Unansi pakati pa kutetezera ulamuliro ndi kutha kwa boma umakhala pa maziko enieni a ulamuliro wa Amereka, kugwirizanitsa nkhondo yosatha pakati pa ufulu ndi ulamuliro wa dziko. Ziphunzitso ziŵiri zimenezi . "zomwe zikutetezera ku milandu ina, zinazo zimapereka ulamuliro wa boma pa lamulo la boma . Izo sizimakhala pazokha. Zimawombana, ndipo nthaŵi zina zimapanga zinsinsi zalamulo kuti Khoti Lapamwamba liyenera kutsutsa. Kumvetsetsa mmene limachitira zinthu ndi kofunika kwa aliyense wophunzira malamulo alamulo, malamulo a boma, kapena malire opindulitsa a boma. Nkhaniyi imafufuza mfundo zonse ziŵirizo mozama, kufufuza nkhani zosintha zochitika, ndi kupenda kupsinjika maganizo kopitirizabe pakati pawo.

Kugwirizana kwa Boma: Chitetezo Chozikidwa m’Mbiri

Magwero Ake

Chiphunzitsochi chimagwirizana kwambiri ndi mfundo ya boma yokhudza kuteteza boma pa mlandu wa boma. Chiphunzitsochi chimagwirizana ndi Kusintha kwa Dziko kwa Khumi ndi Mazana khumi ndi Asanu ndi Asanu, ndipo chinavomerezedwa mu 1795 poyankha chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu ku Chachizolm v. Georgia [[1793]. Khotilo linalola nzika yapansi kuchokera ku South Carolina kusuta Boma, kutsutsa ufulu wa maboma a Georgia. Mpambo wa 11 unagwedeza chigamucho, kulengeza kuti mphamvu ya chiweruzo ya United States siipereka “kutsutsana ndi dziko la United States ndi nzika za dziko lina, kapena ku nzika za dziko lina la Georgia kapena anthu a Dziko lina.

M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, Khoti Lapamwamba lanena kuti bungwe la Emphantment (A111th Amendment). Lerolino, odzilamulira akukhala ndi ufulu wolimbana ndi boma limodzi ndi nzika zake, pokhapokha ngati boma lavomereza kapena Congress lakhazikitsa lamulo loletsa kutetezedwa mwa kugwiritsira ntchito bwino mphamvu zake zosungitsa. Chiphunzitsochi chikusonyeza nkhaŵa ya Oyambitsa kuti makhoti a boma sayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito monga chotetezera boma ku "litau" kapena kuchotsa chuma chawo popanda chilolezo cha boma.

Kuchotsapo & amp; Kuchotsa

Mosasamala kanthu za chikopa, pali njira zambiri zimene opha zingathe kutsutsa maboma:

  • chivomerezo cha m'Chigawo: Boma lingawononge modzifunira chitetezo chake, kaŵirikaŵiri kupyolera m'malamulo kapena mwa kulandira ndalama za boma ndi mikhalidwe.
  • Kudzikweza: Congress ingachotse maboma a kudziimira paokha pamene akuchitapo kanthu pa Gawo 5 la Demetriement (kulamulira ufulu wa anthu). Koma khoti lapanga bwino mphamvu imeneyi kukhala yopereŵera; Nyumba za Malamulo sizingagawidwe pansi pa Commerce Claus yekha.
  • Exte Young kuss:[FLT: 1] Pansi pa mlandu wa 1908 Ex paredie Young , funa kuyembekezera kupatsidwa mpumulo motsutsana ndi akuluakulu a boma (osati boma lenileni) amaloledwa kuletsa kuswa lamulo lolamulira. Nkhani imeneyi imanena kuti ndunayo sikuchita pansi pa mtundu wa ulamuliro.

Kupatulapo kumeneku kumachititsa njira zofunika kwambiri zosungitsira ufulu wa boma, koma sizimathetsa vuto lalikulu la kuyesedwa.

Kuyesedwa: Chida Chotchuka cha Claus m’Ntchito

Federal chiwomboledwe ndicho chiphunzitso chakuti pamene lamulo la boma ligwira ntchito mmalo ena, limakhala patsogolo pa lamulo lotsutsana la boma. Maziko ndiwo Supremacy Claus mu Mfundo VI, Claus 2 ya Malamulo a U.S., chimene chimanena kuti Lamulo ndi malamulo a United States “zidzakhala Chilamulo chapamwamba cha Dziko.” Ichi chikutanthauza kuti oweruza a boma amamangidwa ndi lamulo la boma ngakhale ngati malamulo awo a boma kapena malamulo a dzikolo anena zosiyana ndi zimenezo.

