Njira Yochokera ku Kudandaula Kunka ku Chigamulo

Malamulo amathandiza kukonza nkhani zothetsa mikangano, kuteteza ufulu, ndi kusungabe mtendere m’chitaganya. Kaya nkhaniyo imaphatikizapo kuswa pangano, kuvulala kwa munthu, nkhani ya banja, kapena mlandu waupandu, ulendo wochoka kudandaula koyambirira kupita ku chigamulo chomaliza umatsatira dongosolo lolongosoka bwino. Kumvetsa mbali iliyonse (kuchokera ku kuchonderera kwa kutulukira, kuzenga mlandu, ndi kukopa anthu onse kuti apange zosankha zodziŵidwa, kukwaniritsa ziyembekezo, ndi kuloŵerera m’njira yalamulo.

Maziko a Malamulo

Malamulo amadalira pa mizati itatu: makhoti amene amamasulira ndi kugwiritsira ntchito lamulo, maloya amene amachirikiza zipani, ndi mabungwe osungitsa malamulo amene amatsimikizira kugwirizana ndi malamulo a khoti ndi kusunga dongosolo la anthu. Chigawo chilichonse chimagwira ntchito m’malamulo otsatizana ndi malamulo a boma . Chonga Federal Ligal of Civil Procedure mu United States.

  • [[FLT: 0] Makhoti: Venues kumene mikangano ya lamulo imatsutsidwa. Mu U.S., dongosololo limaphatikizapo makhoti ozenga mlandu (makhoti a chigawo kapena makhoti aakulu a boma), makhoti apakati, ndi Bwalo Lapamwamba. Khoti lililonse lili ndi ulamuliro wa progalamu (m’jere, boma v.) ndi ulamuliro waumwini pa mabwalo a milandu.
  • Attorney: akatswiri ovomerezeka amene amaimira makasitomala, kupereka uphungu walamulo, ndi kukonza zikalata zofunikira. Ayenera kumamatira ku malamulo a makhalidwe abwino ndipo angafulumize kukambirana.
  • Malamulo: Makampani onga apolisi, madipatimenti a sheriff, ndi mabungwe a boma (FBI, Marshals ya U.S.) amasungitsa malamulo a khoti, amatumikira ntchito, ndi kupenda makhalidwe oletsedwa.

Kupitirira mizati imeneyi, njira zina zothetsera mkangano (ADR) ndi njira zina zothetsera mikangano yosadziŵika bwino. Makhoti ambiri tsopano amafuna kuti anthu ayese njira ina ya ADR asanazenge mlandu.

Chigawo 1: Kuthetsa Kudandaulako

Ulendowo unayamba mwalamulo pamene munthu (munthu kapena bungwe lofuna chithandizo) akonza chidandaulo ndi khoti loyenerera. Chikalatacho ndicho chikalata chalamulo chimene chimafotokoza maziko enieni a chinenezocho, chimazindikiritsa chiphunzitso chalamulo (m’chitsanzo, kunyalanyaza, kuphonya pangano, kuchepetsa ngongole ya katundu), ndi kupempha mankhwala ochiza ndalama kapena lamulo.

Kusankha Bwalo Lamilandu Lolondola

Asanalembe chidandaulocho, woyang'anira ayenera kugamula kuti ndi khoti liti limene lili ndi ulamuliro. Wogonjera ulamuliro [1] akusonyeza ulamuliro wa khoti kumvetsera mtundu winawake wa mlandu (m., zikalata za boma zonena kuti zipite ku khoti la boma; zisudzulo zambiri zimapita ku makhoti a m’boma). University [ imafuna kuti woimbidwa mlandu akhale ndi anthu ogwirizana ndi boma la m'boma. Filing m’khoti ikhoza kutuluka m’khoti yolakwa, kuletsa ntchito yonseyo.

