Maziko a Malamulo a Prezidenti wa Malamulo

Lumbiro la pulezidenti siliri mwambo wa pambuyo pa kulingalira; liri chiyeneretso cha lamulo chimene chimagwirizanitsa mkulu wa boma wobwerayo ku lamulo lapamwamba la dzikolo. Article II, Chigawo 1, Claus 8 wa U.S. Chikalata chimodzi chimene pulezidenti aliyense ayenera kutchula mobwerezabwereza pa udindo wake: [[FLT:] &820; chilankhulo chimenechi chakhala chosasintha kuyambira 1789, kusonyeza mphamvu ya Avestations &817; kuti ndiyenera kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwambiri Unduna wa United States, kuteteza ndi kutetezera ndi kutetezera Lamulo la United States. &821. Chinenerochi chikhalebe chosasintha kuyambira 1789, chikuonetsa mphamvu ya Abalembetsa &17; chigamu chachikulu cha ulamuliro kuti chikhale chogwirizana ndi malamulo alamulo.

Lumbirolo limathandiza zifuno ziŵiri zosiyana. Choyamba, limatsimikizira poyera pulezidenti’ kudzipereka ku Malamulo mmalo mwa chipani chilichonse, kutchuka, kapena chikondwerero chaumwini. Chachiŵiri, limapanga thayo lalamulo: kulephera kuchirikiza lumbirolo kungakhale maziko a kulephera. Oyang'anira malamulo anaika mwadala lumbirolo m'Malamulo, mosiyana ndi maofesi aang'ono kumene Nyumba ya Malamulo ingalembe mafomu (Aticle VI). Kuika kumeneku kugogomezera desikishoni ’ ntchito yapadera monga momwe wapolisi mmodzi amaperekera mlandu ndi ̴ Kusamalira kuti Malamulo aphedwe mokhulupirika. ”

Kulankhula Moyenera ndi Kumasulira Mawu

Ngakhale kuti mawu onse ali ndi kulemera. “ Salemning alumbira molumbira̵ amatchula chikole chachipembedzo kapena cha makhalidwe, pamene kuli kwakuti mawu ena achiŵiri a #8220; afrid ̵ amasunga anthu okhala ndi zitsutso za chikumbumtima. “ kugwiritsa ntchito kulembera mobwerezabwereza ” kutsimikiza mtima, ndi kuteteza kulembera kwa ̵ &22; kuteteza, ndi kuteteza kulembera kulembera kulembera . Akatswiri a zamalamulo amalemba kuti #820; &preserve222; &8; kusungitsa malamulowo.

M'mbiri, mapresidenti awonjezera mawu a #8220; chotero ndithandizeni Mulungu & #821; pambuyo pa malembo a lamulo. George Washington anayamba machitachita ameneŵa, ngakhale kuti siikufunika. Franklin Pierce anasankha kuvomereza mmalo mwa kulumbira pa Baibulo; Theodore Roosevelt analumbira pa Baibulo koma anachotsa mawu owonjezera. Kusintha kumeneku kumasonyeza lumbirolo̱ kulolera kutsata maziko ake a malamulo a tsatanetsatane.

Kusintha kwa Mbiri Yakale Kotchuka

Mwambo wotsegulira unakula kuchokera ku chochitika cha chipinda wamba cha Nyumba ya Malamulo kukhala choonetsera chachikulu kwa anthu, komabe lumbiro lakuti’ limakhala losasintha. George Washington analumbira pa April 30, 1789, pa Federal Hall ku New York City. Iye anaika dzanja lake pa Baibulo lobwereka mofulumira ndi kuwonjezerapo lapansipansiyi, ndi kuwonjezerapo Chilungamo chamakono cha United States. thandizani ine. ̵ malowo anasamukira ku Capitol ̱ ndipo chakummaŵa ndipo pambuyo pake kutsogolo, ndipo lumbirolo laperekedwa ndi Chilungamo cha United States kuyambira 1797 (Johns anali woyamba kulandira kuchokera ku Chilungamo Chachi). Kuwo kokha kunachitika mu 1963 pamene Mkulu wa Auponji wa Asilikali. Asilikaliyo adatenga Bulu wa kumbuyo kwa Kazembe wa Constantine pambuyo pa Constantine, ndipo sanalandire chifukwa cha Baibulo nthaŵi yomweyo, chifukwa chakuti adalephera kuperekedwa nthaŵi yomweyo.

