamba onse mu The New York Times imene inatsutsa akuluakulu a Alabama chifukwa cha kutsutsa kwawo ufulu wa anthu. Khotilo linanena kuti Coyamba Amendment imateteza kufalitsidwa kwa ndemanga zonama za akuluakulu a boma pokhapo ngati mkulu wa boma angatsimikizire kuti “zochitikazo ndizo zoipa. Wofalitsayo anadziŵa kuti mawuwo anali onama kapena anachita monyalanyaza choonadi. Mtengo wapamwambawu unateteza nkhani za m’mapepala otsutsa akuluakulu aboma. Chigamucho chakhala chofunika kwambiri potsutsa kufalitsa manyuzipepala ndi kutsutsana kwa anthu apamwamba. Pambuyo pake, mu [FL: 0] Curtis . Cots . VFLD: 1 [197]

Terry ndi Ohio (1968) – Smand ndi Frisk Powers

Mu Terry v. Ohio , khoti lololedwa ndi apolisi kuchititsa kanthaŵi kochepa, ofufuza akuima chifukwa cha kukayikira koyenera kuti munthu ali woloŵetsedwa m'ntchito zaupandu, ndi kupotoza munthu kuti apeze zida ngati akukhulupirira kuti munthuyo ali ndi zida. Chigamulo cholinganizika cha Kachinayi Choletsa Kuteteza Kutetezeredwa ndi Upandu. Terry amalekabe ntchito ya apolisi, koma Khoti lakhazikitsa malire: kuima kuyenera kukhala kwakanthaŵi, frask iyenera kulekedwa kuima pa kanthaŵi kaamba ka zida, ndipo kukayikirako kuyenera kukhala kwachindunji ndi koyenera kukhala kodzitetezera. [Kudziŵa [FLT:] [FL: FM] [F]

Map v. Ohio (1961) – Ulamuliro wa Exclussion Unatumizidwa ku United States

Demendulo lachinayi limaletsa kufufuza kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri, koma kodi chimachitika nchiyani pamene apolisi aswa lamulolo? Khoti Lapamwamba mu Mapp v. Ohio adakhulupirira kuti umboni wopezeka mwa kufufuza kopanda lamulo sungathe kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'mayeso a boma. Lamulo la kuchotsa, lomwe poyamba linkagwiritsidwa ntchito kokha ku milandu ya boma, linaperekedwa ku mayiko. Chilamulo chimenechi chimaletsa apolisi kusamvera malamulo mwa kuchotsa ufulu wa malamulo. Zikhulupiriro zilipo. Zilipo monga chikhulupiriro chabwino chopatuka ndi chiphunzitso chosapeŵeka chakufufuza kochitidwa ndi lamulo loletsa kufufuza koletsedwa.

Ufulu Wanu: Kukumana Tsiku ndi Tsiku ndi Mautumiki Ofuna Kusintha Zinthu

Kudziwa nkhani zofunika kwambiri n’kofunika kwambiri, koma kutsatira mfundo yakuti zinthu zimene mukudziwa m’dzikoli n’zofunika kwambiri.

Kukumana ndi Kukakamiza Lamulo

Pamene muimitsidwa ndi apolisi, kumbukirani Malamulo anu a Murada [1] Mukhoza kungogwiritsa ntchito kokha mutaikidwa m’ndende ndi kufunsidwa. Komabe, nthaŵi zonse mungasankhe kukhala chete. Nthaŵi zambiri simunafunikire kufunsira munthu wanu, galimoto, kapena nyumba. Ngati mkulu wa asilikali akufunsa, “Kodi mufuna ngati ndikufuna galimoto yanu? . Mukhoza kunena mwaulemu kuti, “Sindikuvomereza kufunafuna. Ngati wapolisiyo akuchititsani kapena alembe chilolezo, angafufuzebe, koma angasungebe zitsutso zanu zalamulo zalamulo pambuyo pake. Kuima kwa galimoto, muyenera kupereka laisensi yanu, kulembetsa, ndi kutsimikizira kwa inshuwalansi, koma simuyenera kuyankha mafunsowo. Ngati muli ndi chilolezo chanu chomveka.

