Unansi Pakati pa Kusankha ndi Kusintha kwa Malamulo kwachiŵiri

Bukhu la Malamulo la United States linaletsa boma la boma lokha. Lamulo lachiŵiri, lotetezera kuyenera kwa kusunga ndi kunyamula zida, linaima ngati chikopa cha boma kwa zaka pafupifupi mazana aŵiri lisanagwiritsiridwe ntchito ku maboma. Kufufuza kumeneku kunachitika mwa chiphunzitso cha kusankha, njira yachiweruzo imene imagwiritsira ntchito Servement’s Reacted Procement of 1450’s Proced Clause kupanga ufulu wachindunjiko wa boma pa maboma. Unansi pakati pa osankha ndi Kukonzanso kwachiŵiri suli chabe mawu amtsinde; ndi malo apamwamba alamulo amphamvu ndi amphulupulu, amene amapitirizabe kukonza mbali iliyonse ya mfuti ya ku America, kuchokera ku kupenda kwa kusungitsa. Kumvetsetsa kumeneku kumafuna kuswa kwamphamvu kwa ufulu wa kukhazikitsa kwa Amerekalmenti, ndi chisinthiko cha chisinthiko cha mbiri, ndi nkhani zazikulu za mlandu, kubweretsa ndi kulongosola kwa kulondola kwa nkhondo.

Kumvetsetsa Lamulo Lachiŵiri m’Maziko Ake Oyambirira

Chikalata chachiŵiri cha Amereka, chomwe chinavomerezedwa mu 1791 monga mbali ya Bill of Rights, chimanena kuti: “Militia, pokhala yoyenerera kusungidwa kwa Boma laufulu, kuyenera kwa anthu kusunga ndi kunyamula zida zankhondo, siidzaswedwa. Kusintha kwakukulu kwa mbiri ya Amereka, kunalingaliridwa kukhala kutetezera ufulu wogwirizana wogwirizana ndi utumiki wa asilikali. Mawu akuti “olamulira bwino Mitia" analingaliridwa kukhala lamulo la ufulu. Kumasulira koyenera kumeneku kuloledwa ndi boma kukhazikitsa malamulo aakulu a mfuti popanda kutsutsana ndi lamulo la lamulo.

Komabe, bungwe lomakulakula la maphunziro ndi malingaliro achiweruzo kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20 linatsutsa kuti Kusintha kwachiŵiri kumatetezera munthu kuyenera kwa kukhala ndi mfuti kaamba ka kudzidyetsera yekha, kusaka, ndi zifuno zina zololedwa. Lingaliro limeneli lakumanja linapeza pepala ndi kuthera mu chigamulo cha 2008 cha Khoti Lalikulu mu Heller [Genear of Columbia v. Helper , limene linakhulupirira kuti Kusintha kwachiŵiri kumatetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense wa kusunga mfuti kunyumba kwake kaamba ka kudziphetsa. [[FLT:]] [FLT:] Heller [1] kokha analankhula boma ndi chigawa cha Coluntcreast of Columbia; kapena kutsegulira chigawa chakumanja chija chija cha boma limodzi ndi boma lakumanja.

Kodi Kusankhana N’kutani?

Kusankha ndiko chiphunzitso cha lamulo choyambitsidwa ndi Khoti Lalikulu m'zaka za zana la 20. Ilo limakhala pa Dongosolo la 14 ndi Lakuti Amereka, lovomerezedwa mu 1868, limene limaphatikizapo Chikalata cha Malamulo cha Claus: “Boma lililonse silidzalanda munthu aliyense moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, popanda njira yoikidwiratu ya lamulo. Khotilo linamasulira kuti “likuphatikizapo ufulu wina wofunika kuchokera ku Bill of Rights, kuunika kuti iwo asungidwe kutsutsana ndi maboma. Si ufulu wonse umene “unaikidwa pamodzi"; Bwalo linasankha kuugwiritsira ntchito ndi mmodzi, chifukwa chake liwu lakuti“ kusankha.”

