Unansi Pakati pa Boma ndi Maboma Akomweko: Kugwirizana ndi Mikangano

Kusewera pakati pa boma ndi maboma a dzikolo kumatanthauza umodzi wa maunansi amphamvu kwambiri ndi otsatirapo mu ulamuliro wa America. Unansi umenewu, woyambitsidwa m'dongosolo la boma la United States, umaumba zonse kuyambira pa ndalama za m’kalasi kufikira pa chiyambukiro chamwadzidzidzi. Pamene kuli kwakuti milingo iŵiriyi imagaŵana zolinga zofanana za kutumikira nzika, zochita zawo kaŵirikaŵiri zimagwirizanitsa kugwirizana kopindulitsa ndi kukangana kwamphamvu. Kwa aphunzitsi, ophunzira, ndi nzika zotomereka, kumvetsetsa mphamvu zimenezi nkofunika kumvetsetsa mmene malamulo amafikiradi anthu.

Maziko a Mbiri Yakale a Maunansi a Boma ndi Malo Adziko

Chiphunzitso cha ku America cha ulamuliro wa kumaloko chisanayambe Konsichushoni. Matauni ndi ziŵerengero zinakhala ndi ulamuliro waukulu maboma a boma asanakhazikitsidwe. Komabe, pambuyo pa kudziimira, maboma anakhala ndi ulamuliro pa maulamuliro a kumaloko kupyolera mwa malamulo ndi ntchito za malamulo. Chiphunzitso chalamulo chodziŵika monga Dillon's Launce , chovomerezedwa ndi Woweruza John F. Dillon mu 1868, chinakhazikitsa kuti maboma akukhala zolengedwa za boma, okhala ndi mphamvu zokha zoperekedwa ndi bungwe la boma. Lamulo limeneli likupitirizabe kuchirikiza unansi walamulo, ngakhale kuti maboma ena atsatira malamulo a m'dziko omwe apereka ufulu waukulu.

M’kupita kwa nthawi, zinthu zasintha. Zaka za 20 zinayamba kutha kwa ulamuliro wa boma, makamaka pankhani monga kulipira msonkho, kugwiritsa ntchito malo, ndi thanzi la anthu. Masiku ano, mgwirizanowu ukupitirizabe pakati pa njira ya boma ndi kudzisankhira.

Malamulo a Boma ndi Maboma

Malamulo olamulira malo akwawo akugwirizana n’ngovuta. Malamulo a boma amalongosola kwambiri kapangidwe ndi mphamvu za maboma a m’dzikolo, pamene kuli kwakuti makhoma a boma amakhazikitsa malamulo amene amalongosolanso ulamuliro wawo. Palibe chitsanzo cha dziko; ntchito iliyonse ya boma imapanga malo abwino kwambiri a kugwirizana kwa boma m’dziko lonselo.

Mfundo ya M’Baibulo Yokhudza Ulamuliro wa Dillon Imatsutsana ndi Ulamuliro wa Panyumba

Ziphunzitso ziŵiri zopikisana zalamulo zimaumba unansi. Dillon’s Lamulo [1] imavomereza kuti maboma a m’madera angangogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zoperekedwa mwachindunji ndi boma. Kusiyana ndi maulamulirowo kumagamulidwa ndi boma. Kusintha kulikonse kwa ulamuliro kumakonzedwa m'maboma 39 kumlingo wakutiwakuti. Kusiyanako, [FLT:] malamulo a m’nyumba [[FLT:] amalamulira pansi pa kupatsa kwa munthu mwini governance, makamaka mwa malamulo a mzinda. Pansi pa lamulo la panyumba, malo angagwiritsire ntchito mphamvu iliyonse imene siiletsedwa ndi lamulo. Maboma 10 akukhazikitsa lamulo lapanyumba kwa anthu ambiri kuti a m’mizinda ndi m’magawo.