Kuthetsa Kudandaulako

Chidandaulo chogwira mtima chiyenera kuphatikizapo (1) mawu omveka bwino a mfundo zonena za kutha kwa ntchito, (2) maziko a lamulo operekera mpumulo, (3) kufunika kwa chiweruzo. Chidziŵitso chofunikira chimasiyana ndi mphamvu; ena amafuna “kuchonderera” (mawu achidule ndi omveka) pamene ena amafuna“ kuchonderera mwachindunji” (zowona zenizeni). Zitsanzo za zinthu zofunika:

  • Mayina a zipani zonse ndiponso maadiresi awo.
  • Malamulo osonyeza mbali iliyonse ya chochititsa chochita.
  • Pempho lachindunji kaamba ka chithandizo (m’chingapo, $10,000 ya zowonongedwa za mankhwala).

Atawalemba, akupereka chikamzembecho kwa kalaliki wa khotilo, ndipo amalipira (zopereka za malipiro a anthu otsika olandira ndalama) ndipo khotilo limam’patsa chilolezo, chimene chimaperekedwa kwa woimbidwa mlanduyo limodzi ndi kope la chidandaulocho.

Chikalata 2: Zimene Mteteziyo Anayankha

Pambuyo pa utumiki, woimbidwa mlanduyo ali ndi nthaŵi yochepa (monga masiku 21-30 m’khoti la boma) kukonza yankho. Kulephera kuyankha kungatsogolere ku chiweruzo chotsimikizirika pa woimbidwa mlanduyo.

Kulabadira Kosiyanasiyana

  • Kuyankha: [[FLT :1] Yankho lofala kwambiri. Woimbidwa mlandu avomereza kapena kukana chinenezo chilichonse ndipo angadzutse chitetezero (m., lamulo la kulephera, kuyembekezera ngozi, kunyalanyaza kopereka).
  • [[FLT: 0] Kuchotsa: Woimbidwa mlandu akunena kuti ngakhale ngati zinenezo zonse za mtsogoleri wachipembedzo ziri zowona, lamulo silimapereka mankhwala, kapena khoti silikhala ndi ulamuliro. Kuyenda kwachipambano kumatha nkhaniyo mwamsanga.
  • [[FLT: 0] Cureamerclaim: [[FLT :1] Mkwiridwe anganene kuti adzinenera yekha motsutsana ndi mtsogoleri. Mtsogoleriyo kenaka ayenera kuyankha stalclaim.

Ngati woimbidwa mlanduyo apanga yankho, mlanduwo ufika pambali yotulukira. Ngati kuchotsedwako kwaperekedwa, khoti lidzalinganiza mlandu kuti ugamule.

Chikalata 3: Kupeza Zinthu Zothandiza Kupeza Umboni

Kufufuza ndi mbali zonse ziŵirizo zimasinthana chidziŵitso ndi zikalata kuti zipeze mfundo, kuchepetsa nkhani, ndi kupenda mphamvu ya malo awo. Kutulukira n’kochuluka: kanthu kalikonse kosaloledwa kogwirizana ndi zimene akunena kapena kudzitetezera kumapezedwa.

Zida Zodziŵira

  • Kudziwitsa: Mafunso olembedwa amene ayenera kuyankhidwa pansi pa lumbiro. Madanga angafunse za zenizeni za chiyambi, umboni, ndi malingaliro a akatswiri. Kaŵirikaŵiri amalekezera ku mafunso 25 m’khoti la boma.
  • Malamulo: Umboni Wamoyo woperekedwa kwa mtolankhani wa khoti (ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amajambula vidiyo). Attorney amafunsa mboni pansi pa lumbiro, ndipo ma CD angagwiritsiridwe ntchito pozenga mlandu kapena ngati umboni ulibe.
  • Mafuno kaamba ka Kutulutsa: Zofunidwa kaamba ka zikalata, zithunzi, ma email, kapena umboni wina wowoneka. Kutumbidwa kwa electronic (eיdificy) tsopano kuli mbali yaikulu ya kutumiza, kufunikiritsa magawo kupanga mametadata ndi kulankhulana kwa manambala.
  • Creasts for Active: Wina apempha wina kuvomereza kapena kukana mfundo zina. Kulola kumachepetsa nkhani za kuyesa.