Lumbirolo lachitidwanso pa nthaŵi zachilendo. Pa imfa ya William Henry Harrison mu 1841, John Tyler anachita lumbiro m'chipinda chake cha hotela, akumakhazikitsa chitsanzo cha kutsata unduna wa pulezidenti. Mu 1923, Calvin Coolidge adalumbira ndi atate wake, anthu olemba, m’nyumba ya banja ya magetsi. Nthaŵi zimenezi zimasonyeza kuti lumbirolo ̱ mphamvu ya malamulo siimadalira pa kutchuka; imadalira pa mawu olembedwa pamaso pa kazembe wa boma.

Malo aakulu: [[FLT :1] laibulale ya Congress imapereka tsatanetsatane [ kusonkhanitsa zinthu zotsegulira kujambula lumbiro̱ mbiri.

Ntchito Yoyendetsa Zinthu: Kuchoka pa Upandu Kupita ku Electoral College

Njira yosankhira ndiyo njira imene mtundu umasankha kuti ulumbirolo likhale nayo. Mosiyana ndi mademokrase ambiri a nyumba ya malamulo kumene nduna yaikulu imasankhidwa ndi nduna yaikulu ya boma, dongosolo la U.S. limaphatikizapo madongosolo a zipani zambiri: makirangwe ndi mabululu, misonkhano yadziko, masankho a onse, ndi Electoral College. Maseŵero a pa pulatipoti ndi maseŵero amasintha malamulo otchuka kudzera m'zaka mazana aŵiri.

Mafoni, Mabwato, ndi Njira Yopita ku Kutembenuzidwa

Dongosolo lamakono linatulukira kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 20 monga chisinthiko cha kuchepetsa mphamvu ya mabwana a chipani. Lerolino, boma lililonse limachita chisankho chachikulu (m'amodzi wokha) kapena caucus (msonkhano wa nthaŵi yowonjezereka wa phwando) mmene mamembala a gulu amasankha nthumwi zolonjeza kwa munthu wobatizidwa. Chotulukapo si kulinganiza kokha; magulu amagwiritsira ntchito mapulogalamu osiyanasiyana, ndipo nthumwi zina zimachotsa (mzera, Democratic ̴ Supledies „). Nthaŵi yoyamba imayenda kuyambira February mpaka June wa zaka za chisankho, ndi Io ndi Hampre mwamwambo woyamba kuyendera malamulo ndi malamulo a chipani.

Njirayo imafufuzidwa kwambiri chifukwa chakuti imapetetsa munda wodzaza anthu kwa munthu mmodzi pa chipani chimodzi. Mbiri imasonyeza kuti mphamvu zoyambirira zingakhale zotsimikizirika: John Kennedy ̱ mu 1960 West Virginia chilakiko chachikulu chinasonyeza kuti Mkatolika angapambane boma lalikulu la Chiprotesitanti, pamene mu 2016 Donald Trump ̱ amayendetsa mwamphamvu m'mabwalo otsegulidwa ogonjetsa munda wowonongeka. Otsutsa amanena kuti dongosolo lamakonoli limapatsa mphamvu zazikulu ku maiko oyambirira, zimene siziri zoimira dzikolo. Zoyesayesa kuzungulira kalendala kapena kupanga mtundu waukulu mobwerezabwereza zatha.

