Ulamuliro wandale zadziko uli umodzi wa malingaliro otchuka kwambiri m'sayansi yandale ndi nthanthi. Umatanthauza mphamvu yovomerezeka imene anthu kapena mabungwe amagwiritsira ntchito pa ena m’gawo lolongosoledwa kapena m'chitaganya. Mosiyana ndi mphamvu yankhanza, ulamuliro umatanthauza kuyenera kodziŵika kwa kulamulira . Kulungamitsa kumene kumasintha kukakamiza kosakhala kwa lamulo kukhala ulamuliro wovomerezeka. Kumvetsetsa kumene ulamuliro wandale zadziko umachokerako sikuli kokha njira ya maphunziro ya maphunziro; kuli kofunika kusanthula kukhazikika kwa malamulo, kukhazikika kwa maboma, ndi unansi pakati pa olamulira ndi olamulidwa. Nkhaniyi imapenda mafotokozedwe, miagwero, ziphunzitso, ndi ziyambukiro zamakono za ulamuliro wandale, kujambula pa zitsanzo za mbiri ndi mikangano yamakono.

Kufotokoza Ulamuliro wa Zandale

Pamaziko ake, ulamuliro wa ndale zadziko ndiwo mphamvu yolungamitsidwa ya kulamulira ndi kukakamiza kumvera. Afilosofi amasiyanitsa pakati pa mphamvu [1] kukhoza kukakamiza zochita mwa mphamvu kapena chiwopsezo . ndi] ulamuliro , umene umakhala pa chivomerezo kapena chikhulupiriro cha nkhani zimenezo. Ulamuliro umatanthauza kuti malamulo operekedwawo amaonedwa kukhala ogwirizana, osati kokha chifukwa cha mantha, koma chifukwa chakuti wolamulira ali ndi ufulu wowatsutsa. Ufulu umenewu ungachoke kuchokera ku maziko osiyanasiyana: masankho, mwambo wobadwa nawo, kapena kumamatira ku malamulo alamulo. Katswiri wa za chikhalidwe cha Maxber wotchuka wodziŵika bwino: maulamuliro a mwambo, ndi malamulo alamulo.

Funso la kuyenera kwa lamulo ndi lofunika kwambiri. Ulamuliro ungakhale ndi ulamuliro koma ulibe ulamuliro ngati nzika zake sizivomereza kuyenera kwake kwa makhalidwe kapena kwa lamulo kulamulira. Mwachitsanzo, boma limene limakhala paudindo kokha mwa gulu lankhondo lingakhale ndi mphamvu koma osati ulamuliro. Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, boma losankhidwa mwademokalase limene limatsatira malamulo alamulo limakhala ndi ulamuliro wofala. Motero, kufufuza kwa ulamuliro wandale kumaphatikizapo kusanthula kwa malongosoledwe onse aŵiri a mmene ulamuliro umatchulidwa ndi kusanthula mwalamulo pamene ulungamitsidwa.

Magwero a Ulamuliro wa Zandale

Ulamuliro suchokera m’zinthu zimene zimapatsa olamulira kapena mabungwe ena ufulu wolamulira.

Kuvomereza kwa Olamulidwa

Lingaliro lakuti ulamuliro uchokera ku chivomerezo cha awo amene akulamulidwa ndi maziko a chiphunzitso cha democracy yamakono. Malinga ndi lingaliro limeneli, anthu amavomereza modzifunira kugonjera ufulu wawo ku bungwe lolamulira kuti atetezere ufulu wawo wotsala ndi kusungidwa kwa anthu. Kuvomereza kumeneku kungakhale kwachionekere, monga m'pangano lalamulo kapena kuvota, kapena mopanda mawu, mwa kupitiriza kukhala ndi phande m'chitaganya. Mwambo wa chikhalidwe cha anthu (chikhalidwe) [1] wogwirizana ndi akatswiri onga Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, ndi Jean-Jacques Rouseauus . Kuvomereza kwa anthu onse kuyenera kuikidwa pa pangano lalamulo. Mu ma democracy, masankho ndi kukhazikitsa mwambo, kukhazikitsa njira imeneyi, kukhazikitsa njira yopezera ndi kubwezeretsa ulamuliro. Komabe, akatswiri otsutsa, ndi osavomereza kuti kuvomereza kulakwa kwa anthu.