Asonyezeni Chiyeso

Nyumba ya malamulo ingaphatikizepo mawu omveka bwino m'lamulo lakuti ifuna kulanda mbali kapena kulanda lamulo la boma. Mwachitsanzo, Gwema la Ogwira Ntchito Indomes Security Act (ERIS) lili ndi chiganizo chachikulu chimene chimachotsa malamulo a boma “akumauza antchito aliyense phindu. [1] Pamene anena chinenero, makhoti amangomasulira lamulo la Congress.

Kupusitsidwa

Ngakhale popanda chinenero, mayesero angatanthauzedwe m’njira ziŵiri:

  • Kuwomboledwa kwa '''''''''''''''''''''' pamene kumvera lamulo la boma ndi la boma n’kosatheka, kapena pamene lamulo la boma liima monga chopinga ku zifuno ndi zolinga zonse za Congress.
  • Firection : Pamene dongosolo la boma likhala lofalikira kwambiri kwakuti silimasiya malo kaamba ka kuwonjezera boma. Mwachitsanzo, ulamuliro wa Nuclear Regatoriation Commission wasungidwa kusungidwa kotheratu m’munda.

Zitsanzo za Chilamulo Chaposachedwapa

Chipulumutso chimabuka m'nkhani zosaŵerengeka za boma: kusamuka, lamulo lalamulo lopanga, malonda a m'mayiko, kubanki, ndi malamulo a malo okhala. Mu Arizona v. United States (202], Bwalo Lapamwamba linagonjetsa malamulo ambiri a boma a kusungitsa anthu chifukwa chakuti anatsutsana ndi mfundo za boma. Khotilo linagwiritsira ntchito zonse ziŵiri munda ndi nkhondo, kusonyeza mmene lidzaloŵera polisi m'madera a ulamuliro wa boma.

Kuipidwa: Kugwirizana Kolamulira Monga Chopinga ku Kutsekerezedwa

Vuto lalikulu limabuka pamene lamulo la boma lichotsa lamulo la boma, koma gulu laumwini lifuna kusungirira boma kukakamiza chisankhocho. Chitetezero cha Mfumu chingatseke suti. Ngakhale kuti lamulo la boma liri lalikulu, boma silingatulutsidwe m’bwalo la boma popanda chivomerezo chake chimodzi cha lamulolo. Zimenezi zimapanga mkhalidwe wodabwitsa: lamulo la boma lokhazikitsa lamulo lotsendereza, koma mwachibadwa lingakhale lopanda mankhwala othetsera bomalo.

Kabuku Kosiyanasiyana

  • Kugonjera kwa lamulo: Amalonda amakhulupirira kuti lamulo la boma lachotsedwa ndi lamulo la boma. Ikufuna khoti la boma kulengeza lamulo la boma lopanda pake ndi lolamulira. Koma ngati suti itchula boma kukhala loimbidwa mlandu, makhoti audindo. M’malo mwake asunge wapolisi pansi pa Exte Young kaamba ka chithandizo choyembekezeredwa.
  • Mapangano kaamba ka zowononga: [[FT:1] [[FTT:2] Imodzi ['chigawo] Young kuchotsa sikumalola suti kaamba ka zivulazo za m'makhoti. Chotero ngati boma lasonkhanitsa kale ndalama kapena malipiro pansi pa lamulo lochotsedwa, gulu lachinsinsi silingapeze ndalamazo kuchokera ku boma lenilenilo. Iwo angafunikire kudalira pa masuntwo a khoti kapena kuyembekezera maboma a boma.