Kusankha Koleji ya Electoral

Chisankho chachikulu chimachitika pa Lachiwiri loyamba pambuyo pa Lolemba loyamba mu November. Ofufuzawa amalemba zikalata za osankha amene analonjeza pulezidenti, osati kwa wosankhidwa mwachindunji. Osankha ameneŵa amapanga Electoral College , imene imakumana mu December kuvota akuluakulu. Boma lililonseÙ chiŵerengero cha opanga zinthu n’chofanana ndi malo ake oimira (Nyumba ndi mipando iwiri ya Konsoli), ndi osankhidwa atatu a District of Columbia (Ty- perfetwe). M'zigawo zonse kusiya Maine ndi Nebras, wolandira chivoti chotchukacho amalandira chivoti chonsecho (&817; osankhidwa (&8; 220; kayendetsedwe ka).

Electoral College yakhala ikutsutsana kuyambira pamene inalengedwa. Mafulemu analinganiza kuti chikhale kulolerana pakati pa chisankho ndi Congress ndi mwa chivoti chotchuka, kuopa zonse ziŵiri ulamuliro wa gulu ndi kuyendetsa malamulo. Komabe, inachititsa mapresidenti asanu amene anataya chivoti chotchuka cha dziko lonse: John Quincy Adams (1824), Rutherford B. Hayes (18888), Benjamin Harrison (George W. Bush (2000), ndi Donald Trump (2016. Mlandu uliwonse unayesa kuyenera kwa kachitidwe ka mchitidwe ka pulogani wa chisankho ndi kusonkhezera kusintha kapena kuchotsa. National Popular Vontestate Commotion , kuyesa kuchotsa Elctoral Collegement, kwatengedwa ndi mafukonsitimenti 16 ndi Depansitimenti ya Colienti ya 2025 ya malingana ndi 2070.

Malo a [1] National Archives ndi Records Administration imasunga kuganiziridwa kopoleji ndi mbiri ndi njira.

Otsutsa ndi Otsenderezedwa Mwalamulo Opanda Chikhulupiriro

Pamene kuli kwakuti osankhidwa amayembekezeredwa kuvota kaamba ka wosankhidwa wawo wolonjezedwa, pafupifupi 1% pa zisankho zonse zakhala pa ̵ Slives ̵̬ kubwezera kwa wina. Mu 2016, osankhidwa asanu ndi aŵiri ochokera ku maboma a Democratic omwe anasankha Bernie Sanders ndi ena, ndi osankhidwa oŵerengeka a Republican omwe anavotera ofunsira osiyana ndi ena. Khoti Lapamwamba linalankhula zimenezi mu Chifalo v. Washington, kugamula kumene kungafunikire osankhidwa kutsatira mapangano awo ndi kuwalanga kapena kubwezera kapena kulowa mmalo osankhidwa. Chigamulochichichichichichichichichichichi cha Eleldfal &8; ntchito yongotchuka ya chivoti.

Kugwirizana: Kuphwanya Malamulo ndi Kugwirizana kwa Malamulo

Lumbiro la prezidenti ndi pulogalamu ya kusankha sizili zaufulu; zimapanga ndandanda imodzi yalamulo. Njira ya voti imasonyeza amene adzatsogolera, koma lumbirolo limasintha wopambana kukhala mkulu walamulo. Popanda lumbiro, ngakhale wopambana wa dziko sakanatha kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za dekanaransiyo mwalamulo. Popanda njira yovomerezeka, lumbirolo lidzaperekedwa kwa woloŵa mmalo walamulo, kusokoneza lamulo.

Chida Chotchedwa Opsinja Monga Chiyeneretso Chomalizira

Malamulo alamulo aikidwa pa ndandanda ya malamulo: kusankhidwa kwa osankha, kuikidwa kwa mavoti osankhidwa, chilolezo cha bungwe la osankhidwa (pa January 6), ndipo pomalizira pake kuchitidwa kwa lumbiro. Sitepe lililonse liyenera kuloledwa kaamba ka kusintha. Chisankho, monga ngati 2000 Bush Ó Goreau trupt ndi zitokoso 20 zosankhidwa, zikugogomezera kufunika kwa chigawo chilichonse. Mu 2000, Supreme Court ’ chigamulo chake chomalizira mu [FLT:] Bhush v. Gore . [FLT: 1] motsimikizirika] anamaliza kufotokoza mikangano mu Florida, kutsogolera kumbuyo kwa W. Bush. Monga wopambanayo adatenga lamulo lake lomalizira pansi pa zaka 2020. Pambuyo pa kuukira kochitidwa ndi kuukira kochitidwa ndi kuukira kwa lamulo, ndipo kugamula kwa Caslassss, pambuyo pa kutuluka kwa chaka cha January ndi chaka cha 6, chipangano cha Chipangano cha Chipangano cha Malamulo, chinagalamu, china, chinagalamu, chinagwirizana ndi kukambirana ndi ku

