Table of Contents
Nkhani Zake Za m’mbiri ndi Chipangano Chabwino Lachisanu
Chikalata cha Good Wearth Agreement (GFA), chomwenso chimatchedwa kuti Belfast Advrence, chinasainidwa pa 10 April 1998, chomwe chinali chosinthira chachikulu m'mbiri ya Northern Ireland. Kuchokera ku zaka makumi ambiri za nkhondo yachiwawa yodziŵika monga Mavuto, Active adakhazikitsa maziko aakulu a kukhazikika kwa ndale zadziko, mphamvu zogwirizanitsa, ndi kutsagana ndi kutsagana kwa chigawo cha kudutsa . Pamene kuli kwakuti kusumika maganizo kwapo pa nthaŵi yozikidwa pa malamulo alamulo ndi kuchotsa nkhondo, GFA inakhazikitsanso kudzipereka kwakukulu ku ufulu wa anthu womwe ungatetezerenso ku Northern Ireland ndi kudziko lako. [FLD:0] Malemba onse a pangano la pangano la ufulu, ndi lamulo la ufulu, ndi lamulo la GFA.
Kukambitsirana kotsogolera ku maboma a Briteni ndi Ireland, limodzi ndi zipani zambiri za ndale zadziko za Northern Ireland. Chimodzi cha zipambano zazikulu chinali kupangidwa kwa Msonkhano wa ku Northern Ireland wodetsedwa ndi bungwe laudindo lachigwirizano loimira ponse paŵiri kugwirizana ndi chitaganya cha dziko. Makonzedwe ameneŵa adalinganizidwa kutsimikizira kuti palibe chitaganya chimodzi chimene chingalamulire. Komabe, akatswiri a Aprojekitiyo anazindikira kuti mabungwe andale okha sadzakhala ndi mtendere wosatha. Iwo anazindikira kuti kuyanjana kogwirizana ndi gulu lamphamvu la anthu kuti aperekere kudandaula kwa mbiri yakale, kutetezera anthu ang’onoang’ono, ndi kumanga chikhulupiriro kudutsa mizere ya magaŵano.
Makonzedwe a ufulu wa anthu a panganolo sanali oyambitsidwa koma mzati wapakati. Strand Imodzi ya GFA (mabungwe ademokrase) inaphatikizapo mapangano a “chitetezero ndi kutsimikizira ufulu wa anthu wa zonse. [1] Strand Statu (Mabungwe a ku British-Irish) anachirikiza mapangano ameneŵa, ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa ufulu wa anthu [[FLT: 0], kutetezera, ndi kulingana kwa mwaŵi wa mutu wopereka mathayo apadera. Zimenezi zinaphatikizapo kuphatikiza pangano la Msonkhano wa Ulaya pa zoyenera za anthu (CHRR), ku Northern Ireland, kukhazikitsa kwa ufulu wa anthu Communiontion (NHRC), ndi chikalata cholumbirira kukhazikitsa ufulu wa ku Northern Ireland. Pangano la kutsutsana ndi ufulu wa ufulu wa ufulu wa kugaŵana.
Panganoli Linatsimikizira Zochita za Ufulu Wachibadwidwe wa Anthu
Kuvomerezana kwa Msonkhano wa ku Ulaya wa Ufulu Wachibadwidwe
Chimodzi cha zikalata zosintha kwambiri za lamulo zochokera ku GFA chinali kuphatikiza ECHR ku lamulo la m'banja kudzera pa Chikalata cha Human Rights Act 1998, chomwe chinagwira ntchito ku United Kingdom koma chinali ndi tanthauzo lapadera ku Northern Ireland. Chikalatacho chinatheketsa anthu kubweretsa ufulu wa anthu m’makhoti akwawo m’malo mogwiritsa ntchito njira zachilolezo za dziko asanapemphe ku Khoti la European Court of Human Rights ku Strasbourg. Zimenezi zinathandiza nzika kutsutsa ufulu wa kuswa ufulu wa ku moyo (Article 3), kuletsa kuzunza (Article 3), kuweruza koyenera (Article), ndi ufulu wa kufotokoza mawu (Artle) mwachindunji pamaso pa oweruza a ku Northern Ireland.
