Political Action Committes (PACs) yakhala yoimirira kwa nthaŵi yaitali pa za ndawala za ku America, koma kukwera kwa ma PAC kwasintha kwambiri mmene ndalama zimayendera m'makomiti a chipani kapena ma PCAC ogwirizana, mabungwe ameneŵa odziimira okha akugwira ntchito popanda kugwirizana ndi gulu lililonse kapena ogwirizana. Kumvetsa unansi pakati pa ma PC ndi magulu a ndale zadziko omwe sakugwirizana ndi boma kumafuna kupenda malo awo alamulo, kudziimira kwawo kwa ndalama, malamulo a kayendetsedwe ka mapulogalamu a democratic . Nkhaniyi imapereka mapendedwe aakulu a mayanjano ameneŵa, kupikisana, ndipo nthaŵi zina kugwirizana ndi zipani zandale, pamenenso akufufuza nkhani zopitirizabe zokhudza ntchito yawo m'zandale.

Kodi Mabuku Opanda Ogwirizana Nchiyani?

Ma PC amene sakugwirizana ndi makampani ndi makampani amene amakweza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama kuti asonkhezere boma, boma, kapena masankho akwawo popanda kugwirizana mwalamulo ndi chipani cha ndale zadziko, obatizidwa, kapena PC. Gulu la Federal Ecommotion Commission (FAC) limamasulira PACI C kukhala chimodzi chokhazikitsidwa, kapena chochirikizidwa ndi bungwe la antchito, bungwe la anthu, gulu la mamembala, kapena bungwe la malonda. Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, gulu losakhala logwirizana ndi bungwe logwirizana ndi makampani othandizira. Gululi limaphatikizapo mitundu yambiri, kuchokera ku magulu aunia ndi SuperCs.

Mawu akuti "PAC yosalumikizidwa" nthaŵi zina amagwiritsidwa ntchito mosinthana ndi "komiti yongodalira ndalama," koma pali kusiyana kofunika. Pansi pa lamulo la ndawala ya zachuma, PC yosagwirizanitsidwa angasankhe kugwira ntchito monga PC yokhala ndi malire a zopereka, kapena angalembetse monga komiti ya Super PAC (yodziŵika kwa nthaŵi zonse monga komiti yodzifunira yokha) imene ingalandire zopereka zosamalitsa kwa anthu, makampani, ndi mabungwe .

Kusiyana Kokulira kwa PaCs Yogwirizanitsidwa

  • Sponsorship : Ma PC amapangidwa ndi gulu lomwe lilipo (m’ lekuatiso, kampani ya PAC), pamene ma PAC osalumikizidwa amapangidwa ndi anthu kapena magulu popanda kuthandizidwa.
  • Maliki Ogaŵira: Mapaundi osalumikizidwa ndi ogwirizana amaikidwa pamlingo wofanana ndi wogwirizanitsidwa ndi ma PAC ($50,000 pa chisankho chilichonse, monga 2024). Komabe, ma PC sakhala ndi malire pa malisiti kapena zowonongedwa, malinga ngati adziloŵetsa m'zowonongedwa zaumwini zokha.
  • Kugwirizanitsa: [[FLT :1] Ma PAC amaletsedwa kulinganiza kugula kwawo ndi oyembekezera kapena mapwando. Ogwirizana A PAC amaloledwa kugwirizanitsa chifukwa chakuti ali ogwirizana mwachindunji ndi wofunsira kapena chipani.
  • Kulengeza: Mitundu yonse iŵiri iyenera kujambula malipoti okhazikika ndi FEC, koma ma PC Opambana ayenera kuvumbula opereka opereka oposa $200, pamene Ma PAC amwambo osagwirizanitsidwa ali ndi ziyeneretso zofanana.