Mwambo

Udindo wamwambo umachokera ku miyambo, machitachita, ndi zitsanzo zimene zakhala zikuvomerezedwa kwa mibadwo. M'madongosolo ameneŵa, olamulira amakhala ndi mphamvu chifukwa chakuti anazitenga monga choloŵa kapena chifukwa chakuti amalemekeza nthaŵi yolinganiza anthu. Madongosolo a olamulira, akalonga a fuko, ndi maofesala ateokrase kaŵirikaŵiri amadalira pa ulamuliro wamwambo. Mwachitsanzo, ulamuliro wa Briteni umakhala ndi ulamuliro wophiphiritsira chifukwa chakuti unayambika m’zaka mazana ambiri. Ulemu wamwambo umapereka chikhazikitso ndi kupitirizabe, komanso ungatsutsenso kusintha kofunikira. Weber adaona kuti ulamuliro wamwambo kaŵirikaŵiri uli waumwini ndi wozikidwa pa kukhulupirika kwa wolamulira wina m’malo mwa malamulo osatsimikizirika. Ufulu wa sunga mwambo umafooketsedwa ndi kutsutsa kwamakono kapena pamene olamulira otsatsa ziyembekezo.

Coercion

Pamene kuli kwakuti kukakamiza kumasiyana ndi ulamuliro woyenerera, kukhoza kukhala magwero a ulamuliro wandale pansi pa mikhalidwe ina. Pamene gulu lolamulira ligwiritsira ntchito mphamvu kapena chiwopsezo cha mphamvu kukhazikitsa ulamuliro, ndipo ngati ulamuliro umenewu upitirizabe kwa nthaŵi yaitali kufikira kukhala mkhalidwe wachibadwa wa nkhani, kukakamiza kungayambike kukhala mtundu wa ulamuliro wolamulira. Maulamuliro a audindo kaŵirikaŵiri amayamba ndi kukakamiza kopambanitsa / kuphwanya malamulo a boma, kutsendereza kwa kutsutsa zinthuzo / koma kuyesayesa kukulitsa kuyenera kwa nthaŵi mwa kuyendetsa zinthu zachuma, kufalitsa mabodza, kapena kukhazikitsa. Coercionyo yokha siiŵiritsa ulamuliro wokhalitsa; anthu amamvera chifukwa cha mantha m’malo mwa kudzimva kukhala ndi thayo. Komabe, mphamvu ya kukakamiza kaŵirikaŵiri ndiyo mbali ya ulamuliro, chifukwa chakuti ngakhale maboma apolisi ndi magulu ankhondo oyenerera kuchirikiza malamulo.

Utsogoleri Waluso

Wolamulira wa malamulo amachokera ku mikhalidwe yapadera ya munthu monga mtsogoleri . .herori, kupatulika, masomphenya osintha zinthu, kapena mphamvu yosafuna yankho. . Mosiyana ndi ulamuliro wa mwambo kapena walamulo, charismsa ndi yodabwitsa ndipo imaswa malamulo okhazikitsidwa. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo oyambitsa zipembedzo monga Yesu kapena Muhamma, oukira andale monga Mahatma Gandhi kapena Nelson Mandela, ndi atsogoleri a nkhondo onga Winston Churchilla. Atsogoleri a Chiraism kaŵirikaŵiri amatuluka m'nyengo za mavuto kapena chipwirikiti, kupereka chitsogozo chatsopano. Ulamuliro wawo ngwofooka chifukwa chakuti umadalira pa chipambano ndi chilengezo cha munthu mwini. Theber anafotokoza "kusintha khalidwe la kutchuka" monga njira imene imasintha ulamuliro wa mphamvu ya kutchuka kukhala wosinthasintha zinthu.