Makhoti akhazikitsa ziletso za kuchotsa (kuwonongeka kwa umboni) kapena kulephera kuyankha. Milandu yambiri imakhazikika panthaŵi kapena pambuyo potulukira chifukwa chakuti maguluwo amakhala ndi lingaliro lenileni la kuthekera kwawo pozenga mlandu.

Chigawo 4: Kuyenda Kwapatsogolo ndi Misonkhano

Asanazenge mlandu, chipani chilichonse chingapange njira zoperekera mlanduwo kapena kumaliza mlanduwo popanda kuzenga mlandu.

Kuyenda kwa Pasadakhale

  • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kuti palibe mkangano weniweni wa mfundo za zinthu ndi kuti wosamukayo ali woyenerera kuweruza monga nkhani ya lamulo. Ngati aloledwa, mlanduwo umathetsedwa popanda chiyeso.
  • Motion mu Limine: imafuna kuchotsa umboni wosafunikira, watsankho, kapena wosatsimikizirika kuti usatchulidwe pozenga mlandu. Mwachitsanzo, kuchotsa umboni wa chitsimikiziro kapena choperekedwa kumudzi.
  • Motion to Compel: imaikidwa pamene mbali imodzi yalephera kuyankha zifuno zopezedwa. Khoti lingalamulire kugonjera ndi kuika zilolezo.
  • Kugwirizana kwa Kuyera: kwa machitachita otumbidwa mwankhanza kapena kuchonderera kwamwano.

Misonkhano Yapachiyambi

Woweruza angapange msonkhano umodzi kapena yambiri kuti akambirane za ziyembekezo za kukonza, kuika masiku, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a maziko kaamba ka kuzenga mlandu. Lamulo la milandu [[FLT: 0] lilamulira mchitidwe wa kuzenga mlanduwo ndi kuletsa zodabwitsa.

Chigawo 5: Kuzenga Mlandu

Ngati mlanduwo ukhalabe ndi chiweruzo chachidule ndipo suthetsedwa, umapitiriza kuzengedwa mlandu. Mlanduwo ndiwo kutsutsana kwapoyera kwa umboni ndi mikangano pamaso pa woweruza (kuzenga mlandu) kapena jaji. Mtolo wa umboni wa milandu yambiri yachiŵeniŵeni ndiwo “kulingalira umboni wa" (koposa kulephera). Mlandu, muyezo uli “wosakayikira bwino.

Zigawo za Mlandu

  • [[NT.0] Kusankha (Voir Dire): Attory adafunsa okhoza kuchotsa tsankhu. Majeremusi angakanthe chifukwa cha chochititsa kapena kupyola m'mavuto (nambala yoikika).
  • Mfundo zotseguka: Mbali iliyonse imandandalika umboni umene ikuyembekezera kupereka. Zimenezi sizili umboni weniweni koma mapu a msewu a oweruza.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kuperekedwa kwa Umboni: [[FLT :1] Woyang’anira akufotokoza mlandu wawo choyamba, kuitana mboni ndi kuyambitsa zisonyezero. Woimbidwa mlanduyo angakwapule à à extamine . Ataikidwa, woimbidwa mlanduyo akupereka mlandu wake. Rebuttal ndi suŕprotratal angatsatire.
  • Kufotokoza mawu: [[FLT :1] Mbali iriyonse imafupikitsa umboni ndi kutsutsa chifukwa chake oweruza ayenera kulamulira moyanja iwo. Woweruza kenaka amalangiza oweruza pa lamulo logwira ntchito (malangizo a jaji).
  • Jurlibration ndi Verct: Oweruza achita dala mwamseri ndi kubwezera chigamulo. M'khamu la benchi, woweruza amatsutsa zimene zapezedwa ndi zimene lamulo linapeza.