Malamulo: Mmene Mapale Opanda Ogwirizana Anakhalira

Malo amakono a PACIC ali kwakukulukulu chotulukapo cha zochitika ziŵiri zalamulo zapadera. Choyamba, chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu Bockley v. Valeo anakhazikitsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama kusonkhezera masankho kuli mtundu wa kulankhula kotetezeredwa pansi pa Kusintha kwa Malamulo Koyamba, koma kunachirikiza malire pa zopereka zachindunji kuti ofuna kuletsa ziphuphu kapena kuoneka kwake. Ichi chinapanga maziko alamulo kaamba ka zowonongedwa paweruzi. [FLT: 1] kudalira pa zimene sizigwirizana ndi woloŵa kapena chipani.

Chachiŵiri, Khoti Lapamwamba la 2010 linkagamula Courts United v. FEC[FLT :1] inachotsa ziletso za kudziimira pa zowonongedwa ndi makampani ndi maukwati, kukonza njira yowonongera ndalama zosatha ndi mabungwe ameneŵa. Mwamsanga pambuyo pake, D.C. Chigamulo cha Khoti la Gawo la Gawo mu Speech Tsopano. org v.FEC anagwiritsira ntchito nzeru yomweyi ku makomiti andale omwe amapanga zopereka zodziimira paokha, kulola kuti makomiti oterowo alandire ndalama zosamalitsa. Chigamu chamakonochikulu, chimene chili mtundu wa PC chimene sichingawonjezere ndi kuchuluka kwa ndalama.

Lerolino, ma PAC osalumikizidwa alipo m’mitundu ingapo: APAC amwambo okhala ndi malire a zopereka, Super PACs (makomiti odzifunira owonongera ndalama), ndi ma PCAC (amenenso amatchedwa komiti za Carey) osunga nkhani ya PC ya zopereka zopereŵera kwa oyembekezera ndi kulembedwa kwa Super PC kaamba ka ndalama zowonongedwa popanda malire. FEC imapereka chitsogozo chatsatanetsatane pa mandandanda ameneŵa, ndi webusaiti ya FEC

Unansi ndi Mapwando Andale: Kudziimira paokha ndi Kulinganiza Kwabwino

Chizindikiro chodziŵikitsa cha ma PAC ndicho kudziimira kwawo pa zipani za ndale zadziko. Pansi pa lamulo la boma, iwo sangagwirizane ndi ndalama zawo ndi munthu aliyense wobatizidwa kapena komiti ya chipani. Chiletso chimenechi n’cholinganizidwa kuletsa kulephera kupereka zopereka. Komabe, unansiwo ngwosiyana kwambiri kuposa kulekana wamba. M’chenicheni, ma PAC ambiri osagwirizanitsidwa kwenikweni amasonyeza zinthu zofunika za gulu limodzi lalikulu, ndipo ntchito zawo zingalimbitse kapena kufooketsa njira yalamulo ya gululo.

Malamulo Ogwirizana ndi Malire Ake

FEC imamasulira malamulo a kagwirizanidwe ka zinthu monga mkhalidwe umene ndalama zimagwiritsidwa ntchito "m'maunansi, kufunsira, kapena m'khonsati, kapena popempha "ofunsira, komiti ya chipani, kapena oimira awo. Ngati pa PC yosagwirizana ndi pa pa pa pa pa pagulu, ndalamazo zingaonedwe ngati zopereka za mtundu umodzi. Koma kaŵirikaŵiri mzerawo sumaonekera bwino. Mwachitsanzo, PPAC imene imalemba antchito a m'gulu kapena ofunsira ntchito ingaimbidwe ndi mlandu wa kugwirizanitsa, ngakhale ngati palibe kulankhulana mwachindunji. Posachedwapa. Malingaliro aposachedwapa a FEC avidvi ayesa kumasulira malirewa, koma otsutsa kuti lamulo n’ngofooka. [FL: 0]

Kodi Mabungwe Abwino Kapena Opanga Mpikisano?