Ku Northern Ireland, kuphatikizapo kumeneku kunali kofunika kwambiri chifukwa cha chiwawa cha boma, ntchito ya asilikali, ndi upo wa boma panthaŵi ya Mavuto. Milandu yokhudza kutsutsana kwa anthu, kukakamiza, ndi kutsekera anthu mosayenerera tsopano ingathe kutchulidwa m’banja limodzi ndi kutchula miyezo ya mayiko. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bungwe Loona za Ufulu Wachibadwidwe ku Northern Ireland
GFA inalamula kupangidwa kwa Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission (NIHRC), yomwe inakhazikitsidwa mu 1999. Bungwelo lili ndi njira yokulira: kuchirikiza kudziŵikitsidwa kwa ufulu wa anthu, kupenda malamulo omwe alipo, kulangiza boma ndi Msonkhano pa kugonjera ufulu wa anthu, ndi kuloŵerera kapena kuloŵerera m'nkhani zalamulo. Ntchito ya NIHRC [[ yakhala ikuthandiza kuchititsa akuluakulu a boma kukhala ndi mlandu, kufufuza nkhani za dongosolo, ndi kuchirikiza mikhole ya ufulu wa anthu.
Pakati pa zipambano zake zazikulu, NIHRC yatulutsa uphungu watsatanetsatane pa Bill of Rights yolingaliridwa ku Northern Ireland, imene ikhoza kupitirira pa ECHR kuti ikachite zinthu zina zofunika za kumaloko . Zonga ngati ufulu wa chinenero (Irish ndi Ulster-Scots), zoyenera za chitaganya ndi zachuma, ndi zoyenera za anthu. Pamene kuli kwakuti Bill of Rights Rights sinaperekedwebe, Commission ikupitiriza kuumiriza kuti itengedwe. NIKIRC inachitanso mbali yofunika kwambiri poumba Mental Capaissaity Act (Northern Ireland) 2016 ndi kuyang'anira ntchito ya [FL:] Chikalata cha Northern Ireland [[FLT:] [1998]], chimene chimaletsa tsankho.
Kulingana ndi Kulimbana ndi Kusiyana
Chipanganochi chinathandizanso kwambiri pa nkhani ya ufulu wa anthu. Chikalatachi chinalimbikitsa bungwe loona za ufulu wa anthu la ku Northern Ireland, lomwe limakhazikitsa malamulo okhudza ntchito, kulingana kwa amuna, kupunduka, fuko, ndi njira za kugonana. Malamulo a Fair Working and Treatment Order (1998) komanso malamulo otsatira analetsa kukondera anthu chifukwa cha chikhulupiriro cha chipembedzo kapena maganizo andale pantchito ndiponso chifukwa cha makonzedwe a zinthu zabwino ndi ntchito. Malamulo amenewa anali ofunika kwambiri kuti mbiri ya Akatolika asinthe zinthu zimene zinasintha.
GFA inafunanso kupatsidwa “ntchito yapamwamba ya" pa akuluakulu a boma . Ndiyo njira yochotsera lamulo imene imakakamiza madipatimenti a boma, mabungwe akwawo, ndi mabungwe ena kupenda mphamvu za malamulo awo pa kulingana kwa mwaŵi. Ntchito imeneyi yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kumadera monga nyumba, maphunziro, ndi thanzi, kutsimikizira kuti ufulu wa anthu wayambika popanga malamulo. M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, malamulo a kulingana kwa Northern Ireland akulitsa kuteteza LBTQ, anthu achikulire, ndi aja okhala ndi maudindo osamala, kusonyeza kaonedwe ka poyamba kaumboni wa anthu a m'dziko kolemekeza ndi kuloŵeramo.
Chiyambukiro pa Dongosolo la Malamulo la Kumpoto kwa Ireland ndi Sosaite
Kusintha Uyang’aniro wa Chiweruzo
Kuphatikizidwa kwa ECHR ndi kupangidwa kwa NIHRC kwasintha kwambiri mmene makhoti ku Northern Ireland amagwirira ntchito. Oweruza tsopano nthaŵi zonse amagwiritsira ntchito ufulu wa Msonkhano pomasulira malamulo ndi kupenda zosankha zauyang’aniro. Zigamulo za palandmake zafotokoza mlandu wa apolisi (mwachitsanzo, kuyang'anira kupenda kuphulitsa mabomba), njira zapadera zokhala ndi imfa zogwirizana ndi nkhondo, ndi kuchitiridwa kwa akaidi. Kuyenera kwa moyo pansi pa Mfundo 2 kwakhala kwakukulu kuweruza kofuna kufufuza kwaumwini kochititsidwa ndi magulu a boma.