Ntchitoyo inayamba mu 1897 ndi [FLT: 0] Chichapa, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Co. v. City of Chicago (kokha malipiro a kutenga) ndipo inayamba mu 1960, kuphatikizapo zitetezero zonga za ufulu wa kulankhula ([[FLT:]2]] Gitlow v. New York, 1925, ufulu wa makina osindikizira ([[FLT:]]]. Neversofil v[FL:], 1931), kulangiza kwa kumanja ([FLT], ngakhale kuti ndi kuwonjezera, kuwonjezera, kuwonjezera. Kuchokera kwa Bill: [1970], kumanja, kumbuyokuphatikizanso, kumbuyoku.

M’chikalata chachiŵiri cha M’mbuyomu, Boma Linakhazikitsa Malo Oyenera

Asanaloŵetsepo, Mpatuko Wachiŵiri unaonedwa kukhala chiletso chokha pa boma la boma. Chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba mu United States v. Cruikshank [1] Ananena momveka bwino kuti Kusintha kwachiŵiri “kulibe chiyambukiro china kuposa kuletsa maulamuliro a boma. Nkhaniyi inabuka kuchokera ku kupha anthu koopsa kwa Colfax ku Louisiana, kumene azungu anachotsa ndi kupha nzika za anthu akuda. Khoti linakana kugwiritsira ntchito Demende lachiŵiri ku maiko, kusiya anthu akuda ali osavuta kulanda boma.

Mofananamo, mu Preserser v. Illinois (1886), khoti linachirikiza lamulo la Illinois loletsa magulu a asilikali aumwini, likulamulira kuti Kusintha kwachiŵiri sikunachepetse mphamvu ya boma. Zosankha zoyambirira zimenezi zinakhazikitsa lingaliro lakuti ufulu wa kunyamula zida unali lamulo la boma, osati chitetezo cha boma. Monga chotulukapo, maboma angapereke malamulo aakulu oletsa mfuti .

Njira yopita ku ku Iconporation: [[FLT :0] Heller ndi MCDONAld

Ditional of Columbia v. Heller [1] (2008)

Posinthira pa zinthu mu 2008. Mu chigawo cha Columbia v. Heller . Helter , khoti Lapamwamba linagonjetsa Washington, D.C. chiletso cha mfuti yamanja, poona kuti Second Confsion imateteza munthu ku ufulu wokhala ndi mfuti ya kudzivulaza m’nyumba. Chigamulo, cholembedwa ndi Woweruza Antonin Scalia , chinadalira pa kumasulira koyambirira kwa malemba ndi mbiri ya Andement. Khotilo linanena momveka bwino kuti kuyenera sikunali kopanda malire . Siinatetezere “chida chilichonse m’njira iliyonse ndi cholinga chilichonse. Koma linakhazikitsa lamulo la munthu payekha.

Komabe, chifukwa chakuti Washington, D.C., ndi gulu la boma, chosankha sichinagwire ntchito mwachindunji ku maboma ndi maiko. Ambiri anadandaula kuti “Kusintha kwachiŵiri sikuli kuyenera kwa kusunga ndi kunyamula chida chilichonse m’njira iriyonse ndi cholinga chilichonse, ndipo chinasiya funso lakuti kaya kuyenera kugwiritsiridwa ku mabomawo. Funso limenelo likayankhidwa zaka ziŵiri pambuyo pake.

McDonald v. City of Chicago (2010)

Mu McDonald v. City of Chicago [FLT :1], Bwalo Lapamwamba linayang'anizana ndi lamulo la Chicago limene linaletsa kukhala ndi mfuti yamanja mwa kufuna kulembetsa kosaloledwa. Opemphawo anatsutsa kuti Lamulo Lachiŵiri liyenera kuikidwa motsutsana ndi maboma kupyolera mwa Demetric Rescration’s Procession Claus. Pa chigamu chinanso 5-4, Khoti linavomereza.