Mwachitsanzo, Ohio [1] amapatsa oimira boma ulamuliro wa panyumba pansi pa Kagawo XVIII wa malamulo ake, kulola mizinda monga Columbus ndi Cleveland kukhazikitsa malamulo a kumaloko pankhani za nkhaŵa ya kumaloko, ngakhale pamene lamulo la boma sililankhula. Komabe, pamene lamulo la boma lithetsa ntchito ya kumaloko, boma limagonjetsa. Kulimbana kumeneku pakati pa malamulo a panyumba ndi kutha kwa ufulu ndiko magwero a mikangano.

Kuyesedwa kwa Ulamuliro Wakumaloko

Boma limamasulidwa pamene boma liletsa kapena kuletsa maboma a m’dera lina. Chipulumutso chingaperekedwe (mwalamulo) kapena chisonyezero (chotengedwa kuchokera ku cholinga cha boma cha kukhala ndi munda). Mbali zofala za kupulumulidwa zimaphatikizapo:

  • Lamulo la Moto wa M’madzi
  • Malipiro ochepa ndi miyezo ya antchito
  • Malamulo a kanthaŵi kochepa (m’chitsanzo, Airbb)
  • Kuletsedwa kwa mapulasitiki ndi malamulo a malo okhala
  • Kugwirizana kwa osungitsa kuthaŵa kwawo

Malinga ndi Msonkhano wa National Conference of State Legislatures , chiŵerengero cha ndalama zowomboledwa zimene zinayambitsidwa chaka chilichonse chakwera kwambiri kuyambira 2010, kukusonyeza kusagwirizana kowonjezereka pakati pa maboma a mizinda ndi malamulo a boma osunga mwambo.

Kugwirizana Pakati pa Boma ndi Maboma Awo

Ngakhale kuti pali mikangano yaikulu, boma ndi maboma a m'madera onse amagwirizana tsiku ndi tsiku pa ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Kugwirizana kumeneku kumalamulidwa ndi lamulo kapena kuthandizidwa ndi ndalama. Kugwirizana kwa boma kumawongolera zinthu, kuletsa kukopana, ndi luso pa mlingo uliwonse.

Kugwirizana kwa Makampani: Kuthandiza Boma ndi Kugaŵana Makampani

Maboma a m’maderawa amadalira kwambiri ndalama za boma kuti athandize anthu.

  • Formula imapatsa: Mafalitsidwe ozikidwa pa chiŵerengero cha anthu, kulembetsa, kapena milingo ina (m'. K-12 ya maphunziro)
  • Kugaŵana: Gawo la ndalama za msonkho za boma zobwezeredwa ku maboma akwawo popanda ziletso zambiri
  • Pas- kudzera m'ndalama za boma: Maboma amasamalira maprogramu a boma ndi kugawira ndalama ku mabungwe akwawo

Malinga ndi U.S. Censurence Bureau of State and Local Government Magements , chithandizo cha boma chimapereka pafupifupi chigawo chimodzi mwa zitatu za ndalama zimene boma lakumaloko limapereka. M'mayiko ena, chiŵerengero chimenechi chimaposa 40%. Kudalira ndalama kumeneku kumayambitsa kugwirizana konseku (pamene ndalama zikuloseratu) ndi kukangana (pamene ndalama zimadulidwa kapena kugwirizana ndi mikhalidwe ya boma).

Kuthandiza Anthu Onse Kukhala Athanzi ndi Otetezeka

Mantha a zaumoyo wa anthu onse, kuyambira pa kuyambika kwa matenda mpaka masoka achilengedwe, amafuna kugwirizana kwabwino. Mkati mwa mliri wa CHOVID-19, madipatimenti a zaumoyo a boma amagwira ntchito maofesi a zaumoyo a m’madera akumeneko poyesa, pofufuza, ndi pogaŵira katemera. Pamene kunabuka kusokonezeka kwa malamulo a kubisa ndi kutseka kwa masukulu, kugwirizanika kwa ntchito kunali kwakukulu. Mofananamo, madongosolo a kuyankha tsoka la boma amadalira pa moto ndi madipatimenti apolisi, ndi boma likumapereka chithandizo ndi ziŵiya zothandizira ndi chuma kudzera m'mabungwe onga Office of Emeternancy Management .