Mlandu umodzi unali Mu re McKer [FL:] UKHL , kumene Nyumba ya Ambuye inasunga kuti Gawo 2 likhazikitsa lamulo la kuyang'anira imfa zokayikitsa, kuphatikizapo zimene zinachitika kusanakwane ku Chikalata cha ufulu wa anthu. Chigamulo chimenechi chinali ndi zotsatira zazikulu za mavuto, zomwe zinatsogolera ku mipatuko ndi mafunso m'kuphana. Posachedwapa, Jeryan Ve Cancellar [[FLT:] [200], Court of Ireland Apythoption of Deced Reart inathandiza kuyang'anira mlandu wa milandu yosaunika ndi kuweruza milandu yakale.
Malamulo Oletsa Upandu ndi Chiwawa cha M’magulu
Pamene kuli kwakuti GFA inathetsa ndawala zankhondo zazikulu, mikangano ya magulu ampatuko ndi upandu wa udani zikukhalabe mavuto osatha. Poyankha, Msonkhano wa Northern Ireland wakhazikitsa malamulo olimbitsa chitetezo. Chiweruzo cha Criminal Justice (No. Northern Ireland) Chikalata cha 2004 chinayambitsa kuwonjezereka kwa milandu yochititsidwa ndi kudana kwa chipembedzo, fuko, kapena mkhalidwe wa kugonana. Chikalata cha Chipulumutso cha Indicini ku Northern Ireland (Malamulo a Kumpoto) Chikalata cha 2014 chowonjezera kutetezera.
Kupita Patsogolo kwa Anthu m’Kutaya Mimba ndi Ukwati Wa kugonana Kofanana
Malo ena amene ufulu wa anthu wakhala ukutsutsana kwambiri ndi kuwonjezera ufulu wochotsa mimba ndi ukwati wa kugonana ku Northern Ireland. Kwa zaka, Northern Ireland inali ndi malamulo ena oletsa kwambiri ku Ulaya, ndipo sinaletse ukwati wa kusuta mpaka 2020. Boma la Britain ndi opanga ufulu wachibadwidwe anatsutsa kuti malamulo ameneŵa anaswa ECHRB (Chilamulo 8 pa moyo wa munthu ndi Chilamulo 14 pa moyo wa munthu ndi kuchotsa mimba). . ANALATA ndi magulu ena a ku Zambia anabweretsa zitokosokoso ku malamulo alamulo, ndi bwalo lamilandu la UK ku Northernern Inst Cousttion ku [FLD: 0] Northern Irelandv Commis v Real for Justicerty [FFFM] UK [2018] Chikalata cha kuchotsapo chigamu cha kulakwa kwa lamulo la kuphana kwa chitsutso cha chika cha chivoti ndi chimo.
Pambuyo pa kugwa kwa bungwe la akulu a boma mu 2017-2020, Nyumba ya malamulo ya UK inalowerera kukhazikitsa mautumiki ochotsa mimba ndi ukwati wa kugonana ku Northern Ireland. Masinthidwe ameneŵa analungamitsidwa mwa kutchula malamulo a ufulu wa anthu osungidwa mu GFA. Ngakhale kuti msonkhanowo pambuyo pake unavomereza kuti malamulo achotse mimba, dongosolo la malamulo likukhalabe, kusonyeza kusagwirizana pakati pa anthu osankha ufulu wa munthu ndi kuteteza ufulu wa munthu. Makonzedwe a GFA a anthu asinthanso ufulu wa anthu, ngakhale pamene kuvomerezana kwa ndale sikunachitike.