Ulamuliro wa Malamulo

Ulamuliro walamulo ndi mtundu wofala kwambiri m'maboma amakono. Uwu ndi wozikidwa pa dongosolo la malamulo, njira, ndi malamulo amene amavomerezedwa ndi anthu. Ulamuliro waikidwa ku maofesi, osati anthu, ndipo umagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malamulo. Udindo wa boma, ndi madongosolo a zamalamulo alamulo. Nzika zimamvera malamulo osati chifukwa cha kukhulupirika kwa munthu kwa wolamulira, koma chifukwa chakuti zimalandira malamulo amene amapanga malamulowo. Weber analingalira kuti ulamuliro umenewu ndi woyenerera ndi wogwira ntchito bwino kwambiri, monga momwe umalolera kuneneratu ndi kuyang'anira zinthu mosakondera. Komabe, ungakhalenso wopanda chifundo ndi wosalolera, kutsogolera ku "rolero". Malamulo a malamulo a m'masintha ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito bwino ndi kuyang'anira zinthu.

Malamulo a Ulamuliro wa Zandale

Kuwonjezera pa magwero odziŵira, akatswiri a ndale zadziko akulitsa mafotokozedwe omvekera bwino a chifukwa chimene ulamuliro uliri wolungamitsidwa ndi mmene uyenera kulinganizidwira.

Chiphunzitso Chogwirizana ndi Makhalidwe a Anthu

Tsimikishoni ya zandale yakuti ulamuliro wa anthu umayambika kuchokera pa pangano la anthu kuti apange chitaganya ndi kukhazikitsa boma. Thomas Hobbes, mu Leviathan [1] [1651], adatsutsa kuti m'dziko lapansi, mkhalidwe wopanda boma, moyo udzakhala "nkhondo yolimbana ndi onse. Kuthaŵa kusatetezeka kumeneku, pangano la kupatsa ufulu wawo ku munthu mmodzi yekha amene angasungitse mtendere. John Locke , ali ndi ufulu wachilengedwe, koma ali otetezeka. Iwo amavomereza kupanga boma limene limateteza moyo, ufulu, ndi chuma, ndipo ngati boma limatsutsa kudalirana. Jeangnegnegrogne ". Adzagogomezera kuti "agnole "agne , ndipo akusonyeza mphamvu yotchuka. Chilungalungalungamo chachitsa kulakwa chachimwirana ndi cholakwika chambiri cha kulakwa.

Kuyenera kwa Mulungu kwa Mafumu

Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, olamulira ananena kuti ulamuliro wawo unaikidwa mwachindunji ndi Mulungu. Chiphunzitso chimenechi, chodziŵika monga kuyenera kwaumulungu kwa mafumu, chinanena kuti mafumu ali ndi mlandu kwa Mulungu yekha ndi kuti kupanduka kuli tchimo. Chinali chosonkhezera kwambiri makamaka ku Ulaya wakale, ndi ochirikiza monga Mfumu James I ya England ndi Bishopu Jacques-Bénigne Bossue ku France. Chiphunzitsochi chinapereka kulungamitsidwa kwamphamvu kwa ufumu wachifumu, kugwirizanitsa kumvera kwa ndale zadziko ku ntchito yachipembedzo. Komabe, chiphunzitso chaumulungu chinatsutsidwa ndi Kupenyeka, chiphunzitso cha mayanjano, ndi kukwera kwa malamulo a dziko. Chipanduko chinagwedetsedwa ndi ku America ndi Chipembedzo, ngakhale kuti chimatsala m'make achifumu ena a ufumu kumene ulamuliro uli. Lerolino, chifuno chaumulungu chiri cha chiphunzitso cha mbiri yakale, koma chikusonyeza mmene chisonyezera ulamuliro cha ulamuliro cha . [Frakismoki aumulungu:]