Milandu Yosonyeza Kulakwa kwa Mfumu Yaikulu Kudziwonjola

Seminole Friest of Florida v. Florida (1996)

Mu Supreme Tribe , Bwalo Lapamwamba linakamba ngati Nyumba ya Malamulo ikakhoza kutetezera boma pa ulamuliro wa ku Indian Commerce Clause (mbali ya Commerce Claus). Chikalata cha Indian Gaming Regugatary chinafuna kuti pakhale kukambitsirana ndi kusewera kwa mafuko a Indiana m’chikhulupiriro chabwino ndi kulola mafuko kusungirira mabwalo a boma chifukwa cha kuswa malamulo. Khoti linaona kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo inali yopanda mphamvu ya kutetezera ulamuliro wa pakampani ya Claus. Mphamvu yokha ya kuyendetsa malamulo ya 1448 ikanalungamitsa kuswa. Chigamulo chimenechi chigamulo chochepa kwambiri cha Malamulo a boma kuweruza milandu yaumwini, ngakhale pamene lamulo la boma (kuyendetsa maseŵera a za mpikisano) chinali chomveka.

Squatione Tribun imaimira lamulo lakuti kumasula kwa boma sikumapanga mwangozi kuyenera kwaumwini kwa kachitidwe molimbana ndi boma. Chiyambukiro chowomboledwa cha lamulo la boma chiyenera kutsatiridwa kupyolera m’njira zina, kaŵirikaŵiri kupyolera mwa mbalie Young machitidwe otsutsana ndi nduna za boma kapena kupyolera mwa masuti a United States yeniyeni.

Fed Mar. Commonk's v. South Carolina State Ports Authority (2002)

Nkhani imeneyi inakula ku kutetezera kwa ulamuliro kwa mabungwe a boma. Federal Maritime Commission (FMC) inafuna kumva chidandaulo chaumwini pa South Carolina State Ports Authority, kutsutsana ndi boma laswa lamulo la kutumiza. Khoti Lapamwamba linanena kuti chikalata chalamulo chalamulo cha lamulo loletsa chitetezero cha boma kutsendereza boma kudzitetezera lokha m'chigwirizano cha boma, ngakhale ngati FMC si khoti. Kulingalira: ulemu waukulu wa maboma umagwira ntchito mosasamala kanthu za Text, ndi kulola mapulinsipulo a "umboni a kutetezera ulamuliro wa munthu. Nkhaniyo inalimbitsa kuti chikopacho sichili chokwanira ku bwalo lamilandu la III.

Zosankha Zina Zapadera

  • Ex parate Young (1908): inayalapo mwala wa pangondya kaamba ka choyembekezera kumasuka kwa maofesala a boma.
  • Alden v. Maine (1999): adasunga kuti chitetezo cha kudziimira kumaboma amatetezeranso maboma ku masuti aumwini m'makhoti awo a boma, pokhapo ngati chivomerezo cha boma kapena Congress chikhala chovomerezeka m'magetsi pansi pa Demeshoni ya 149.
  • Kansas v. Garcia (20): Adresi operekedwa m'nkhani ya kusamuka ndi kugogomezera kuti Expate Young suti zidakalipo kutsutsa malamulo a boma.

Kulinganiza Ziphunzitsozo: Mmene Makhoti Amathetsera Kutsutsanako

Pamene lamulo la boma litsekereza malamulo a boma, koma lachitetezo cha munthu mwiniyo kuletsa m’bungwelo mwachindunji, makhoti amagwiritsira ntchito zida zingapo kugwirizanitsa kupsinjikako:

  • Ex Young [[FLT :2] ntchito: Zofala kwambiri. Apolisi sue maofesala a boma m'maudindo awo alamulo opezera mpumulo wa kuimpyuta. Suti siitsutsana ndi boma lenileni, choncho samagwiritsira ntchito. Zimenezi zimalola lamulo la kuperekedwa kwa ufulu wa boma malinga ngati chiwongola dzanjacho chingafunike.
  • Kusungidwa ndi United States: Boma la boma lingapereke lamulo lokakamiza lamulo la boma. Chotetezera Cholamulira sichimatetezera maboma otsutsana ndi suti zochitidwa ndi United States. Zimenezi zimapereka njira yachindunji yosungitsa lamulo, ngakhale kuti imadalira pa chuma cha boma ndi zinthu zofunika.
  • Khoti ladziko: Pangano laumwini lingadzutse chitetezero m'khoti la boma pamene boma libweretsa kachitidwe kosungitsa kutsutsana nawo. Kutetezera Kolamulira sikumaletsa boma kukhala lachiphamaso, ndipo woimbidwa mlandu angatsutse kuti lamulo la boma nlopanda ntchito pansi pa Supremacy Clause.
  • Kudzikweza kwa boma kudzera m'Chigawo 5: M'madera olongosoledwa kwambiri (m' lekuatiso, ufulu wa anthu, malamulo aulema, kukondera kwa msinkhu), Congress ikhoza kukhazikitsa mphamvu ya boma yodzitetezera. Ngati nditero, atsamunda angasunge mwachindunji kaamba ka zonse ziŵiri zopeputsa ndi ndalama.