Ufulu Wanu Wolankhula ndi Kusonkhana

First Amendment imateteza ufulu wanu wolankhula m’misewu ya onse, mapaki, ndi anthu ena amwambo. Mungathe kujambula kapena kujambula apolisi a pa vidiyo amene akuchita ntchito zawo m'malo a anthu, monga mmene chigawo cha Sikisi chimatsimikizidwira mu Glik v. Kusuta . Kukufunikira kulola msonkhano waukulu [2011]. Komabe, simungasokoneze ntchito za lamulo. Olimbana ndi mapuloteshoni alinso ndi ufulu wa kulankhula, koma boma lingapereke nthaŵi, malo, ndi ziletso monga momwe alili owonjezera , ndi kusiya njira zina zotsegulira. Mwachitsanzo, kufuna chilolezo cha kusonkhana kwakukulu ndi kukakhala koyenera ndi kosagwirizana ndi uthenga wogwirizana.

Ufulu Wanu Wokhala Mwini Nyumba Kapena Nyumba

Ufulu wa kukhala pawekha umakhalanso panyumba panu. Apolisi amafunikira chilolezo choloŵa, kusiyapo ngati ali pamavuto monga kufunafuna mothamanga, kuwononga kwa posachedwapa umboni, kapena kuwonongeka kwa ngozi. Ngakhale ndi chilolezo, muli ndi ufulu woyang'anira ntchitoyi ndi kutsimikizira kuti apolisiwo akukhala m’malo otchulidwa m'chikalata. Apolisi afunikira kutetezedwa ndi Opatulapo Kachinayi kuti apeze ofufuza osalingalira kwa eni nyumba ngati iwo; mwini nyumba sangaloŵe popanda chidziŵitso ndi chifukwa chomveka, ngakhale kuti malamulo a boma amasiyana. Kumvetsa chitetezo chimenechi kungakuthandizeni kuwathandiza bwino.

Ufulu Wothetsa Nkhani: Kutsutsana kwa Masiku Ano ndi Malangizo Amtsogolo

Kupangidwa ndi Supreme Court ndi nthanthi ya zamalamulo zinasintha m’kupita kwa nthaŵi, kutanthauza kuti zitsanzo zokhazikitsidwa zingabwerezedwenso.

Kudziimira pa Wekha pa Makompyuta ndi Kusintha kwa Kachinayi

Mu Karpeent v. United States[FLT :1] (2017]), khoti linatsutsa kuti boma limafunikira chilolezo chakupeza chidziŵitso cha malo a selo, kuzindikira kuti chidziŵitso cha manambala chingavumbule tsatanetsatane wa moyo wa munthu. Chigamulo chimenechi chomangidwa pa . California . . . . (2014, chimene chimafunikira chilolezo chofufuzira chochitika cha foni kuti chigwire ntchito. Zipangizo zamakono zikamapita patsogolo, Bwalo lipitiriza kutsutsana ndi mafunso okhudza chidziŵitso, kuyang'anira, ndi malire a chiyembekezo chachinsinsi. Kugwiritsira ntchito kwa nkhope ndi luso la zamakono kukulitsa mafunso atsopano omwe sanafikirebe khoti lalikulu.

Kulankhula Mwaufulu m’Nthaŵi ya Kuulutsa Nkhani

Mapulatifomu a za makompyuta ayamba kukhala malo a anthu amakono. Khoti la Packingham ku . North Carolina . (2017) linagonjetsa lamulo loletsa opalamula za kugonana ndi oletsa kugwiritsa ntchito a pa wailesi, kuzindikira mapulatifomu ameneŵa kukhala ofunika kwambiri kuti alankhule. Komabe, mafunso amene amakhalabe onena za mmene mapulatifomu achinsinsi angakwanire zinthu popanda kuphwanya ufulu walamulo, osati kuphwanya malamulo a boma okha. Chigawo cha 230 cha Kulankhulana Kwauveka ndi Chilango ndi Chilango cha Oimba Chilango Chimayambukiranso zimene ogwiritsa ntchito. Khotilo linganene mwamsanga ngati mapulati a boma ofuna malamulo oyenera kukamba nkhani zina (mo Florida ndi Texas) amaswa ufulu wa boma.