Chiphunzitso cha Marx

Karl Marx ndi Friedrich Engels anaona ulamuliro wandale kukhala chizindikiro cha ulamuliro wa gulu. Popenda, boma ndi chiŵiya cha gulu lolamulira . Bourgeoisie(walese kutsendereza kupondereza ndi kusungitsa kudyerera kwa kapitalitale. Malamulo, m’lingaliro limeneli, ndilo kuonekera: gulu lolamulira limagwiritsira ntchito mfundo zandale, lamulo, ndi kukakamiza kupangitsa ulamuliro wake kuoneka ngati wachilengedwe ndi wosapeŵeka. Boma, kutali ndi kuimira kutsutsana kwabwino, kuthetsa mikangano yokomera eni katundu. Motero chiphunzitso cha Marxism chimakana kuti ulamuliro wandale m'zitaganya wa anthu ochirikiza chipani chachitetezo ulidi chovomerezeka; ndiko chophimba chabe mphamvu ya gulu la anthu. Malinga ndi mmene Marx, chifunsire, ndicho kugonjetsa dziko ndi dziko la anthu osatetezedwa. Pamene kuli kwakuti chiphunzitso cha Marxman cha kulephera kwa kulephera kwa kuyendetsa ntchito ya ulamuliro ya ufulu wa mafuko, chifuno, chikhomeretso cha mphamvu ya ulamuliro cha ulamuliro cha .

Malingaliro a Akazi

Ofufuza za ndale zadziko afufuza mmene malingaliro amwambo a ulamuliro wandale amakhalira a akazi. Iwo amatsutsa kuti ulamuliro wakhala ukupangidwa kale monga childen . Monga chitsanzo, Chipangano cha Pateman cha chikhulupiriro cha pangano lachikhalidwe cha anthu chachotsedwa kapena kuikidwa ku mbali zaumwini, zapabanja. Akatswiri a zachimuna onga Carole Pateman ndi Nancy Fraser agogomezera mmene pangano la kakhalidwe ndi ziphunzitso za kuvomerezana kaŵirikaŵiri zimakhalira ndi mkhalidwe wa makolo. Mwachitsanzo, Preman akusonyeza kufunika kwa chiphunzitso cha mgwirizano wapamwamba wa chikhalidwe cha anthu amasonyeza kuti panganolo silinali pangano landale lokha koma pangano la kugonana limene linali la akazi ogonjera. Malingaliro a akazi apamwamba a kuchirikiza ulamuliro wa kugwirizanitsako, kugwirizana ndi kugwirizanitsa. Iwonso kuvomereza kuyendetsa kwa mbiri yakale ndi kuyang'anirana kwa ulamuliro.

Olemba Mabuku ndi Malamulo Ena a M’tsogolo

Chiphunzitso cha Pluraist, chogwirizana ndi akatswiri onga Robert Dahl, chimanena kuti ulamuliro wandale m'madongosolo a demokrase umafalikira pakati pa magulu ambiri , magulu, mabureaucracy , amene amapikisana ndi mphamvu. Palibe ulamuliro umodzi wolamulira; mmalo mwake, ulamuliro umayanjidwa mwa kukambirana ndi kulolera. Zimenezi zikusiyana ndi chiphunzitso chapamwamba (C. Wright Mills, Gaetano Mosca), chimene chimasunga kuti gulu la olamulira audindo anthaŵi zonse. Njira zina zamakono zimaphatikizapo kupikisana kwa bishopu (Chikonkhome), chimene chimawona kutsutsana ndi ndale zadziko, ndi chiphunzitso chachiganizo cha Ambuuniza. Ziphunzitso zimenezi zimasonyeza kuchuluka kwa anthu amakono, ndi kugaŵana kwa ulamuliro, ndi kupondona kochitidwa mobwerezabwereza.