Kugwirizanitsa kumeneku kumatanthauza kuti kuukira kwa kachitidwe ka voti kungayambitse kusintha. Ngati mbali zazikulu za gulu la anthu kapena zandale zikana chisankho’ kuyenera, pulezidenti wobwerayo ’ ulamuliro wa kufooka. Lumbirolo silingakonzetse kusokonezeka kwa kulakwa kwa kuweruza, koma limapatsa kubwezeretsedwa kwalamulo. Mwachitsanzo, pambuyo pa 1876 Haskis ̫ Tilden, Rutherford B. Haymas & 8817; Speace likulu lake la ntchito ya chisankho; komabe likulu lake la ntchito ya kusankhidwa ndi nthambi zonse ndi maboma akunja, limamlola kulamulira.

Kutenga Mphamvu Mwamtendere

Ntchito yowopsya ya lumbiro ndi kukhazikitsa kusamutsidwa kwa mtendere kwa ulamuliro. Pamene pulezidenti wochoka ndi pulezidenti wobwerayo atengamo mbali mu phwandolo pamodzi, imasonyeza kupitirizabe mosasamala kanthu za kutembenuka kwa otembenuzidwa. Mwambo wa prezidenti wochoka pa kuperekedwawo sunafunikiridwe mwalamulo koma wakhala mwambo kuyambira John Adams Thomas Jefferson Ù; kutsegulidwa mu 1801. Osadziŵika kunachitika mu 1821 . (John Adams sanapite ku Andrew Jackson #817;), 1877 (Sanapita ku Hay & 88; Speas), ndi 201 (Donal Thurp Reul , pa nthaŵi ya January 517; Chipangano cha Madeko, chimayamba kutuluka ndi kumbuyo kwa Juen, Judentie, 2017.

Malo otsegulira: [[FLT :1] Project yoyang’anira ya American pa UC Barbara imapereka chidziŵitso pa [FLT :2] keyala iriyonse yotsegulira ndi lumbiro kaamba ka kubwereramo.

Kusankha Kotsutsidwa ndi Oath’ Mbali Yokhazikika

Mbiri yakale imasimba zochitika zingapo zimene zinatsutsa kwambiri dongosolo la kusankhidwa kotero kuti kuyenera kwa prezidenti amene anali kudzamka pamiyezo.

1824 “ Corrupt Bargain ”

Pa chisankho cha 1824, palibe wobatizidwa amene analandira mavoti ambiri a osankhidwa (Andrew Jackson anatsogolera ndi 99, John Quincy Adams anali ndi 84, William Crawford 41, ndi Henry Clay 37). Per Constitution, Nyumba ya Oimira anasankha pulezidenti kuchokera kwa atatu oyembekezera. Henry Clay, amene anali ndi mphamvu monga Wolamulira, anachirikiza Adams, amene adalandira chigwirizano cha Nyumba ndipo pambuyo pake anasankha Clay Country of State. Jackson ndi adali ake anatsutsa puleziranti wa pa #820; corrupt. &821; pamene Adam adalumbira pa March 4, 1825, mwalamulo, ngakhale kuti anali wodetsedwa ndi ntchito yapambuyo. Olumbirawo anapereka ulamuliro walamulo kuti alamule bwino, ngakhale kuti adalamulira mwa kumbuyo kwa Jacksons &18; 288; chipani chachikulu chamwazi chamwazikulu chamwambo chamwaŵiro.