Lingaliro la kuchuluka kwa anthu, lolembedwa ndi Woweruza Samuel Alito, linakhulupirira kuti kuyenera kwa kusunga ndi kunyamula zida kaamba ka kudzitetezera kuli “kugwirizana ndi kakonzedwe ka mtundu ka ufulu wolamulidwa.” Khoti linaphatikizapo Second Amendment kupractive kupwirikiti ya Century Claus, kugwiritsa ntchito mayeso ofananawo ogwiritsidwa ntchito ku ufulu wina woikidwa: kaya kuyenerako “kuzikidwa kwambiri m'mbiri ndi mwambo wa mtundu uno. Khoti linatchula lamulo la Angelezi, malamulo ofala, ndi malamulo a boma oyambirira kusonyeza kuti ufulu wa kudziimira pawekha wakhala ukudziŵika kwa nthaŵi yaitali.

Cosankha cha McDonald . Cosankha chachiŵiri chinali chogwirizana ndi boma ndi maboma akwawo, kutanthauza kuti malamulo a mfuti angatsutsidwe pansi pa U.S. Constitution. Komabe, Khoti linasiya kutsegula mfundo zimene zingathe kuti malamulo ambiri okhalapo a mfuti azikhala ndi mfuti zonyamula zida kapena ziletso za zida m'malo ovuta kupulumuka.

Maluso a Kusankha: Mmene Amagwirira Ntchito

Kusankha sikuli kodzifunira. Khoti Lapamwamba liyenera kugamulapo, pa maziko oyenera ndi oyenera, kaya chitetezo chenicheni chiri “chogwirizana ndi lingaliro la ufulu wolamulidwa” kapena“ kugwirizanitsa ndi njira ya ku America ya chiweruzo. Ngati ndi lachiŵiri, Khoti mu McDonald [1] adagwiritsira ntchito mayeso aŵiri: choyamba, kupenda ngati kulamanja kuli kofunika kwambiri m'mbiri; chachiŵiri, kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo za m'malamulo kudzera mu Fact Claus.

Mofunika, kuikidwa pansi pa Tsima la Act Classias kumatanthauza kuti maboma a boma amamangidwa ndi muyezo wa malamulo womwewo wokhudza boma. Koma muyezo weniweniwo ungasinthe. Mwachitsanzo, pambuyo pa McDonald [, makhoti aang'ono avutika kumasulira “chithunzi” cha Malamulo achiŵiri a kumanja [1] Kodi malamulo otani amene ali ovomerezeka? Khoti Lapamwamba lapereka chitsogozo mu New York State Rifle & Lamp; Pristol Association v. Bruten[FL:] [202], limene linapanga mayeso atsopano: malamulo a mfuti ayenera kugwirizana ndi malamulo a m'mbiri yankhondo mu United States.

Udindo wa Masiku Ano wa Kusintha ndi Zovuta Zake

Kodi Ndani Aphatikizidwa?

Kupyolera mwa [[FL: 0] [FFFF] [FON] , mphamvu yaikulu ya kusunga mfuti m'nyumba ya munthu mwini imaphatikizidwa. Khoti silinagwirizanitse mokwanira kunyamula mfuti kunja kwa nyumba, ndipo nkhani ya kuphatikizana sikunalembedwe mwapadera chifukwa [FOL:] BRUD [[FLT3] [FLT] [FLT] [7] [BY] [FLT] [BY:] imatsutsana ndi mabwalo achiŵiri. [FFF: FUT]

Kodi N’chiyani Chisanaphatikizidwe?

Si nkhani zonse zachiŵiri za Kusintha za kugamula kwa Malamulo zatha. Mwachitsanzo, Khoti silinagamule kuti kaya Kusintha kwachiŵiri kutetezere ufulu wokhala ndi mfuti mwa anthu osakhala a m'dziko, kapena ngati kuyenera kumafika ku mitundu ina ya zida (monga zida zoukira kapena magazini aakulu). Mafunso ameneŵa adakali otseguka, ndipo makhoti aang'ono amagawikana. Kuwonjezera apo, mayeso a mbiri yakale a [[FLD:0] [Bruen[FL:1] akugwira ntchito ku malamulo adziko ndi a boma, koma mmene kuyesako kuyenderana ndi miyambo ya boma kukukhalira kugawiridwa. Akatswiri ena amanena kuti kupendedwa kwa malamulowo kusanachitike kale, pamene ena amachirikiza malamulowo pa nthaŵi ya kukhazikitsa kwachiŵiri kwa kukhazikitsa malamulo (1971) kapena kukhazikitsa malamulo a Rat [19791].