Mavuto a Panthaŵi Ino ndi Kuthetsa Ufulu Waumunthu
Brexit ndi Lamulo la NI
United Kingdom kutuluka kwa European Union kwachititsa chimodzi cha zitokoso zazikulu kwambiri ku malamulo a ufulu wa anthu okhazikitsidwa ndi GFA. Pangano la Pamgwirizano wa Northern Ireland (tsopano Windsor Framework) lakonzedwa kuti lipeŵe malire ovuta pa chisumbu cha Ireland mwa kusunga Northern Ireland mogwirizana ndi malamulo ena a EU, kuphatikizapo miyambo ndi malamulo a m'misika. Komabe, malamulowo achititsanso kulephera kwalamulo kwatsopano kukhudza ufulu wa anthu.
Kuchoka kwa UK ku EU kumatanthauza kuti Charter of Fundament Rights of the European Union sikugwiranso ntchito ku Northern Ireland. Tchatacho chinapereka chitetezo chowonjezereka m’madera monga ngati chitetezo cha makompyuta, ufulu wa ana, ndi ufulu wa kuchotsa mankhwala opindulitsa amene anapitirira ECHR. Pamene kuli kwakuti kuikidwa kwa GFA kwa ECHR kudakalipo, kutayikiridwa kwa Tchata cha kusulizidwa ndi mabungwe otetezera ufulu wa anthu monga kufooketsa chitetezo cha onse.
Ndiponso, Prototop yatsegulanso magaŵano a ndale zadziko ndi kutsogolera kusakhazikika kwa nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi m'mabungwe a mphamvu. Democratic Union Union Party (Dupu) adatsutsa Wolamulira pa makonzedwe a malonda a pambuyo pa Brtixit, akutsutsa kuti iwo amawononga malo a Northern Ireland mkati mwa UK. Kulephera kumeneku kwa ndale zadziko kwachedwetsa kupita patsogolo kwa lamulo pa nkhani za ufulu wachibadwidwe, monga ngati Bill wa ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi kukonzanso mapangano a zomangira. Mabungwe a GFA’s adzikolo amadalira pa kuvomerezana kwa kutsogolo kwa UK, ndi pamene kuswekako, kuperekedwa kwa zoikizira ufulu wa anthu kukuvutika.
Zimene Anatengera kwa Anthu Amene Anavutikawo
Imodzi ya mavuto a ufulu wa anthu otsutsana kwambiri pambuyo pa GFA ndiyo njira yothetsera mavuto. Anthu oposa 3,600 anaphedwa pa nkhondoyo, ndipo enanso zikwi zambiri anavulala. GFA inapereka kumasulidwa koyamba kwa akaidi a asilikali ndi njira zokhazikitsidwa kwa anthu omwe anavutika ndi opulumuka, koma inasiya mafunso ambiri a kuyankha mlandu. M’zaka zaposachedwapa, boma la UK layesa kukhazikitsa malamulo pankhani zapambuyo pa nkhani zapambuyo kwambiri . Zovuta kwambiri kuchititsa mavuto a Northern Ireland (Legacy ndi Reconciliation) Bill, zimene zikapereka chitetezo kwa asilikali akale ndi magulu ankhondo posinthana ndi bungwe latsopano la Independetion loona za Reconformation ndi Information Resociation.
Magulu a ufulu wa anthu, NIHRC, ndi United Nations atsutsa Bill kukhala wosagwirizana ndi ECHR, makamaka ndi Mfundo 2 (kumanja kwa moyo) ndi chiyeneretso cha kufufuza kogwira mtima. Ofufuza atsutsa kuti kupatsa mphamvu za kutetezera kukakhala kukhululukira kwa maupandu aakulu, kuswa thayo la boma la kuchititsa olakwawo kuŵerengera mlandu. Nkhani zimenezi zimayesa mwachindunji lonjezo la GFA , dzina lake, kuti mtendere sudzabwera pamtengo wa ophedwa. Ndale zadziko zamakonozo pa Bill . Zikugogomezera kwambiri mmene Northern Ireland ilili kuchokera ku kuwona kwa kuwona kwa anthu opalamula.