Ulamuliro Wachiŵiri wa Lamulo

Mu Dicuality of Columbia v. Helder (2008), Bwalo linazindikira kuyenera kwa munthu aliyense kwa kusunga ndi kunyamula zida zankhondo m’nyumba. McDonald v. City wa Chicago [[FLT:] (20]] (2010) inagwiritsira ntchito kumanja kwa maiko. Nkhani zaposachedwapa zonga New York State Rifle & Pistol Association. v [FLT]] [2] [202]) Yakulitsa kunyamula zida zankhondo m'dziko, yopambana ndi “chochititsa choyenera chachikulu. Khoti linalengeza malamulo atsopano: Zilabo zankhondo za m'dziko liyenera kukhala lokhazikika ndi malamulo a mbiri yakale opanga chigamu. Kufufuza kwake kwa kuyang'nkhanitsira malamulo amakono kuyang'nkhanitsa chiganizo chakulondola malamulo kuti ayendetse bwino tsopano.

Kukhalabe Wodziŵa ndi Kuchirikiza Ufulu Wanu

Ufulu walamulo uli ndi tanthauzo ngati mukudziŵa kuti alipo ndi mmene angachitire nawo zinthu.

  • Kuŵerenga magwero aakulu. Malingaliro onse a milandu ya Khoti Lapamwamba alipo pa malo onga Institute ya Chidziŵitso pa Cornell Law School ndi [FLT ] Oyez , imene imapereka zojambula ndi chidule.
  • Atsatiri milandu yamakono. [[FLT :1] Liwu la Khoti Lalikulu limayambira October mpaka June. Mawebusaiti onga [SCOUSBOlog [ akupereka kusanthula kwa katswiri ndi kukonzanso milandu yoyambira pa ufulu wosankha mpaka kulowa m’dziko.
  • Zindikirani malamulo anu akumeneko. Ufulu wochuluka umafotokozedwanso ndi malamulo a boma ndi malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, maboma ena amapereka ufulu wa kulankhula kapena chitetezo chachinsinsi kuposa malamulo a boma. Ofufuzani malamulo a boma lanu a ufulu ndi zosankha za khoti.
  • Funani uphungu walamulo pamene mufunikira. Ngati mukhulupirira kuti ufulu wanu wapotozedwa, funsani loya. Mabungwe ambiri omenyera ufulu wa anthu, monga ngati ACLU, amapereka chuma ndipo angapereke chizindikiro cha milandu yakupha.

Chigawo cha Khoti Lalikulu m'kukhazikitsa lamulo la ku America nchakupitirizabe. Pamene zigamulo zakale zikupereka dongosolo, milandu yatsopano imangopitirizabe kukonzedwa / ndipo nthaŵi zina imagubuduza / ziphunzitso zokhazikitsidwa. Njira yabwino kwambiri yotetezera ufulu wanu ndiyo kuzimvetsetsa ndi kukhalabe ndi zochitika zalamulo zimene zimakhudza moyo wanu. Nzika zodziŵa bwino ndizo maziko a demokrase yogwira ntchito, ndipo kudziŵa milandu ya masinthidwe ndiyo sitepe loyamba kulinga ku kugwiritsira ntchito bwino ufulu wanu.

Kuti muŵerengenso, talingalirani lingaliro la Khotilo mu Obergefell v. Hodges [1] (2015), imene inavomereza kuyenera kwa lamulo la ukwati wa kugonana, ndi Masteringing Thop v. Colorado Commission ya Zoyenera za Ufulu wa Anthu (2088), imene imasiyanitsa ufulu wa kulankhula ndi ufulu wachipembedzo ndi kutsutsa malamulo otsutsana. Nkhani zimenezi zikusonyeza kusagwirizana kopitirizabe pakati pa ufulu wopikisana ndi malamulo a boma.

Mwa kumvetsetsa milandu imene inayambika kale, ndiponso mwa kumvetsera zimene zatsalabe kugamulidwa, mumadzikonzekeretsa nokha ndi chidziŵitso chofunika kuti mutsimikizire zoyenera zanu ndi kutengamo mbali m’ntchito yodzilamulira yochitidwa ndi anthu a ku America.