Kufuna Lamulo ndi Chitaganya

Chiyambukiro pa Malamulo a Boma a Zipolowe

Kuphatikizidwa kwa Lamulo Lachiŵiri kwasintha kwambiri malo alamulo. [[FLT:] [FLT]] McDonald , maboma angapereke chiletso cha chifupifupi chitsiriziro cha mapepala a m’manja . Chotchedwa chishango chinatha. Pambuyo pake , ziletso zotero n’zomveka bwino kuti zichotsedwe. Maboma afunikira kukonzanso malamulo awo kuti agwirizane ndi Kusintha kwachiŵiri monga momwe makhoti amasulira. Mwachitsanzo, ambiri amanena kuti, anafunikira “chifukwa chabwino” chosonyeza kuti laisensi yoikizidwa yobisidwa yakakamiza kutengera“ maulamuliro a nyukiliya a pambuyo pa [FLT:] [FFFF:FF]

Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, kuphatikizapo sikunathetse kusiyanasiyana kwa boma. Maboma ali ndi mphamvu yaikulu yolamulira mfuti, malinga ngati malamulowo saswa Lamulo Lachiŵiri la Owonjezera. Mwachitsanzo, maboma angaletsebe makampani kukhala ndi mfuti, kuletsa mfuti m’masukulu ndi m'zipinda za boma, ndipo amafuna kuyang’anira kugulitsidwa kwa malamulo. Malamulo ololedwawo amakhalabe nkhani yotsutsidwa kwambiri m’makhoti ndi m'malamulo.

Kutsutsana kwa Malamulo ndi Milandu ya Khoti Imene Imabuka

Kusankha Kugwirizana kwa Lamulo Lachiŵiri kwabutsa mikangano yambiri ya zamalamulo.

  • Kodi ndi muyezo wotani wa kubwereramo umene umagwira ntchito ku mavuto achiŵiri Owonjezera? Khoti mu Bruen inakana “kufufuza kwamapeto" ndipo mmalo mwake inatengera kupima kwa mbiri yakale. Otsutsa amanena kuti kuyesa kumeneku sikungagwire ntchito ndipo kumadzetsa zotulukapo zosagwirizana. Ochirikiza amati kumabwezeretsa tanthauzo loyamba la Lamulo lachiŵiri la Malamulo.
  • Kodi Lamulo lachiŵiri la Amereka limateteza ufulu wonyamula mfuti poyera? Bruen [chigamulo] chinalingaliridwa kukhala cholondola [1] koma kusiyira tsatanetsatane ku makhoti aang'ono. Maboma ambiri aona kuperekedwa kwa mfuti pa ziletso za anthu.
  • Kodi zingaletse mitundu ina ya mfuti, monga ngati AR-15 style?
  • Bwanji ponena za “malo ovuta kumva ? Khoti mu Bruen linapereka lingaliro lakuti chiletso m'malo ovuta kutsekeredwa (masukulu, nyumba za khoti, malo opatulira) nchoyenera, koma makhoti aang'ono akuyesayesa kulongosola ukulu wa gululo.

Milandu yapamwamba yambiri ikutsalabe m'makhoti ang'onoang'ono ndipo ikhoza kufika ku Khoti Lalikulu. Mwachitsanzo, kuletsa kwa California zida zoukira ndi magazini aakulu, ziletso zatsopano zobisika za New York, ndi malamulo a boma oletsa kukhala ndi mfuti ndi anthu olamulidwa ndi chiwawa chapanyumba zoletsa malamulo akudutsa m'makhoti. Zotsatira zake zidzalongosolanso malire a Second Amendment kumanja.