Kuchepa kwa Kukhulupirirana m’Mabungwe
Vuto lina limene likuchitika masiku ano ndi kutha kwa kudalirana kwa anthu m’zipani zandale ndi zamalamulo. Kufufuza kukusonyeza kuti anthu ambiri, makamaka achinyamata, saona kuti akugwirizana ndi dongosolo la mphamvu zamagetsi. Kugwa kwa msonkhano (kuyambira 2017-202020 mpaka 2022) kwachititsa kuti anthu asamakhulupirire kuti GFA ikhoza kuyendetsa bwino zinthu. Kulephera kumeneku kungakhudze ufulu wa anthu, monga momwe nzika sizingachitire kuti zikhale zodandaula za boma kapena kudalira pa dongosolo lalamulo la malamulo la ma Refress.
NYIKIRC yayesa kulimbana ndi zimenezi mwa kuwonjezera kukwera kwa mayeso ndi maphunziro, kuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito programu ya ufulu wachibadwidwe ya maphunziro a zaufulu kwa anthu [[FLT: 1] ya magulu a sukulu ndi a anthu. Komabe, Commission iyang'anizana ndi zitsenderezo za chuma ndi za ndale zadziko, kuchepetsa mphamvu yake ya kuyang'anira kuswa konse. Kugawidwa kwa magulu ampatuko kopitirizabe kumatanthauzanso kuti nkhani za ufulu wachibadwidwe nthaŵi zina zimachitidwa, ndi ogwirizana oimba mlandu NIHRC of proficiousssss of the Religin the. Kuyesayesa kochititsa chidwi kumeneku kumasokoneza kukulitsadi chikhalidwe cha anthu.
Malamulo ndi Kusintha Zinthu M’tsogolo
Mlanduwo wa Ufulu wa Anthu ku Northern Ireland
Limodzi la mapangano a GFA osakwaniritsidwa ndilo kupangidwa kwa Bill of Rights for Northern Ireland yomwe idzawonjezera kutetezera kwa ECHR ndi chitetezo chowonjezereka chogwirizana ndi mikhalidwe ya kumaloko. Langizo la 2008 NIHRC linapereka chikalata chokhudza ufulu wa anthu ndi chuma (chuma, nyumba, maphunziro), ufulu wa chikhalidwe (chinenero ndi dzina), ndi ufulu wa anthu. Kufuna kuchititsa zimenezi kwakhala kochedwetsa chifukwa cha kusagwirizana kwa ndale, makamaka chifukwa cha malamulo okhudza ufulu wa anthu ndi ufulu wa anthu ndiponso chifukwa cha ufulu wa chiairishi.
Zochitika zaposachedwapa zadzutsanso chikondwerero m'Maganizo a Zaufulu. “Zaka Khumi Zatsopano, Aapply” kugwirizana kwa 2020, kumene kunabwezeretsa Msonkhanowo pambuyo pa zaka zitatu za Hatus, anapereka nduna ya ulamuliro “kukhazikitsa lamulo kukhazikitsa Bill of Rights for Northern Ireland. Komabe, kupita patsogolo kwakhala kochedwa pakati pa kusamvana kopitirizabe. Ochirikiza amatsutsa kuti Bill of Rights Reaty ikhoza kulimbitsa dongosolo lalamulo, kupereka kulongosola bwino pa nkhani zopikisana zonga kuchotsa mimba ndi choloŵa, ndi kuthandiza kuchiritsa kugaŵana kwa magulu mwa kutsimikizira ufulu wa anthu onse. Otsutsawo amaopa kuti ikhoza kutsegula khomo la kutsutsa kapena kuchititsa kusungidwa kopambanitsa kumene kuli kotetezedwa kale. Chilichonse chimene chingakhale chotulukapo, mkanganocho chikusonyeza kuyenera kwa ufulu wa anthu a GA.
Kusintha Choloŵa ndi Kuchira kwa Choonadi
Kuti athetse vutoli, anthu ambiri amene amachirikiza ufulu wachibadwidwe amafuna kuti mfundo za choonadi ziwongoleredwe bwinobwino. Buku la Stormont House Audition la 2014 linapereka mfundo zophatikizapo bungwe la Independent Commission for Information Recondalial, A Oral History Archive, ndi bungwe lofufuza za m'mbiri. Mabungwe ameneŵa cholinga chake chinali choti anthu ovutika adziyankhire mlandu wawo, akhale ndi choonadi, ndi chilungamo kwa anthu amene achita nawo milandu ya ndale.