Kulolera Molakwa kwa M’chaka cha 1876

Mu 1876, Republican Rutherford B. Hayes ndi Democrat Samuel Tilden anayang'anizana ndi mkangano wotulukapo m'maiko atatu akummwera (Florida, Louisiana, South Carolina) kuphatikizapo Oregon . Magulu onse aŵiri adati apambana. Nyumba zina zinapanga bungwe la Electoral Commission limene linapanga mavoti onse osankhidwa ku Hayes, kumpatsa iye 185– chilakiko. Democrates adagwirizana ndi kuvomereza kubwezerana kwa kuchotsa kwa asilikali a boma (kutha kwa Reconstanon). Pamene Hange Hange adalumbira pawokha pa March 3, 1877 (mo March 4 adagwa pa Sande), ndipo poyera pa March 5, &817; kulumbira kwalamulo sikunafunsidwapo ndi Boma kapena mabwalo amilandu, ngakhale kuvomereza movomerezedwa bwino kwambiri.

Nkhani ya mu 2000 ndi Mphako

Chisankho cha 2000 pakati pa George W. Bush ndi Al Gore chinadalira pa mavoti 537 ku Florida pambuyo pa kupikisana koopsa. Khoti Lapamwamba linaimitsa kuŵerengera mu Bush v. Gore, , kutsimikizira kuti Bush ndi wopambana. Gore anavomera pa December 13, ndipo Bush anachita lumbiro pa January 20, 2001 ngakhale kuti Democrates analingalira zotsatira zake kukhala zopanda pake, lumbiro linakhazikitsa Bush ̱ ulamuliro walamulo. Kusintha kwamtendere, kuphatikizapo Gore & #817; mbali monga Pulezidenti wa Nyumba ya Malamulo mkati mwa nyengo, inalimbitsa dongosolo la malamulo.

Vuto la Kusintha kwa Zinthu la 2020

Chisankho cha 2020 chinayang'anizana ndi zitokoso zosayerekezereka: milandu ya khoti yoposa 60 inalephera kugwetsa zotulukapo, ndipo Nyumba ya Malamulo inaukiridwa pa January 6, 2021, mkati mwa chikalata. Komabe makina alamulo pa Electoral College adakumana ndi kuvota, Congress sensidentier Joe Biden ’ chilakiko kuchiyambiyambi pa January 7, ndipo Biden anachita lumbiro pa January 20. Mosasamala kanthu za kuukira boma ndi mbali yaikulu ya chikhulupiriro cha anthu onse cha masankhoti inabedwa, chilumbiro cha ofesi inapereka maziko alamulo a boma latsopanolo. Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo, ya asilikali, ndi nthambi yonse yapamwamba inazindikira Biden monga mkulu wa asilikali ndi nduna ya zandale, kusonyeza mmene chilumbiro cha mpikisano wa zandale m’lamulo.

“ Lumbiro la pulezidenti ndilo mwala walamulo umene umatseka chitseko cha mavoti, popanda icho, ulamuliro wa demokalase ungagwe kukhala kupikisana kwa ulamuliro.”

Kuyerekezera: Malingaliro a M’Magulu Ena Ochirikiza Kulambira

Kupenda mademokrase ena kumagogomezera chimene chili chosiyana ndi njira ya Amereka ndi zimene zili padziko lonse.

Madongosolo a Nyumba Yamalamulo

Mu United Kingdom, mfumuyo sikuchita lumbiro la prezidenti pa kulowa; mmalo mwake, mfumu imapanga mpambo wa zilengezo pa Accouncition Council (kuphatikizapo kulonjeza kuchirikiza mzera wa Aprotestanti ndi kusungitsa Tchalitchi cha Scotland). Nduna yaikulu, monga mutu wa boma, siilumbira ndi lumbiro lapoyera; iwo amangopanga lumbiro la kukhulupirika ndi lumbiro lalamulo ku Priviy Council. Zimenezi zimasonyeza malamulo a boma osalembedwa ndi mfundo yakuti ulamuliro wapamwamba umachokera kwa mfumu mmalo mwa chisankho chotchuka.