Chiyambukiro cha Chilengedwe cha Anthu

Kuphatikizapo Lamulo Lachiŵiri la Mpambo sikuli kokha kwa lamulo komanso kwamphamvu. Lapatsa anthu mphamvu yotsutsa malamulo oletsa mfuti, komanso lachepetsa mphamvu ya maboma yothetsera chiwawa cha mfuti kudzera m’lamulo. Ochirikiza malingaliro a ufulu wa mfuti monga chitetezo chofunika cha munthu aliyense payekha, pamene ochirikiza kuletsa mfuti amanena kuti limalepheretsa njira zachitetezo chapoyera.

Kugwirizanitsa kumakhudzanso machitachita a kusungitsa lamulo. Mwachitsanzo, mu Bruen , khoti linapeputsa “chochititsa chachikulu” cha New York, chimene chinagwiritsidwa ntchito kukana zilolezo kwa anthu ambiri. Monga chotulukapo, anthu ambiri akunyamula mfuti mwalamulo poyera, zimene zimasintha zochita za apolisi ndi mphamvu za chitaganya. Ziyambukiro zanthaŵi yaitali pa ziŵerengero za upandu, machenjera apolisi, ndi kuŵerengera kwa anthu zikuphunziridwabe.

Nkhani Zakale ndi Njira Yosatengedwa

N’koyenera kudziŵa kuti Khoti Lalikulu linaphatikizapo Lamulo Lachiŵiri kudzera m'njira ina yalamulo. Malo Oyenera kapena maufumu a Claus wa 14neth Amendment . Chiganizo chimenecho, chimene chikunena kuti “Palibe Boma limene lidzapanga kapena kusungitsa lamulo lililonse limene lidzatsekera kapena kuteteza nzika za United States,” chinali maziko oyambirira a kugwiritsira ntchito ufulu wa boma. [[FLT:M] [FLD] [0] Case- Nyumba [1873] [I]), Bwalo linaŵerenga mokhutiritsa kuti lamulo la Lamulo, logamula ufulu wa boma. Ngati Khoti la m'malamulo linapitiriza ku [FLT: M'D [FFFM] [FFFM] [FMT] Linansone zoyenerera [mauzira udindo kapena kuwonjezera, Claunik) mu ufulu wachiŵiri, Coume Methodition, Coust Coust , Couragetion (Otivert) yosanyation (U.

Kusintha kwa mbiri chifukwa chakuti kumakhudza ukulu wa ufulu wa kukhala ndi ena. Pansi pa Tsitsi la Claus, kuphatikizidwa kumadalira pa kukhala kwa kuyenera kwa “woyenera. . Pansi pa Malo Oyenera kapena Malamulo, kuyenera kungakhale kwakukulu, popeza kuti kungatetezere “ufulu” wa unzika. Komabe, Bwalo Lamilandu silinasonyeze chikhumbo cha kugwetsa [[FLT: 0]] Nyumba ya kufera, chotero Programme idakali lamulo.

Kumaliza: Unansi Womasintha

Unansi pakati pa kuphatikizana ndi Kusintha kwachiŵiri ndi nkhani ya kusintha kwa malamulo. Kuchokera ku ufulu umene unagwiritsidwa ntchito kokha ku boma la boma, Supremence yachiŵiri yaikidwa kukhala lamulo lofunika kwambiri pa boma lililonse. Chisinthiko chimenechi chasinthanso lamulo la America la mfuti, chiyambitsa mikangano yoopsa yalamulo, ndi kusintha mphamvu pakati pa maboma. Komabe njirayi siitheratu. Pankhani yatsopano iliyonse, Khoti Lapamwamba limakonzanso ufulu wa kumanja, kuyesa malire a mbiri yakale ndi malamulo a boma.

Pamene malamulo akusintha, mfundo imodzi ikuonekera bwino: Kusankhana kwachititsa kuti Lamulo lachiŵiri la Mpando Wakutikamizidwa likhale mbali yaikulu ya lamulo latsiku ndi tsiku la ku America. Kaya kudzera m’maholo a Congress, mabwalo a malamulo a boma, kapena Khoti Lapamwamba, mkangano wonena za njira yachiŵiri yosinthira zinthu upitirizebe kwa zaka zambiri.

[[ML:0] Kugwirizanitsa:[[ML:1]