Woweruza angapereke lamulo lokhudza zimene anthu ena amatsutsa, ndipo zimenezi zingathandize kuti anthu ayambe kukayikira zimene munthu wina wanena.

Chigawo 6: Kuyenda ndi Kukopa kwa Pambuyo pa 76

Pambuyo pa chiweruzo kapena chiweruzo, chipanicho chingatsutse zotulukapo zake mwa kuchitapo kanthu pambuyo pa mlandu kapena kuchonderera.

Zotsatirapo za Mlandu (M’khoti Lozenga Milandu)

  • Kugamulapo monga Nkhani ya Chilamulo (JOL): [[[FL:1] Mabungwe akuti ajuli oyenerera sakanafikira chigamulo chozikidwa pa umboni woperekedwa.
  • [[MLT:0] Kugamulidwa kwa Mlandu Watsopano: kozikidwa pa zolakwa za lamulo (m’ lekuatiso, kuvomereza kosayenera kwa umboni, kusamvera, mwa uphungu) kapena kupambanitsa (kapena kupereŵera) kuvulaza.
  • Kusintha kapena Kubwezera Chiweruzo: Mapempho akuti khoti lisinthe chiweruzocho pa zifukwa zenizeni.

Mmene Zinthu Zimayendera

Ngati alephera kutsata pambuyo pa milandu, chipanicho chingalembe chikalata cha apilo ndi khoti loyenerera. Chipemphocho si mlandu watsopano; chimapenda mbiri ya kuzenga mlandu kaamba ka zolakwa za lamulo. Maguluwo amapereka makalata achidule olembedwa, ndipo nthaŵi zina mikangano ya pakamwa imamvedwa. Khoti la appellate lingatsimikizire, kubwerera kumbuyo, kapena kubwerera (kubwezera kumbuyo) mlanduwo kaamba ka milandu yowonjezereka.

M’dongosolo la boma la United States, oimba milandu angaimbe mlandu ku Bwalo la Apilo la United States ndipo, ngati adakali osakhutira, angapemphe khoti Lapamwamba la ku United States kuti lipereke chikalata cha mlandu wa certiorari ( umene waperekedwa pa mlandu umodzi wokha mwa milandu).

Chimake 7: Chigamulo Kupyola m’Kukhazikika

Pa nthaŵi iriyonse ya ulendo walamulo . Ngakhale pambuyo pa kuperekedwa kwa apilo . Maukwati amasankha kukhazikika. Kukhazikika kumapeŵa nthaŵi, ndalama, ndi kusatsimikizirika kwa mlandu ndi kudandaula. Milandu yachiŵeniŵeni yoposa 95% imatha mlandu usanaikidwe.

Mapindu a Kukhazikika

  • Zotulukapo: Madansi amasunga ndalama zalamulo zazikulu ndi kupeŵa ndalama za khoti.
  • Nthaŵi ikhoza kufikiridwa m'masabata kapena miyezi, osati zaka.
  • Privitacy: Malo akukhala angasungidwe achinsinsi; ziyeso ziri zapoyera.
  • Control: Partispoije imapanga chigamulo chawo, kaŵirikaŵiri chopanga zinthu kuposa lamulo la khoti (m’chitsanzo, malipiro olinganizidwa, kupepesa, mathayo a ntchito).

Kuthetsa Maluso

Kukhazikika kungachitidwe mosavuta ndi:

  • [[MTL:0] Kukambirana pakati pa maloya.
  • Kudziwitsana [1] [1] [1] [1] chigawo chachitatu chosaloŵerera chimathandiza anthu kutulukira mfundo zofanana.
  • Arbitation [1] Chigamulo chomangitsa kapena chosamangirira chochokera kwa woyang'anira (kaŵirikaŵiri wogwiritsiridwa ntchito m'mapangano a malonda).
  • Msonkhano wa pa msonkhano wokambidwa kumene woweruza kapena woweruza amakakamiza kuti apeze chigamulo.