Ma PAC osalumikizidwa ndi zipani za ndale zadziko angagwire ntchito monga ogwirizana amphamvu mwa kusumika maganizo pa nkhani kapena mafuko zimene makomiti a chipani sangaikepo. Mwachitsanzo, Super PAC wosunga mwambo angawononge kwambiri m'mafuko oyambirira kuwonjezera wobatizidwa amene amagwirizana ndi malongosoledwe ake a maganizo, pamene gululo lingasankhe kukhala woyenerera kwambiri. Mlingaliro limeneli, APAC osagwirizana ndi mphamvu yosunga chipata. Mosiyana ndi masankho, ambiri apamwamba a PACICS agwirizana ndi gulu mwamwaŵiŵi wogwirizana ndi kugwirizanitsa mauthenga ndi kulinganiza ndi kuukira, pamene ali m'malire m'malire aumboni a lamulo.

Magulu andale asinthana ndi kuyambika kwa ma PC. Komiti ya Democratic National and Republican National Committee tsopano ikugwira ntchito pamodzi ndi bungwe la Super PACs ndi magulu odziimira. Mabungwe ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amagawanamo zofufuza, ntchito zolinganiza, ndi kulankhula mfundo zochokera ku mameseji, kachitidwe kamene magulu ena oyang'anira amatsutsa kagwiritsidwe ntchito. Campaign Legal Center apereka madandaulo ogwirizana motsutsana ndi lamulo pa zochitika zingapo, ngakhale kuti FEC siichitika kawiri kawiri kawiri kawiri kachitidwe.

Kudziimira pa Zachuma: Mphamvu ya Ndalama Zopanda Malire

Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa ma komiti a PC ndi zipani ndi kukhoza kwawo kukweza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zosaŵerengeka. Pamene kuli kwakuti makomiti a chipani amapatsidwa malamulo a zopereka kwa munthu mmodzi ndi mmodzi ndi PaCs (m’chitsanzo, DNC ingalandire $4,300 pachaka kuchokera kwa munthu monga 2024), Super PACs angalandire mayeso a ukulu uliwonse kuchokera ku gwero lililonse. Kudziimira kwa zandalama kumalola ma PAC kuti asiye makomiti a gulu la anthu m'mafuko ambiri.

Zitsanzo za Mapale Ochepa Osagwirizanitsidwa

  • Crosss American Frouls – A Super PC yosasintha yokhazikitsidwa ndi Karl Rove, imene inawononga ndalama zoposa $100 miliyoni mu 2012 ndi 2014.
  • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  • Club ya Growth Action [FTL] -A Super PC yosunga mwambo inasumika pa mavuto aakulu molimbana ndi Republicans .
  • Mndandanda wa SELY [ -A PAC (mwambo PAC ndi mkono wapamwamba) umene umakweza ndalama zosankhira akazi a Democratic amene amachirikiza zoyenera za kuchotsa mimba.
  • Nzika Zomaliza United[FLT :1] – A Democratic-aligned PAC zimene zimachirikiza kusintha kwa ndawala ndi kuloŵereranso m'zowonongedwa pawekha.

Mabungwe ameneŵa amasonyeza kuti pali ma PC osiyanasiyana, kuyambira pa magulu a maganizo ndi magalimoto oyenerera.

Magwero a Kupereka Ndalama

Ma PAC osalumikizidwa amatenga ndalama kwa opereka, makampani, ndi mabungwe a antchito. Kwa Super PACs, chiŵerengero chochepa cha anthu achuma chochepa kaŵirikaŵiri amalemba gawo lalikulu la zopereka. Malinga ndi [[FLT: 0] Atsegula madata a zandale , opereka oposa 100 kwa Super PACS apeza theka la onse Opambana PAC amene amapereka m'masankho. Kuchuluka kwa chuma kumeneku kumakulitsa nkhaŵa za kusalingana kwa mphamvu zandale ndi kuthekera kwa ziganizo za opereka.