Kufufuza Ulamuliro Wandale Zamakono

Magwero ndi nthanthi za ulamuliro siziri kokha malingaliro osatsimikizirika; zimaumba mwachindunji mmene ntchito yolamulira ilili m’zaka za zana la 21.

Ulamuliro wa Demokalase ndi Kusankha

M’madongosolo a democracy, magwero aakulu a ulamuliro ndiwo kuvomereza kwa olamulidwa, osonyezedwa mwa masankho anthaŵi zonse, aulere, ndi oyenera. Chisankho chimagwira ntchito monga njira yoperekera ulamuliro kwakanthaŵi, kulola nzika kuŵerengera atsogoleri. Komabe, mademokrase amakono amayang'anizana ndi mavuto: kunyalanyaza chivoti, mphamvu ya ndalama m’ndale, ndiponso kukwera kwa ulamuliro wa opatulidwa kukhoza kuwononga kuyenera kwa zosankhidwa. Pamene nzika zimakhulupirira kuti masankhoti amaikidwa kapena kuti akuluakulu amanyalanyaza zofuna zawo, ulamuliro ungafooketse. Zimenezi zingatsogolere ku vuto loyenerera, kumene ngakhale maboma osankhidwa mwalamulo amalimbana ndi kumvera. Kusunga ulamuliro wa maboma a demokrase sikufuna kuti angosankhane moyenerera koma ogwirizana ndi ogwirizana.

Ufulu wa Anthu ndi Malire a Ulamuliro

Malingaliro amakono a ufulu wa anthu amaika malire pa ulamuliro wandale. Pansi pa lamulo lapadziko lonse, malamulo ali ndi thayo la kulemekeza ufulu wina wofunika kwambiri . Ufulu wa kulankhula, njira yoyenerera, kuletsa kuzunza , komwe sikungatsutsidwe ngakhale ndi maulamuliro a demokrase. Malingaliro a mwambo ameneŵa akuti ulamuliro uli wotheratu kapena kuti wachokera ku ulamuliro wotchuka. Chikalata cha Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) ndi mapangano otsatirapo amanenetsa kuti malamulo ena oletsa ulamuliro wa boma. M’kachitidwe umenewu umatanthauza kuti nzika zili ndi ufulu wamakhalidwe kutsutsa malamulo a boma amene amaswa ufulu wa anthu. Imapatsanso mabungwe apadziko lonse ndi mabungwe osakhala a boma kuti azigwiritsa ntchito molakwa ulamuliro wawo. Mpatu wa boma ndi ufulu wa anthu udindo wa anthu umakhala nkhani yaikulu m’ndale zadziko lonse.

Kudalirana kwa Mayiko ndi Kusiyana kwa Ulamuliro

Kudalirana kwa mayiko kwasokoneza mwambo wa ku Westphalia wa ulamuliro wandale, kumene dziko la dzikolo likuchita ulamuliro waukulu m'malire ake. Lerolino, mabungwe apadziko lonse (United Nations Trade Organization, International Criminal Court), makampani a mayiko osiyanasiyana, ndi amalonda opanda boma (NGOs, zigaŵenga) akugwiranso ntchito ulamuliro . . . Dzikolo limapereka ulamuliro waufulu m'mayiko monga Yuropu Union, kupanga maulamuliro a dziko lonse amene angagonjetse malamulo a dziko. Kusintha kumeneku kwa ulamuliro kumadzutsa mafunso okhudzana ndi democracy: ngati zosankha zoyambukira nzika zakutali kapena zipani zosaŵerengeka, kugwirizana pakati pa ulamuliro ndi ulamuliro wa anthu. Ena amatsutsa ulamuliro wa mitundu yosiyanasiyana, pamene ena akuchirikiza ulamuliro wa dziko lonse. [BBBBEctivetic transsiontion of transition :]