Malire a [TSV: 0] Ex Ex Ex Young [[FLT: 1]

Pamene kuli kwakuti nthano za akuluakulu a boma a kusuta kuli ndi mphamvu, kuli ndi malire. Khoti limafuna kuti akuluakulu a boma akhale ndi kugwirizana kwina kwa kukhazikitsa lamulo lonenedwa kuti silinalongedzedwe. Ngati palibe mkulu wa boma amene amadziŵika monga wokakamiza, suti yake ingalephereke. Ndiponso, Exte Young Samalola kuvulaza mphoto; woweruzayo sangabwezere zotayidwa zakale. Mpata umenewu umatanthauza kuti mitundu ina ya mankhwala sapezeka bwino, kupanga kuthekera kwa kuperekedwa kwa mapangano a boma pamene magulu achinsinsi akuvutika ndi mavuto a zachuma.

Matsutsano a Malamulo & amp; Kuvuta kwa Lamulo

Federalism & Ulemu wa Boma

Ochirikiza kutetezera kwamphamvu kwa kudziimira kwa boma akuvomereza kuti boma limafunikira ulemu wa boma. Kulola makhoti aumwini kutsutsana ndi maboma kungawapangitse iwo kukhala ndi mlandu pa zosankha za lamulo, kuyesa kowopsa kwa boma. Iwo amatsutsanso kuti Expate Young kuchotsapo kumapatsa kale mayeso okwanira otsutsana ndi boma losamvera boma. Ndiponso, Khoti Lapamwamba lanena mobwerezabwereza kuti Kusintha kwa EPPPH kumapereka "lamulo la Malamulo a Mkhalidwe a Mkhalidwe wapamwamba" limene limanena kuti ndi mabungwe achifumu.

Otsutsa amatsutsa kuti kutetezeredwa kwa ufulu wa kudziimira paokha kulibe maziko a malamulo a m'Bungwe la Malamulo kupyola pa Kusintha kwa Khumi ndi Lachisanu, kumene kunali kolinganizidwa kugwetsa Chachikolm [1]. Iwo amatsutsa kuti kuwonjezereka kwamakono kwa chitetezo chotetezera kulepheretsa kusungidwa kwa lamulo la boma, makamaka pamene Nyumba ya Malamulo yatsekedwa malamulo a boma kutetezera ufulu wa boma kapena ufulu wa zachuma. Ngati boma liswa lamulo la boma la boma, mankhwala enieni okha angakhale ngati ali oyenerera ndi U.S. Department of Justice, imene siilo motsimikizirika imalola kuswa malamulo a boma popanda chifukwa chilichonse.

Ntchito ya Mabungwe

Makhoti kaŵirikaŵiri amayang'ana ku ngati Congress inafuna kutetezera ufulu wa munthu pamene inakhazikitsa lamulo loluluza. Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents [1] [2000], khotilo linatsutsa kuti kuphwanya malamulo a m'nthaŵi ya Nyengo ya Ntchito sikunapereke lamulo la ufulu wa boma chifukwa chakuti Congress sanatulukire kusankhana kwa zaka kofala ndi maboma kulungamitsa ntchito yake pansi pa Chigawo 5. Kuyesa pakati pa kuvulala ndi mankhwalawo kumapangitsa kuti chikhale chovuta kuti chitetezere ku chitetezero cha boma pa malamulo ambiri a zamalonda kapena a zauchigaŵenga.