Chisonkhezero pa Zosankha ndi Lamulo

Ma PAC osalumikizidwa amasonkhezera ndi njira zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo kutsatsa wailesi yakanema ndi wailesi, makalata achinsinsi, ma shelefoni, ndi malo okonzera udzu. Chifukwa chakuti iwo safunikira chilango cha pa zipani, iwo angatenge kaimidwe kamphamvu kamene makomiti a zipani zalamulo angapeŵe. Imeneyi ingakhale lupanga lolimba kwambiri: ilo limalola makambitsirano amphamvu, komanso ikhozanso kutsogolera ku mkupiti wa project ndi proganing.

Masankho Oyambirira: Nkhondo ya Chipani cha Sou

Ma PAC amene sanagwirizanitse kaŵirikaŵiri amachita mbali yaikulu m'masankho aakulu, kumene kubwererako kuli kochepa ndipo ndalama zochepa zikhoza kukhala ndi chiyambukiro chachikulu. Magulu onga Club for Growing ndi Servatives Fund achotsa chipambano mu Cubbent Republican Senatortion mwa kupereka ndalama zotsutsa anthu amene amatsutsa kwambiri malingaliro awo. Mofananamo, magulu opita patsogolo onga Justice Democrates ndi Gulu la Ntchito Party agwiritsira ntchito ndalama zawo kuchirikiza otsutsa otsala ndi ochepera Democrates. Zimenezi zingasinthe maganizo a gulu lamphamvu kwa nthaŵi yaitali, monga oyang'anitsitsa bwino kuyang'anizana ndi mdani wamkulu.

Kusankha Kwachisawawa: Kupereka Mauthenga Authenga ku Chipani

Pa masankho amwambo, APAC osalumikizidwa angakulitse uthenga wa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa patomuyo mwa kutsatsa malonda amene amamveketsa nkhani za pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa. Komabe, angatsutse kapena kupeputsa mfundo za pa macheza awo ngati achita ndandanda yawo. Mwachitsanzo, katswiri wosumika pa nkhani za malo okhala angapereke mauthenga otsutsa munthu wofunsira kukhala wobiriŵira bwino, ngakhale pa nthaŵi ya chisankho. Mofala, osagwirizana ndi PACITC comasuliza ndi nkhani yopeka ndi nkhani imene imatseketsa mzera pakati pa wofuna kuchirikiza ndi kuyendetsa lamulo.

Kuchuluka kwa ndalama zowonongedwa kunja kuli ndi ntchito zazikulu. Malinga ndi FEC's data ya zachuma , kunja kwa kuwonongera (kuphatikizapo Super PACs ndi magulu ena odziimira) kwawonjezeka kuchokera pa $200 miliyoni mu 2008 kufika pa $2,500,000,000 m'zungulirengupiringuli 2020. Kuwonjezeka kumeneko kwaposa kuchuluka kwa ndalama zimene komiti ikupanga, kuchititsa kuti pa CC kukhale ndi ndalama zambiri kuposa kale.

Kufufuza za Demokalase: Kutsutsana Kwakukulu

Kukula kwa ma PAC osakhala ogwirizana kwabutsa mkangano waukulu ponena za thanzi la demokrase ya America. Otsutsa amanena kuti mabungwe ameneŵa amapeputsa lonjezo la mawu ofanana andale mwa kulola anthu olemera operekawo kukhala ndi chisonkhezero. Amatsutsa kuti kusoŵa kwa malamulo a mgwirizano wa anthu kumasokonezedwa mosavuta, ndi kuti kuvuta kwa zinthu zina zochokera ku ndalama (monga ngati magulu a ndalama zakuda amene amathandizira ku chuchuni cha PCs) kumawononga kuwonekera. Ochirikiza mfundo za kugwiritsa ntchito ndalamazo amatsutsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito ndalamazo kuli mtundu wa kulankhula kotetezeredwa ndi kuti anthu osagwirizana a PaC athandiza nzikazo kugwirizanitsa pamodzi kuti apereke zifukwa zimene amakhulupirira popanda kuloŵerera kwa boma.