Malo Opangira Zinthu ndi Zoyendera

Makonzedwe aakulu a maziko kaŵirikaŵiri amafunikira kugwirizana kwa boma. Madipatimenti a boma a zoyendera amayang'anira misewu ndi madera ena, pamene maboma akuno amayang'anira misewu ndi misewu. Koma ntchito zambiri zikudutsa malire. California High Rail Authority , mwachitsanzo, kugwirizana ndi maulamuliro a boma a kumaloko pa malo okhala ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malo ochezera ndi malo ozungulira. Chitsanzo china ndicho Mennesota Department of Urty’s Urbacter’s Convention , imene imagwirizana ndi boma, chigawo, ndi chuma cha mzinda kuyendetsa magalimoto ndi ku Twin Cities.

Mikangano Pakati pa Boma ndi Maboma Akomweko

Kusagwirizana ndi mfundo zandale, kutchuka kwambiri ndiponso makhalidwe abwino a anthu kungachititse kuti pakhale kusagwirizana.

Kulimbana ndi Mavuto a Ndalama

Chimodzi cha zinthu zokhalitsa kwambiri za nkhondo ndicho kuchirikiza ndalama. Kaŵirikaŵiri maboma a boma amakhazikitsa malamulo popanda kupereka zinthu zokwanira kuwagwiritsa ntchito. Malamulo ameneŵa osavomerezedwa angaphatikizepo zifuno za madongosolo atsopano, mautumiki apadera a maphunziro, kapena kugonjera kwa malo okhala. Poyankha, makhoma a boma ena akhazikitsa malamulo ofuna kubwezeredwa malamulo ena, koma amasinthasintha. Mwachitsanzo, pulogalamu ya Free NY ya Boma la New York] inapereka zisonkhetso za msonkho ku zigawo za sukulu ndi mapolokositi, madandaulo.

Kukonza Nsalu, Kugwiritsira Ntchito Malo, ndi Lamulo la Kumanga Nyumba

Dziko logwiritsira ntchito malamulo ndi ntchito ya kumaloko, koma maboma akuloŵerera mowonjezereka kusamalira nyumba zokhalamo ndi zosowa. Orgon [1] adapasa mapangano a dziko lonse mu 2019, mokhutiritsa kulola duplexes ndi maxxs pa dziko lakale la nyumba za banja limodzi, kukhazikitsa malamulo akumalo. Malamulo ofananawo mu California (SB 9 ndi SB 35) chivomerezo cha nyumba zambiri ndi malire a kukana ntchito zakumalo. Machitidwe ameneŵa ayambitsa chitsutso chowopsa kuchokera ku mabungwe a mzinda ndi magulu a mudzi amene amawawona kukhala oloŵeretsedwa.

Kusamukira ku madera Ena ndi Kuyeretsa Uchigaŵenga

Nkhondo ya m'mizinda ya mabwinja ndi chitsanzo chabwino. Mabungwe osungitsa malamulo a m'mizinda monga [FLT :] San Francisco, Chicago, ndi New York [1] adatengera malamulo oletsa kugwirizana ndi U.S. Immigration ndi Customs Enforcement (ICO). Poyankha, malamulo a boma m' , Florida, ndi Iowa anakhazikitsa malamulo oletsa malamulo ndi oopseza. Nkhondo za malamulo zafika ku makhoti a boma, ndi zotsatirapo za Supt form Reformation ndi Suption . Khoti lalikulu la U. Khoti Lapamwamba lachirikiza ulamuliro la boma la boma la m'dzikolo la kukhazikitsa lamulo, koma likulimbana ndi kuukira boma.