Chisonkhezero champhamvu chimenechi chimapangitsa lamulo: ngati Nyumba ya Malamulo ifuna malamulo ake operekedwa mwamseri kukakamiza kutsutsa maboma, iyenera kuphatikizapo kumveka bwino chilankhulo ndi kuzika lamulo pa ulamuliro woyenerera wa lamulo (_ikulu kwambiri kukhala ndi lamulo la 14th Amendment. Kupanda apo, maboma anganyalanyaze kuperekedwa kwa boma malinga ngati akupeŵa kuimbidwa mlandu ndi boma la boma kapena kuyang'anizana ndi mbali ya Young

Mikhalidwe ya Nthaŵi Yatsopano & Lamp; Chitsogozo Chamtsogolo

Kusamalira Zaumoyo & amp; Kusintha kwa Inshuwalansi

Affordble Care Act (ACA) imaphatikizapo kuchotsa malamulo a boma amene amatsutsana ndi zofunika zake. Pamene maboma ayesa kusankha kufutukuka kwa Medicaid kapena kukhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kuchotsa mimba, mapostff kaŵirikaŵiri adagwiritsira ntchito . Kuchokera kumbali ya Young sutis ndi akuluakulu a boma. Kupsinjikako kumabuka m'nkhani zimene maboma akutsutsana ndi ulamuliro wawo wachifumu pamene lamulo la boma likuwagwirizanitsa. Makhoti kaŵirikaŵiri alola masuti ameneŵa kupitiriza, koma kucholoŵa m’lamulo la zaumoyo kukupitirizabe kutulutsa kumasulira.

Lamulo la M’malo Okhala Limasinthanso Nyengo

M'bwalo la malo okhala, malamulo a boma onga ngati Clean Air Act achotsepo malamulo ena a boma, koma maboma amakhala ndi ulamuliro wa kugwiritsa ntchito miyezo yawo pamene a EPA avomerezedwa. Nkhani za kutetezera kolamulira zimabuka pamene magulu a anthu asudzulidwa chifukwa cha kulephera kugwirizana ndi malamulo a boma. Mwachitsanzo, mu Village of Kivalina v. ExxonMobil Corp. (2011], Kampani ya Ninth chigawo inakhulupirira kuti lamulo lofala la kuchotsedwa ndi mpweya wotentha wa mpweya linachotsedwa ndi Creat Act, koma boma loyadia (Alaska) lokwedwa ndi chitetezo. Mlanduloyo inachotsedwa pa malo ena, koma nkhani yosatetezedwa m'makhoti ambiri.

Kupititsidwa M’dziko Lina

Mayiko onga Arizona, Texas, ndi California akhazikitsa malamulo amene amathandiza kapena kutsutsa kusungitsa anthu oloŵa m'dziko. Pamene boma la boma lipereka malamulo a boma ochotseratu ufulu, kudziimira sikumagwira ntchito. Koma ofufuza achinsinsi oyesa kutsutsa malamulo a boma monga ngati achotsedwa kaŵirikaŵiri amadalira pa mbalie Young . Khoti mu Arizora v. United States inapanga poyera kuti ulamuliro wa boma ndi chida champhamvu chopimira, koma lamulo laumwini limakhalabe lofunika kwa anthu oyambukiridwa ndi ziletso za boma.

Kumaliza: Nkhani Yosatha ya Malamulo

Unansi pakati pa kutetezera ulamuliro ndi kupulumulidwa kwa boma suli wachikhalire. Iko kumasintha ndi mawu a Khoti Lalikulu ndi malamulo atsopano alionse. Kulimbana kwakukulu kuli pakati pa miyezo iŵiri ya lamulo: ukulu wa lamulo la boma ndi ulemu wa maboma monga mafumu olingana. Makhoti ayambitsa ntchito yozungulira [1] Makamaka AEx Young kupatulapo]. Koma ameneŵa ndi opanda ungwiro. Mabungwe onse a boma sangakhale ndi chiwombolo kuchokera ku maboma, ndipo saali nduna zonse za boma zodziŵika mosavuta monga osungitsa.

Kwa ofufuza za lamulo, mfungulo iri kusanthula mosamalitsa kaya chivomerezo cholingaliridwa molimbana ndi boma chikhala m'modzi wa ziwiya zodziŵika. Kodi chithandizocho chiri choyembekezeredwa? Kodi pali apolisi amene angasunthidwe? Kodi Congress ikhoza kuikidwa kukhala yotetezedwa? kwa opanga malamulo, kunyansidwa kumagogomezera kufunika kwa kulinganiza kosamalitsa ndi kumvetsetsa malire a lamulo. Chomalizira, ziphunzitso zonse ziŵiri zimatumikira zifuno zofunika: kutetezera kokhala ndi malo a boma ndi a a a a a eccustom; kuchotsako kutsimikizira lamulo la boma. Chitokosoko kulemekeza onse aŵiriwo popanda kupereka lamulo.

[[ML:0] kuwonjezera Chingelezi: