Boma la United States likugwira ntchito pansi pa dongosolo la kugaŵana maulamuliro, kugaŵana ulamuliro pakati pa nthambi zitatu zolingana: malamulo, mabwana, ndi achiweruzo. Mabungwe ameneŵa, oikidwa m'Bungwe la Malamulo, alinganizidwira kuletsa nthambi iliyonse kusonkhanitsa mphamvu zambiri. Komabe mosasamala kanthu za mbali yake yoyambira m'maboma a ku America, nzika zambiri zili ndi malingaliro olakwika okhazikika ponena za mmene nthambi zimenezi zimagwiradi ntchito ndi kugwirizana. Kulephera kumeneku kungasokoneze mkangano wapo ndi kuchititsa anthu kukhala ndi kuyembekezera kwa akuluakulu osankhidwa, ndipo ngakhale kuchepetsa chikhulupiriro chawo m’mabungwe otchuka. M’chitsogoleli chimenechi, tidzachotsamo nthano zambiri ponena za manthambi atatu a boma, kupereka mafotokozedwe otsimikizirika ozikidwa pa malamulo, zochitika za m’mbiri, ndi zochitika zamakono. Mwakusintha nkhani zopeka ndi mfundo za anthu odziŵa kudziŵa za anthu.

Nthambi Yotsatira Malamulo Yokha

Ndi chikhulupiriro chofala chakuti Congress — Nyumba ya Oimira ndi Nyumba ya Bungwe — ili ndi ulamuliro wokha pa kupanga malamulo. Pamene kuli kwakuti Chigawo I cha Malamulo chimaikapo “mphamvu zonse za lamulo" m'Congress, chenicheni nchogwirizana kwambiri. Kachitidwe ka malamulo kamaphatikizapo chiyambukiro chosalekeza kuchokera ku nthambi za akuluakulu ndi aweruza, kupanga kuvina kocholoŵana kwa malingaliro, ndandanda, ndi kubwereza.

Ulamuliro wa Pulezidenti Veto

Pamene Congress ipereka lamulo, iyenera kuperekedwa kwa Pulezidenti kuti avomereze. Pulezidenti angasaine lamulolo kapena kutulutsa chikalata, kubwezera lamulo ku Congress mokhutiritsa ndi zitsutso. Pulezidenti vhato angangolephera ndi matatu aŵiri a magetsi m'ma homes —a pepala lapamwamba lomwe limapangitsa kachitidwe ka mameseji kamodzi kamphamvu. Kuyambira 1789, Pulezidenti wachotsa ndalama zoposa 2,500, ndi 5%. Izi zikutanthauza nthambi yapamwamba iri ndi dzanja lachindunji, lamphamvu m'malamulo.

Kupenda Chiweruzo ndi Kumasulira Malamulo

Ngakhale pambuyo pa kuperekedwa kwa lamulo, nthambi yachiweruzo ikuchita chisonkhezero. Khoti Lalikulu ndi makhoti apamwamba ali ndi mphamvu ya kupenda kwachiweruzo — ulamuliro wa kulengeza malamulo popanda kukhazikitsa lamulo ndipo chifukwa chake ali opanda kanthu. Oikidwa m'chochitikacho 1803 mlandu . Madison . [Ufumu wapamwamba], mphamvu imeneyi imatsimikizira kuti malamulo ayenera kugwirizana ndi Malamulo. Kuwonjezerapo, makhoti amamasulira bwino chinenero chotsutsa malamulo, kuchotsa tanthauzo la malamulo m’njira zimene mwina sizingayembekezeredwe. judiary ikufotokoza judiary [1], "kugamula malamulo aungwe aungwe a boma ndi malamulo ena a boma.

Key ya kutchula: Kupanga malamulo kuli ntchito yogwirizana. Msonkhano umavomereza ndi kutumiza ndalama, koma Pulezidenti angawadzule, ndipo makhoti angawaphe kapena kuwamasuliranso.

Bodza Lachiwiri: Pulezidenti Angalengeze Nkhondo Mosabisa

Mwinamwake palibe nthano imene ili yochititsa kuposa chikhulupiriro chakuti Pulezidenti, monga Mkulu wa asilikali, angaloŵetsepo magulu ankhondo a U.S. Lamulo nlomvekera: Mfundo I, Chigawo 8 chimapatsa Nyumba ya Malamulo mphamvu yokha ya kulengeza nkhondo. Pulezidenti, pansi pa Mfundo II, ali "Mkulu wa Nkhondo ndi Navy" koma kokha pambuyo pa Msonkhano wavomereza nkhondo.

Chigamulo cha Nkhondo cha 1973

Pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Vietnam — kupenda kumene Pulezidenti Johnson ndi Nixon anachita m'nkhondo yokhalitsa popanda chilengezo cha nkhondo — Condornet adapambana Chigamulo cha Nkhondo pa Pulezidenti Nixon ’sveto. Lamulo limeneli limafuna kuti Pulezidenti apite ku [FL:0] ndi Congress [[FLLT: 1] [] asanayambitse magulu ankhondo ku nkhondo ndi kulengeza ku Msonkhano wa nkhondo mkati mwa maola 48. Ndiponso, limalamula kuti asilikali achotsedwe mkati mwa masiku 60 (ndikuwonjezera 30 tsiku) pokhapo ngati Mabungwe apitiriza ntchito. Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo a malamulo a Nkhondo za Mphamvu za Nkhondo za Maulamuliro atsutsana adatsutsana, iwo akugogomezera kuti mphamvu ya nkhondo iyambike ndi nkhondo yaikulu.

Kumene Kunachitika Kale Ndiponso Kuimvi

Mosasamala kanthu za malamulo, Mapresidenti achita ntchito zankhondo popanda zilengezo za nkhondo — Korea, Vietnam, Iraq, ndi Libya ali zitsanzo zodziŵika. Akatswiri ena amatsutsa kuti Prezidenti ’ ulamuliro wachibadwa monga Mtsogoleri wa mu Chief amalola kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zochepa kuchotsa ziukiro zamwadzidzidzi kapena kutetezera miyoyo ya Amereka. Komabe, Abambo Opezedwawo anaika mwadala mphamvu ya nkhondo m'Mabungwe kutsimikizira kuti chosankha cha kupita kunkhondo chisonyeze chifuniro cha anthu, osati cholinga cha mtsogoleri mmodzi. [[FLT:] National Constitution Center , &ct1; Not' nkhani yakhala yotsutsana kwambiri m'maulamuliro a nkhondo pakati pa maulamuliro ankhondo.

Key ya kubwerako: Nyumba za Malamulo zokha zimene zingalengeze nkhondo mwalamulo, ndipo Pulezidenti akufunikira mwalamulo kufuna chilolezo cha gulu lankhondo lochirikizidwa.

Nthanthi 3: Nthambi Yoweruza Imangomasulira Malamulo

Anthu ambiri amalingalira oweruza kukhala omasulira &mdash wamba; kungoŵerenga malamulo ndi kuwagwiritsira ntchito m'milandu. Kwenikweni, oweruza amaumba lamulo mwa kupenda lamulo, chitsanzo, ndipo ngakhale kulenga kofala. Kumasulira kwenikweniko kuli ntchito yolenga; chinenero sichimamveka bwino, ndipo oweruza ayenera kusankha pakati pa kuŵerengera koyenera kwa lamulo kapena makonzedwe alamulo.

Kupenda Chiweruzo Monga Kupanga Lamulo

Pamene Khoti Lapamwamba lilengeza lamulo losagwirizana ndi lamulo, silikungomasulira; likuchotsera ntchito nthambi zosankhidwa ’ ntchito. Zosankha za m'mapepala monga Brown v. Board of Education [1954], zimene zinawononga tsankho la mafuko m'masukulu a anthu onse, ndipo Obergefell v. Hodges (2015], imene imalembetsa lamulo la kulembetsa ukwati wa kudziko lonse, inali ndi zotsatira zake zazikulu. Zigamu zimenezi sizinangomasulira lamulo lomwe lilipo; zinapanga ufulu watsopano ndi malamulo amene akonzanso chitaganya cha ku America.

Mphamvu ya Kuyamba Kuganiza

Zigamulo za chiweruzo zimakhazikitsa zitsanzo zogwirizana zimene makhoti aang'ono ayenera kutsatira. Chiphunzitsochi, chodziŵika monga decis, chimapatsa chigamulo cha kukhazikitsa lamulo logwirizana ndi lamulo. Mwachitsanzo, Supreme Court’ Supreme Georgian chigamulo mu Roas. Wade v. [[FLT:] [FLT] [3] anakhazikitsa ufulu walamulo wa kuchotsa mimba, umene Nyumba za malamulo ndi malamulo sizingasinthe zaka 50. Khotilo linasintha pambuyo pake kuti chigamu cha Dobs v. Akazi .ALD . . Komiti ya zaungwe la Zaumoyo [FLT.FF:] [2] [2]

Key ya: Chigamulo chimachita zambiri kuposa kumasulira; chimapanga lamulo kupyolera m'kupenda kwa lamulo, chitsanzo, ndipo nthaŵi zina zosankha zamphamvu zimene zingasinthe malo alamulo.

Nthanthi 4: Nthambi Zitatu Zochita Zodziimira Zokha

Gulu lofala la anthu lodziwitsa ndilo lakuti nthambi zitatu zimagwira ntchito m'malo osiyanasiyana. Zowonadi, Konsichushoni imagwirizanitsa mwadala mphamvu zawo kupyolera m'dongosolo la macheke ndi malingana. Nthambi iliyonse ili ndi mathayo otsagana omwe amafunikira kugwirizana ndi kuyang'anira. Chonulirapo sichili kulekana koma mphamvu yogawiridwa [[FLT:].

Msonkhano Upenda Ukulu wa Ntchito

Nyumba ya malamulo imayang'anira bajeti, kutsimikizira oikidwa ndi pulezidenti, ndipo ingachotse ndi kuchotsa Prezidenti, Pulezidenti, Pulezidenti, ndi oweruza a boma. Nyumba ya malamulo <squo; ma “advice ndi chivomerezo ” mbali imatanthauza kuti maulamuliro aakulu ndi magamulo a chiweruzo amafuna chivomerezo cha Nyumba ya Malamulo — kukambitsirana kwa ndale zadziko kumene kaŵirikaŵiri kumasintha malamulo. Kuwonjezera apo, Nyumba ya Malamulo ingakafufuze ndi kukakamiza umboni kuchokera kwa akuluakulu a nthambi, monga momwe kuwonedwa m'nkhani zambiri zokhudzana kuyambira ku Watergate mpaka January 6

Wotsogolera Afufuza pa Disitiviya

Prezidenti akulamula oweruza onse a boma, kuphatikizapo oweruza a Bwalo Lapamwamba, kuti atsimikizidwe ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo. Izi zimapatsa mkuluyo chisonkhezero chosatha pa khoti lachiweruzo’ kulembedwa kwake. Ndiponso, Pulezidenti angakhululukire anthu opezedwa ndi mlandu wa boma, kupambana kuweruza kwa nthambi ya Aprojekiti. Woyang’anira alinso ndi thayo la kukakamiza zigamulo za khoti, koma ngati Pulezidentiyo akana kukhazikitsa chiweruzo (kachitidwe kachilendo koma kowopsa), jajiyo ili ndi zida zochepa zoperekera lamulo.

Kufufuza Mantha Onse Aŵiri a Oweruza

Makhoti angachotse ntchito za maulamuliro ndi malamulo monga zosakhala zalamulo. Mwa mphamvu ya kupenda chiweruzo, achiweruzo amatumikira monga woyang'anira wamkulu pa malire a ulamuliro wa boma. Kudalirana kumeneku kumatsimikizira kuti palibe nthambi imene ingalamulire; iliyonse iyenera kugwirizana ndi inayo kuti ikwaniritse zolinga zake. Monga momwe [FLT: 0] USA.gov akufotokoza , “ U.S. Constitution ikhazikitsa dongosolo la macheke ndi malingana kuti palibe nthambi ina imene ikhale yamphamvu kwambiri.

Key ya kubwerako: Nthambi sizili zaufulu; zimayenderana ndipo nthaŵi zonse zimayenderana, kupanga ulamuliro wogwirizana ndi wokangana.

Nthanthi 5: Bwalo Lamilandu Lalikulu Ndilo Nthambi Yamphamvu Koposa

Atapatsidwa chikalata cha Court’ luso la kukhazikitsa malamulo ndi kapangidwe, anthu ambiri amalingalira kuti ndilo nthambi yamphamvu koposa. Komabe khoti lachiweruzo liri lofooka kwambiri. Lilibe mphamvu ya chikwama (kuyendetsa ndalama zoyendetsera), palibe ulamuliro wosungitsa (woyang'anira ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito zigamulo zake), ndipo palibe lamulo lofala (malamulo saikidwa ndi kutumikira maulamuliro a moyo). Khoti limadalira kotheratu pa nthambi zina kulemekeza ndi kukwaniritsa zosankha zake.

Kudalira Kukakamiza

Mu 1832, Bwalo Lapamwamba linagamula kuti, John Marshall wapanga chosankha chake; tsopano amusungitse. Georgia [1] Georgia kuti boma la Georgia silinathe kukhazikitsa malamulo ake ku Central America. Pulezidenti Andrew Jackson amatchulidwa motchuka kukhala akunena, “ John Marshall wachita chosankha chake; tsopano alole kuti aigwiritse ntchito. &rdque; Jackson anakana kuswa chigamulo, ndipo Khotilo silinamkakamize. Nkhani imeneyi imasonyeza kudalira kwa bungwe la judiary ’ kudalira nduna. Momwemo, pochita zimenezi, pulezidesidesidesiyu, Eisenhower anatumiza asilikali ku khoti la Aptics &quo; [FLB: FFF: FFOM] Poweruzapo, Roupson, woweruza wakufa.

Kulephera Kumanga Nyumba

Nyumba ya malamulo ingaikenso malire a Court’ mphamvu mwa kusintha ulamuliro wake, kusintha ukulu wake (mwachidziŵikire kusunthi kufikira ku khumi kufikira ku zisanu ndi ziŵiri) kapena kukhazikitsa zisinthiko za lamulo zimene zimalamulira zigamulo za Bwalo. Nthambi yachiweruzo siingayambitse kachitidwe; ingangoyankha mlandu woperekedwa. Motero, pamene Khoti Lapamwamba likuchita chisonkhezero chachikulu, silili nthambi yamphamvu koposa m’mawu opindulitsa. Nthambi yapamwamba imalamulira mphamvu yaikulu koposa, ndi kulamulira kwa asilikali, malamulo, ndi bungwe lalikulu la boma.

Key ya kubwerako: Khoti Lalikulu limadalira pa bwana kukakamiza zigamulo zake ndi pa Congress kusungitsa ntchito zake, kupangitsa nthambiyo kukhala yofooka kwambiri m’chigwirizano ndi mphamvu zosalimba.

Nthambi Yotsatira Malamulo Yosathandiza

Osuliza kaŵirikaŵiri amakana Congress kukhala “do-any ” chigwirizano chosokonezeka m'kukangana ndi kugaŵana kwa malamulo. Pamene kuli kwakuti ntchito za lamulo zatsika m'zaka makumi aposachedwapa, nthanthi imeneyi imanyalanyaza zopambanitsa za mbiri yakale zazikulu ndi mbali yake yofunika kwambiri m'demokrase yoluluza. Griplock si nthaŵi zonse chizindikiro cha kulephera; ingakhale chizindikiro cha Ayambitsi a ’ cholinga cha kuchepetsa masinthidwe aakulu ndi kukakamiza.

Malamulo Osonyeza Kuyenda kwa Dziko Anadutsa Ngakhale Kuti Anagaŵikana

Nyumba ya boma yakhazikitsa malamulo osintha ngakhale panthaŵi ya kugaŵanika kwakukulu. Chikalata cha ufulu wa anthu cha 1964 chinaperekedwa ndi chivoti choswa lamulo la Serten , kugonjetsa chitsutso cha kummwera. Chikalata cha Affordcable Care chinadutsa popanda voti imodzi ya ku Republic yomwe inapulumuka pa zitokoso zambiri za lamulo ndipo idakalibe maziko a chisamaliro cha zaumoyo ku America. Posachedwapa, zikalata za bipartis zachotsa Kongrestion ngakhale kuti mfundo zake n’zogawikana. Zitsanzo zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti Nyumba za Malamulo zikhoza kukhala zothandiza pamene misonkho ikukhala yapamwamba ndi atsogoleri a ntchito.

Ntchito ya Makomiti ndi Kudzisankhira

Malamulo amachedwa. Mabungwe ayenera kudutsa m'makomiti ambiri, makomiti ang'onoang'ono, makambitsirano a pansi, ndi makomiti a msonkhano kuti agwirizane kusiyana pakati pa Nyumba ndi Mabaibulo a Nyumba ya Malamulo. Mafaelo opangidwa mocholoŵanawa amalemba kapena kumvetsetsa. Masheya ambiri (kuposa 95% ya makhomatiki alionse) amalephera kukhala lamulo loletsa kuyambitsa, osati chilombo. John Adams ananenapo kuti, “ Panalibe democracy yomwe sinalipo yodzipha, ” ikutchula za kufunika kwa mayeso a bungwe lotsutsa chilakolako chotchuka. Congress, ndi mabungwe ake opangidwa ndi ziwinja za ziwitso, amatumikira monga maboliji pa kachitidwe kamodzi.

Key ya kubwerako: Pamene kuli kwakuti Nyumba za Malamulo zikhoza kukhala zochedwa ndi zosalongosoka, zasonyeza mobwerezabwereza kukhoza kwake kukhazikitsa malamulo aakulu, ndipo mkhalidwe wake woluluza uli mbali, osati cholakwika cha dongosolo.