Zitetezero Zochepa za Ntchito ndi Antchito

Malo ena otsazikira ndi malipiro ochepa. Maboma ambiri, makamaka m'madera apamwamba monga Sittle, Los Angeles, ndi Washington, D.C. ., akhazikitsa malipiro pamwamba pa boma kapena chipinda cha boma. Malamulo ena avomereza mwa kutsata malamulo oletsa malo awo kukhazikitsa malipiro awo. Monga 2024, pafupifupi 25 amatchula mawu akuti [ ayamba kufufuzidwa. Ochirikiza zimenezi amapanga malonda amodzi; otsutsa kuti amaletsa demokrase ndi kunyalanyaza kukwera kwa moyo wa m'dera.

Chiyambukiro cha Kulamulira Boma ndi Unansi wa M’malowo

Federalism ndi maziko a lamulo amene amagawira mphamvu pakati pa boma la dziko ndi maboma. Koma ziyambukiro zake zikucheperacheperanso ku maboma a boma. Pansi pa malamulo a U.S., maboma akomweko sakutchulidwa; onsewo ali m'kakonzedwe ka maboma. Zimenezi zimachititsa unansi wa boma kukhala lamulo la boma.

Kuchepetsa Ululu ndi Kudziteteza

Federalism imalimbikitsa kulinganiza bwino, kulola kuyesa malamulo a boma pa mlingo wakwanuko. Mawu “maluso a demokrase”, opangidwa ndi Woweruza Louis Brandeis, samagwira ntchito ku maboma okha komanso ku mizinda ndi magawo. Maboma angayese maprogramu atsopano monga kulinganiza, oyendetsa ndege za ndalama, kapena dziko popanda kupempha boma kugula zinthu. Kuyesa kopambana kukhoza kuyesedwa ndi madera ena kapena kutengedwa pamlingo wa boma.

Zopereka ndi Mikhalidwe Yogwirizana ndi Boma

Federal imapatsa maboma kaŵirikaŵiri mikhalidwe imene imatsata ku maboma a kumaloko. Mwachitsanzo, Act ya Madzi oyera imafunikira maboma kukhazikitsa maprogramu amene amasamalira mafakitale osungira madzi ndi madongosolo a madzi osefukira, amene amaika zofunika pa zinthu zotetezera za kumaloko. Mofananamo, ndalama zoyendetsera za boma zimaperekedwa ndi boma DOTS, limene limapatsira ndalama ku mabungwe a za apamsika ndi mayeso. Mabungwe ameneŵa angapange ndandanda a kubwezera mlandu komanso kutsutsana pamene zinthu za kumaloko zimasiyana ndi zolinga za boma kapena za boma.

Kufufuza za Mgwirizano wa Boma ndi Mkangano

Pansipa pali kufufuza kutatu kosonyeza mbali zosiyanasiyana za unansiwo.

Kupenda Kupenda 1: Kusintha kwa Marijuana kwa Colorado

Pamene Colorado analoleza zosangulutsa chamba mu 2012, maboma a kumaloko anali ndi chosankha chakusankha kusalola makampani opereka m'malamulo awo. Bomalo linakhazikitsa dongosolo la kayendetsedwe koma linasiya mabizinesi ndi kutumiza malo osungirako zinthu. Njira yogwirizana imeneyi inalola Denver [ kulandira makampani, kutulutsa ndalama za msonkho, pamene kuli kwakuti kumidzi El Pal PaLT County . Makonzedwewo akugwira ntchito kwakukulukulu chifukwa chakuti boma limalemekeza zikondwerero za kumaloko ndi kupereka zitso zowonekera bwino za kukonza.

Phunziro la Case 2: Kansas City ndi Nkhondo Yothawa ya Missouri

Mu 2019, bungwe la mzinda wa Kansas City , Missouri , adapereka lamulo lofuna kuti mabwana aperekere madeko odwala. Nyumba ya malamulo ya Missouri inavomereza mwa kukhazikitsa lamulo lapatsogolo la boma limene linathetsa lamulo la mzindawo ndi kuletsanso malamulo operekedwa kwa mudziwo. Mzindawo unanena kuti boma liswa malamulo a Missouri Constitution. Khoti Lapamwamba linachirikiza mphamvu ya boma, kutchula za ulamuliro wa Dillon. Nkhani imeneyi ikusonyeza mmene ngakhale mizinda ingachitire lamulo la kumaloko mwa njira yomveka bwino ya malamulo.