Nyengo ya Masitiki: Mafilimu ndi Maulamuliro Atsopano

Kukula kwa luso la zopangapanga ndi makompyuta kwasintha mmene ulamuliro wandale wa Arabia umawonedwa, kupikisanitsidwa, ndi kupangidwa. Maplatform onga Twitter, Facebook, ndi Tik Tok amatheketsa anthu ndi magulu kutsutsa maulamuliro amwambo . . mapulaneti a shansi angagwiritsidwenso ntchito kufalitsa madera osiyanasiyana, osunga zipata, akatswiri ofufuza zinthu. Kuwonjezera pa kudalirana kwa makompyuta, ndi kuyendetsa nyengo kumasonyeza mmene zida zamakono zingathandizire ndi kuchepetsa ulamuliro wa boma. Kuphatikizapo maulamuliro amakonowa angagwiritsidwenso ntchito kufalitsa progalamu, kuchepetsa mphamvu ya democracy, ndi kufooketsa chikhulupiriro m'zolowezi. Kuphatikizapo, makampani amakono onga Rooglasbos na Methos akhala amphamvu kwambiri, kupanga zosankha ponena za kulankhula ndi kudziŵa za boma lotsutsana ndi boma. Malonda angachititsenso kutsutsa lamulo la lamulo, tsopano, ndi kutsutsa chinsinsi chaumboni, kutsutsana ndi kutsutsana ndi kutsutsana kwa chinsinsi chaku

Kuipa kwa Ulamuliro ndi Mtsogolo

Kuzungulira dziko lonse, magwero ambiri amwambo a ulamuliro ali otsenderezedwa. Kudalira maboma, oulutsa nkhani, ndi mabungwe a sayansi kwatha m'maiko ambiri. Atsogoleri a Populist kaŵirikaŵiri amakana ulamuliro wokhazikitsidwa walamulo, wokopa mmalo mwake kutsogolera kutchuka kapena "akufuna anthu. Zimenezi zingatsogolere ku kuukira kwa demokrase, kumene atsogoleri osankhidwa amapeputsa kupenda ndi kulinganiza. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, magulu a chilungamo cha fuko ndi chisembwere amafuna kuti ulamuliro ukhale wokwanira ndi wodziwirira mlandu. Mtsogolo mwa ulamuliro wandale mwachidziŵitso mwachidziŵikire umaphatikizapo maluso a zamakono ndi mayanjano apadziko lonse, pamene kulinso kutsutsa kuti zonse ziŵirizo zikhale zopindulitsa ndi zoyenerera ndi kuthetsera ufulu wa anthu onse.

Kumaliza

Ulamuliro wandale si chinthu wamba kapena chosadziŵika bwino. Chimayendera magwero aakulu . Chikalatacho chimakhudza zinthu monga kuvomereza, mwambo, kukakamiza, kukopa, ndi lamulo. Chilichonse cha izo chili ndi mphamvu ndi zofooka. Miyambo ya zachikhalidwe kuyambira pa nthanthi ya chikhalidwe cha anthu mpaka kugoma zakhala zotsutsana za pamene ulamuliro uli wolungamitsidwa ndi mmene uyenera kuchepetsedwa. M'nyengo yamakono, kusankha ufulu wa anthu, ufulu wa munthu, kudalira dziko lapansi, ndi luso la zamakono zimapitirizabe kukonza maziko a ulamuliro wandale. Kuzindikira kumene ulamuliro umachokerako si kofunika kokha kwa asayansi andale ndi afilosofi komanso kwa nzika iliyonse imene ikufuna kupenda kuyenera kuyenerera ku boma lawo. Monga momwe anthu amayang'anizana ndi mavuto atsopano , kuchokera ku kusintha mkhalidwe wandale, nkhani ya ulamuliro umene ukukhalabe yofulumira. Kungopenda za ulamuliro wake kukhoza kulimbikitsa ndi kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwake koyenera kugwiritsa ntchito kwake.