Kukwaniritsa ndale zadziko ndi nkhani za ndalama. Bill wa bungwe la UK Lachititsa kuti chisankho cha Tsitsi ndi Nyumba ya Surmont chizimirizike, koma mabungwe a ufulu wachibadwidwe akupitirizabe kukakamiza anthu kuti agwirizane ndi ufulu wa anthu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kutsimikizira ngati ufulu wa anthu wa ku Girisi ndi wa ku Zambia uyenera kukhala moyo mu 20222 kuti chisankho cha ufulu wa anthu.
Kulimbikitsa Ufulu wa Anthu ndi Ufulu Wawo
Kuyang'ana kutsogolo, kuli mwaŵi wa kukulitsa chitetezo chakutha kwa moyo ku Northern Ireland. Kukwera mtengo kwa mavuto a moyo kwasonyeza kufunika kwa ufulu wa anthu wamphamvu, kuphatikizapo kuyenera kwa nyumba zokwanira, chisamaliro cha zaumoyo, ndi chisungiko cha anthu. Pamene kuli kwakuti GFA sinaphatikizepo poyera ufulu wa kakhalidwe ka anthu, NIHRC adanena kuti n’zofunika kwambiri kuti anthu akhaledi amtendere ndiponso ogwirizana.
Kuwonjezera apo, lamulo la GFA lofuna kulankhula chinenero cha dziko lapansi ndi la Ireland ndi la Ulster-Scots limakhalabe lotsutsana. Act 2022 pomalizira pake Account and Language (Northern Ireland) imapereka malo alamulo ku chilankhulo cha Ireland ndi kupanga bungwe la Ulster-Scots , koma kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu kwakhala kochepetsedwa ndi mizera ya ndale zadziko. Ufulu wa chikhalidwe umenewu ndi wofunika kwambiri pa ulemu wa GFA pakati pa madera aŵiri aakulu. Kuyesa kukwaniritsa kwawo kudzakhala kofunikira kupitiriza ndi chifuniro chandale.
Kumaliza: Chikalata Chovomerezeka Chokhudza Ufulu Wachibadwidwe
Pafupifupi zaka makumi aŵiri ndi theka pambuyo pa kusainidwa kwa Chikalata cha Malamulo a Chipangano Chabwino cha Lachisanu, makonzedwe ake a ufulu wa anthu akhala ponse paŵiri chilolezo cha kupita patsogolo ndi magwero a chitokoso chosatha. Kuphatikizidwa kwa ECHR, kupangidwa kwa NIHRC, ndi kupangidwa kwa malamulo amphamvu a kulingana kwasintha malo alamulo a Northern Ireland, kutheketsa anthu kutsutsa tsankho ndi kuchititsa akuluakulu a boma kuŵerengera mlandu. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, kusakhazikika kwa ndale, Bretit, kutsutsana kopangika, ndi magaŵano a anthu akusonyeza kuti mapangano a GFA a ufulu wa anthu sakukwaniritsidwabe mokwanira.
Unansi pakati pa Chipangano ndi ufulu wa anthu susintha. Chiyembekezo choyambiranso pa ufulu wa anthu, malamulo, ndi ntchito. Mtsogolo mwa dongosolo la mtendere la Northern Ireland kumadalira kwambiri pa kulinganiza ndi malamulo osungidwa mu 1998 kuti zigwirizane ndi ziwopsezo ndi mwayi wina. Kudziperekanso ku ufulu wa anthu ku GFA (kuphatikizapo kumaliza kwa ufulu wachibadwidwe, kuyang'anira bwino nkhani za ufulu wa anthu, ndi kuteteza kwambiri kulingana kwa anthu, kudzakhala kofunika kwambiri kuti anthu akhazikitse chitaganya kumene ulemu wawo ndi ufulu wawo uli padziko lonse. Monga momwe mikangano yamakono pa kuchotsa mimba, ukwati, ndi ufulu wa chinenero imasonyezera, GFA idakali chikalata chamoyo chimene chidakalipobe champhamvu. Ntchito yochirikiza ufulu wa anthu, ndi malo a GFA, ndi oimira ufulu wa anthu audindo osunga ufulu wa anthu, ndi osunga ufulu wa anthu.