Nthano Yachisanu: Lamulo ndi Chikalata Chosagwirizana ndi Malamulo

Aamereka ena amawona Malamulo kukhala mawu okhwima, osasintha amene ayenera kumasuliridwa ndendende monga momwe Opanga Mafulemu anamvetsetsera mu 1787. Kwenikweni, Malamulowo ali dongosolo lamoyo limene lasinthika kupyolera m'zosintha, kumasulira kwachiweruzo, ndi kusintha kogwira ntchito. AFramewo anayembekezera kusintha mwa kuphatikizapo njira ya kukonzanso mfundo V ndi kugwiritsira ntchito chinenero chachikulu chimene chingagwiritsiridwe ntchito ku mikhalidwe yamtsogolo.

Kukonzanso Zinthu

Chiyambire kukonzedwanso kwa Malamulo, anasinthidwa nthaŵi 27. Kubwezanso khumi koyamba (Malamulo a Ufulu) kunawonjezeredwa mwamsanga kutetezera ufulu wa munthu. Kuchotsaponso ukapolo (m'ma (m'ma 14,) , kutsimikizira kuti kutetezeredwa kofanana, kuletsa kuvotera kozikidwa pa fuko (15th), kugonana (198), kapena kufunsira misonkho (24), ndi kuchepetsa zaka zovota kufikira 18 (26). Kuchotsa kulikonse kumasonyeza kusunthidwa kwa ufulu wa munthu ndi kusonyeza chikalata cha ’s Personation. Oyambitsawo anapanga kuletsa mwadala kuletsa Lamulo (mapanga magawo aŵiri a nyumba ndi atatu a boma) koma osatheka.

Kumasulira Kwachiweruzo M’kupita kwa Nthaŵi

Supreme Court’ kumvetsetsa kwa Malamulo kwasintha modabwitsa. M’zaka za zana la 19, Khoti linachirikiza tsankho la fuko mu [FLT: 0] Pnety v. Ferguson (1896) ndi kenaka kusintha njira mu [[FLT:] Brown v [FF]. [FLT] v [FLT], [[FLT]] [3] [193] [19] [194] [4]] [Ikhoti yoyamba imakhulupirira kuti kuyenera kunyamula zida kunali kogwirizana ndi magulu ankhondo ([[FLT:]]] United States. Mikhalidwe yosadziŵika ndi yosadziŵika ndi kuunika kwa anthu. [Malamulo opatula: 1939], koma pambuyo pake amasintha mawu a munthu aliyense ([FLC]]]V.VFOFON].FUL; Controples.[7]

Key ya: Malamulo ndi chikalata champhamvu, cholinganizidwa kusinthidwa ndi kufotokozedwanso, kutsimikizira kufunika kwake kwa zaka mazana ambiri.

Kumaliza: Chifukwa Chake Kuchotsa Nthano

Kuzindikira nthambi zitatu za boma sikuli kokha kugwiritsa ntchito kwa maphunziro. Chidziŵitso cholongosoka cha mmene mphamvu imagawidwira ndi kufufuzidwa nchofunika pochititsa akuluakulu osankhidwa kukhala ndi mlandu, kupenda malamulo, ndi kutenga mbali m’moyo wa anthu. Nthano za nthambi za’ ntchito zingatsogolere ku kuphonya mkwiyo wa — mwachitsanzo, kuimbidwa mlandu Pulezidenti wa Congress ’ kulephera kuchitapo kanthu, kapena kuyembekezera Khoti Lapamwamba kuthetsa mavuto amene amafuna malamulo. Mwakuchotsapo malingaliro ofala asanu ndi aŵiriŵa, timachotsapo kusokonezeka ndi kuthandiza nzikazo kukhala ochirikiza kwambiri, omvera, omvera, ndi otengapo mbali m'demo mbali mu demokrase.

Luntha la dongosolo la Amereka lili pamlingo wake: nthambi ya malamulo imapanga malamulo, mkulu wa ntchito amawamasulira, ndipo oweruza akumasulira iwo — koma aliyense ali ndi chigamulo m'ma ’ ntchito. Kudalirana kumeneku sikuli chilombo kapena kulephera; ndiko chitetezo chimene chachirikiza republic kwa zaka zoposa mazana aŵiri. Anthu odziŵa bwino lomwe ndiwo kupenda kotheratu pa nthambi zonse zitatu, ndi kumvetsetsa chowonadi ponena za mmene iwo amagwirira ntchito iri sitepi loyamba la kuyesera mwanzeru.