Phunziro Lachitatu: Kulabadira Ngozi ku Florida

Gawo la mphepo yamkuntho la Florida ndi chitsanzo cha kugwirizana kwa boma. Foloida Division of Emergency Management [1] imagwirizanitsa ndi malo angozi a m'chigawocho panthaŵi ya mphepo ya mkuntho. Pambuyo pa mphepo ya mkuntho Ian mu 2022, boma ndi antchito a kumaloko anagwira ntchito pamodzi kuchotsa zinyalala, kubwezeretsa mphamvu, ndi kukhazikitsa malo obisalira. Pamene kuli kwakuti kusagwirizana kwina kunabuka pa njira zobwezeretsera ndalama, mgwirizanowo unali wamphamvu. Boma linaperekanso ndalama zothandizira maboma akomweko kaamba ka kukonzekera, kuchepetsa nkhondo.

Zomwe Zidzachitike M’tsogolo

Zinthu zingapo zimene zidzachitike m’tsogolomu zidzachititsa kuti dziko likhale lopanda zamoyo.

Ntchito Yothetsa Ntchito Yowonjezereka

Chiwombo cha malamulo akumalo akupitirizabe kukwera. Malinga ndi lipoti la Brookings Institution , nkhondo zamwambo monga kuletsa mfuti mpaka kusakhala wandale, kukwera kwa malamulo oletsa, ndi chinsinsi cha makompyuta. Chikhoterero chimenechi chikhoza kukula pamene kusintha kwa ndale zadziko kukukula ndi kufunafuna kukhazikitsa malamulo ofanana.

Kulamulira M’chigawo ndi M’dziko

Mavuto ambiri . monga zoyendera, kulimba kwa ndege, ndi kukula kwa chuma . Nyumba zachigawo, monga . . . . . . . . . ndi [FLT] makhoki a maboma (COGS ) [[FLT: 3], zikuchuluka. Mabungwe ameneŵa amafuna kugwirizana pakati pa maboma ambiri akwawo ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amaphatikizapo kuyang'anirana kwa boma.

Mavuto Oopsa Abwera

Maboma akukhalabe ndi thanzi labwino. Zikalata za msonkho wa katundu, kutsika kwa msonkho chifukwa cha ndalama za kampani, ndi kukwera kwa ndalama za penshoni kupangitsa ndalama za banki ya kumaloko. Maboma angafunikire kusintha njira zawo zothandizira kapena kupereka ndalama zambiri kuti apeŵe kuwonongeka kwa mautumiki. National League of Cities yaitanira kaamba ka dongosolo latsopano la boma lokhala ndi dziko lokhala ndi malo oyenerera kusamalira nkhani zimenezi.

Kumaliza

Unansi pakati pa boma ndi maboma ndi kulinganiza kosalekeza. Kugwirizana kumakula m'madera monga ngati ndalama zothandizira maphunziro, kulabadira tsoka, ndi maziko, kumene zolinga ndi zisonkhezero za zachuma zimayendera limodzi. Kulimbana kumabuka pa kutha ntchito, malamulo a nyumba, ndi nkhani za chikhalidwe, kumene makhalidwe ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri zimasintha. Kumvetsa zimenezi kumafuna kuyamikira ziphunzitso zalamulo monga Kulamulira kwa Dillon, njira zoyendetsera boma, ndi zochitika za ndale zadziko za anthu osiyanasiyana. Kwa ophunzira ndi ophunzira, kuphunzira mfundo zimenezi kutsogolo ndi malo a mmene demokrase imayendera panthaneti ya America. Pamene anthu a dziko lapansi akukhala otchuka kwambiri m'malo a mzinda ndi zivuto zovuta kwambiri, mkhalidwe wa dziko lakwanizana udzakhala wokulira m’mbali.