Ma Republic Otsatira Lamulo

France ̱ pulezidenti akupanga lumbiro pamaso pa Bungwe la Constitution ndi Msonkhano wa Dziko, kulumbira kulemekeza Malamulo ndi kutetezera chikondwerero cha dziko. India ’ pulezidenti alumbira kutetezera, ndi kutetezera Malamulo ndi lamulo, kuwunikira pepala la U.S. la German’. Pulezidenti wa boma apanga lumbiro limene lingaphatikizepo kupempha chipembedzo, mofanana ndi U.S. M’nkhani iliyonse, lumbirolo ndilo kudzipereka kwapoyera ku ukulu wa lamulo la lamulo ndipo likuperekedwa pambuyo pa kachitidwe kosankhidwa ndi demokrase (kutsogolera chisankhomo, monga ku France, kapena kusankhiridwa ndi koleji, kapena kosankhidwa, monga mu India ndi Germany).

Kusiyana kwakukulu kuli mu lumbiro la U.S.’ kuikidwa kwa Malamulo kwenikweniko mmalo mwa lamulo, ndi m’chenicheni chakuti lumbirolo liri kachitidwe komalizira kamene kadzatenga lumbiro [ ofesi ya pulezidenti]. M'madongosolo ambiri, kusankhidwa kumayambitsa ntchito ya ofesi; kulumbirako kuli kokha chiyeneretso cha kutenga ntchito. Koma chifukwa chakuti Chigawo II, chigamuwero cha 1 chikunena kuti pulezidentiyo adzatenga lumbirolo pa tsiku lotsatira (#820; asanaloŵe pa Kuperekedwa kwa Ofesi, &521; palibe munthu amene amakhala prezidenti kufikira lumbiro lija litachitidwa kale. Zimenezi zinayesedwa mu 2009 pamene Backbaba - 1717; nduna ya boma inalumbira pa January 20 (kunja lotsatira lachiŵiri) ngakhale adapeŵa kale mphamvu iliyonse (kukayikira chifunsinsinsiti.

Malo opangira:[[FLT :1] Komiti ya Malamulo iri ndi kuyerekezera kothandiza kwa zilumbiro zoikidwiratu kuzungulira dziko lonse lapansi.

Kumaliza

Lumbiro la pulezidenti ndi losankha ndi mbali ziŵiri za chigawo chimodzi cha lamulo. Njira ya voti imasonkhanitsa chifuniro cha demokrase, koma ndi lumbiro limene limatembenuza munthu kukhala ulamuliro walamulo. Chilichonse chimadalira pa china: chisankho popanda chilumbiro chololedwa chisiya pulezidenti wopanda mphamvu; lumbiro lopanda chisankho chalamulo lidzakhala mwambo wopanda pake. Onse pamodzi, amatsimikizira kuti mphamvu zazikulu za American declacy ziperekedwa kokha pambuyo pa mawu otsimikizirika a kusankha kwa anthu ndi chikole chapoyera cha lamulo. M'dongosolo lomangidwa pa mphamvu zopatulidwa ndi mayeso ndi mayeso, lumbiro la wopanga chigamulo ndi chigamulo ndi chidzakhala mgwirizano chomaliza chakuti anthu onse aŵiri ndi lamulo la lamulo.

Kumvetsetsa unansi umenewu nkofunika kwa aliyense amene amaphunzira boma la Amereka, kuphimba ndale zadziko, kapena kukhala ndi phande m'masankho. Lumbirolo silingokhala lapa pepala losankhidwa; ndi nthaŵi yalamulo pamene votirate ̱ zosankha zimapatsidwa mphamvu mwalamulo. Pamene masankho akukula ndi kukhulupirira kwambiri m'mabungwe a demokalase, lumbirolo limakhalabe lodalirika mwalamulo. Limakumbutsa pulezidenti aliyense amene akufikayo kuti ulamuliro wake uli ndi maziko, kwakanthaŵi, ndipo limaikizidwa kwa iwo kokha kwa nthaŵi yaitali pamene akutumikira mokhulupirika Malamulowo analumbira kusungitsa, kutetezera, ndi kutetezera.