Atathetsa mlanduwo, apolisiwo akupanga pangano la kusudzula mlandu woimbidwa mlanduwo.

Kusamalira Kwapadera kwa Mtundu wa Odwala

Ngakhale kuti njira yoperekera magetsi imatsatira njira zotchulidwa pamwambapa, mbali zina za malamulo zili ndi kupotoza kwapadera:

  • [[ML:0] Lamulo la m’Banja: limaphatikizapo kuvomereza kokakamiza kaamba ka nkhani za kusunga mwana, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri makhoti ali ndi “chigwirizano” asanayambe kupereka chisudzulo.
  • Insigies: Kutulukira kungaphatikizepo kwambiri zolembedwa za mankhwala ndi umboni waukatswiri wa zowonongeka. Malamulo a kulephera ali okhwima.
  • Matsutsano: kaŵirikaŵiri amaphatikizapo chilolezo cha kuweruza mlandu, ndipo kudandaulako kuyenera kugwirizanitsa panganolo.
  • Tsankho: milandu yambiri imafunikira chilolezo chauyang’aniro (kuphatikiza ndi EOC) musanaike mlandu m’khoti.

Malangizo Othandiza Poyendetsa Gawo

Kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi amene akuphunzira za malamulo, (ndipo kwa aliyense amene akukhudzidwa ndi zimenezi) kumakumbukira mfundo zimenezi kungawathandize kupeza mpumulo:

  • Tsalani Chilichonse: Musunge makope a mapempho onse, makalata, ndi umboni. Gwiritsirani ntchito kuŵerengera nthaŵi kutsata nthaŵi.
  • Kufunsa za Madensi: masiku otsalira angatanthauze kuchotsedwa kapena kulephera. Nthaŵi zonse kutsimikizira madeti a kulembetsa ndi kalaliki wa khoti.
  • Ganizirani ADR Kuyambiyambi: Makhoti ambiri amafuna zimenezo, ndipo angasunge ndalama ngakhale ngati sizingathetse nkhaniyo kotheratu.
  • Kugwirizana ndi Attorney Yanu: Loya [1] Unansi wodziŵa umagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri ngati wogulayo wauzidwa ndi kuphatikizidwa.
  • Khalani Wokonzekera Kuzengereza: Khoti la Konsati ndi kutulukira mikangano kaŵirikaŵiri zimachedwetsa. Kuleza mtima nkofunika.

Kumaliza

Ulendo wochoka kudandaula kupita ku chigamulo si wolondola. Kufufuza zimenezi kumasinthasintha mwa kukonza, kutulukira, kuyendayenda, kuyesa, ndipo mwina kungathetseretu. Pa siteji iliyonse ingafune kulongosola mfundo zonse, kudziwa malamulo a m'masewera, ndi kulinganiza bwino. Kwa ophunzira, kuphunzira masiteji ameneŵa kumapereka maziko enieni a mmene malamulo amagwirira ntchito. Magulu ogwirizana ndi njirazo amachepetsa nkhaŵa ndi kukuthandizani kugwira ntchito bwino ndi gulu lanu lalamulo. Ngati zotsatira zake ndi chiweruzo cha juli, chivomerezo, kapena chigamulo cha Supreme Court, dongosolo la malamulo limapereka njira ya kuweruza kwachiweruzo . Koma likufunafuna chiwongo.

Kuti mudziwe zambiri zokhudza nkhani zimenezi, fufuzani zinthu zodalirika izi:

  • U.S.: Makhoti: Mitundu ya Milandu
  • [[ML:0] Cornell Legal Institut – Civil Project [[FULT:1]
  • [[NT:0] American Bar Association – Law From Education
  • [[FLT: 0] Nolo : Chidutswa cha Chiŵerengero cha Litigation [1]