Kuyera Thupi ndi Kutsekemera

Pamene kuli kwakuti Super PACs iyenera kuvumbula operekawo, kukwera kwa mabungwe osapanga phindu lakuda (monga ngati 501 (c) (4) magulu a zaumoyo wa anthu apanga mapeseshoni. Zopanda phindu zimenezi zingawononge ndalama pa ntchito za ndale popanda kuulutsa opereka awo ndipo kenaka kutumiza ndalama ku Super PACs , zomwe zimabisa kwambiri magwero oyambirira. Ma PACS amene sagwirizana ndi zinthu zofunikira kumasulira ngati akugwira ntchito monga mwambo wa PACICs 5,000. [[FLT:] FEC's mbiri yosungitsa ntchito [1] amasonyeza kuti kuswa malamulo ambiri sikuchitidwa chifukwa cha kulowa m'malamulo pakati pa ma drowadia.

Chiyambukiro pa Kugwirizana kwa Chipani

Ma PAC amene sakugwirizana angapangitse chipani kugawana chilango mwa kugwiritsa ntchito zikondwerero za gulu. Pulogalamu ya boma ya chipani ingatsutse opereka ndalama za PPAC yogwirizana ndi chipani chimenecho. Mwachitsanzo, kampani yapamwamba ya PAC yomwe yalandira ndalama zothandizira mafuta angakakamize kukhazikitsa malamulo amene amatsutsana ndi zolinga za kakhalidwe ka chipani. Kupsinjika kumeneku kungapangitse atsogoleri a gulu la anthu kukhala ovuta kwambiri kuti apereke zogwirizana ndi zogwirizana. Koma, ma PC amene sagwirizana ndi gulu la anthu angatumikirenso monga malupulo otetezeka, kulola opereka chithandizo kuchirikiza anthu kunja kwa gululo popanda kugwira ntchito kudzera m'masitepeto a boma.

Kusintha

Zoyesayesa za kukonzanso unansi pakati pa ma PALIC ndi zipani za ndale zadziko zazikidwa pa malingaliro angapo: kulimbitsa malamulo ogwirizana, kuwonjezereka kwa ziyeneretso za kuvumbula, kukhazikitsa malire pa Super PAC, kapena ngakhale kugwetsa Citizens United kupyolera m'kukonzanso kwa lamulo. Mapangano ena angaletse zopereka kuchokera ku mabungwe ndi maukwati ku Super PCs, pamene ena angapange njira yaing'ono yolimbana ndi chisonkhezero cha opereka mphatso zazikulu. Brennan Center ya Chikalata cha Malamulo afalitsa kufufuza kokulira pa njira zimenezi. Komabe, khoti lalikulu lapalo lapampali lamakono la kukonza kopesesa, chiwombo chotchuka cha lamulo, chitsutso chotchuka.

Kumaliza

Ma PAC amene sakugwirizana ndi mapangano amakhala pamalo ovuta kwambiri ndiponso otsutsana kwambiri m'ndale za America. Kudziimira kwawo pa zipani za ndale kumapereka ufulu wochita zinthu popanda kulephera kwa makina a chipani, koma kudziimira kumodzimodziku kumadzutsa mafunso okhudza kuŵerengera mlandu ndi ntchito ya ndalama m'masankho. Pamene malo alamulo akupitirizabe kusanduka, unansi pakati pa ma PAC ndi magulu andale udzakhalabe nkhani yaikulu m'kukambirana kopitirizabe kwa za ndawala ya ndawala. Kumvetsa mphamvu imeneyi nkofunika kwa aliyense wofuna kudziŵa mmene masankho amakono amapindulira, kutayikiridwa, ndi kukonzedwa ndi mphamvu zimene zimagwira ntchito ponse paŵiri mkati ndi kunja kwa dongosolo la pulogalamu.