Chisonkhezero Chokhalitsa: Mmene Lamulo la Dziko Lachilendo la Australia Limayambukirira Kukhazikika kwa Zandale mu Papua New Guinea

Unansi pakati pa Australia ndi Papua New Guinea (PNG) ndi umodzi wa zinthu zazikulu zokhala ndi zotulukapo za Bilateral mu Southwest Pacific. Kwa zaka zoposa zana limodzi, zosankha za malamulo za ku Australia zaumba mwachindunji madongosolo a PNG, maluso a chisungiko, ndi kutchuka kwa zachuma. Chiyambukiro chimenechi sichiri chabe mbiri; chikupitirizabe kusinthika, ndi bajeti iriyonse ya Australia ya chithandizo, njira zachitetezo, kapena kuloŵerera kwa madongosolo kwamphamvu kwa masinthidwe a ndale mu Port Moresby ndi kupitirira . Kumvetsetsa filimu imeneyi nkofunika pomvetsa mavuto aakulu ndi mipata yoyang'anizana ndi zisumbu za Pacific.

Maziko a Mbiri Yakale a Unansi wa M’chigwirizano Wachibadwidwe

Kuchoka pa Ulamuliro wa Atsamunda Kukayamba Ufulu wa Ukapolo

Ubwenzi wa Australia ndi Papua New Guinea unayamba mwamphamvu mkati mwa nyengo ya atsamunda. Kuyambira mu 1906, Australia anayang'anira Territo of Papua, ndi pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yadziko I, ilo linalamulira Chigwirizano cha Mitundu pa dziko lakale la Germany New Guinea. Maulamuliro aŵiriwa anapanga choloŵa cha maziko, malamulo, ndi mabungwe a maphunziro amene anatsanzira kwambiri anthu a ku Australia. Nyengo yotsatira Nkhondo ya Dziko II inakhala ndi kukula kofulumira, komabe unansiwo unakhalabe wotchuka kwambiri.

Kusintha kwa ufulu mu 1975 sikunachitike mwadzidzidzi. Australia inakonzekeretsa PNG kuti ikhale ndi mphamvu, ikumalangiza ndi kuchirikiza . Komabe, ubale wapambuyo pake unafotokozedwa mwa kudalirabe chithandizo cha Australia, chithandizo cha otetezera, ndi kuchirikiza atsamunda. Kudalira PNG kunayambitsa mphamvu yapadera: pamene PNG inakhala ndi ulamuliro wolamulira, kukhazikika kwake kwa ndale kunagwirizana kwambiri ndi malamulo a maiko akunja a Australia.

Nthaŵi ya Kudalirana Pambuyo pa Kutha kwa Ntchito: Kuthandizana ndi Kupsinjika Maganizo

Pambuyo pa 1975, malamulo achilendo a ku Australia kwa PNG anatsogozedwa ndi zolinga zitatu: kukhazikitsa bata la chigawo, kuteteza njira za kumpoto kwa Australia, ndi kupititsa patsogolo chuma. Zolinga zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zinagwirizana ndi zofuna za PNG, komanso zinayambitsa kusagwirizana. Mwachitsanzo, kuumirira kwa Australia pa ulamuliro wabwino kuti apereke chithandizo nthaŵi zina kunali kutsutsana ndi zochitika za ndale zadziko za PNG, kumene mabungwe ochirikiza boma ndi maulamuliro a kumaloko sagwirizana ndi cholinga cha Canberra cha kuyang'anira zinthu zooneka bwino.

Nthaŵi za mkangano zinabuka chifukwa cha nkhani zonga malire a West Papua-Papua New Guinea, kumene njira yanzeru ya ulamuliro wa Indonesia ya Australia inatsutsana ndi nkhaŵa za chisungiko ndi malamulo a PNG ndi malamulo a m'banja a magulu a ufulu a Kumadzulo kwa Papuan. Mofananamo, kuyendetsa kwa Australia ofunafuna kopulumukira pansi pa nyanja ya Pacific Socience, kuphatikizapo Manus Island Regional Proceting Centre , kunayambitsa mbali yachilendo m'mayanjano. Zochitika zimenezi zikusonyeza mmene malamulo a ku Australia a maiko akunja, ngakhale pamene apangidwa kaamba ka chitukuko cha chitukuko cha ndale cha PNG.

Mazikulu a Kampani ya Kunja kwa Australia Yokhudza PNG

Kugwirizana kwa Chitetezo ndi Unansi wa Kutetezera

Australia adakali mnzawo wamkulu wodzitetezera. Declaration on Security Cooperation (atsopano mu 2020) imapereka dongosolo la kuyang'anira ulendo wapanyanja, maphunziro a zankhondo, ndi zoyesayesa zolimbana ndi uchigaŵenga. Oyang'anira ankhondo a Australian A. Ofesi Otetezera ankhondo amaikidwa m'malo otetezera a PNG, ndi malonda okhazikika a sitima zankhondo za Australia amathandiza kuyang'anira malo aakulu a PNG a m'nyanja.

Ngakhale kuti madongosolo a PNG amathandiza kuti anthu asamavutike ndi zinthu zimene zingawateteze, amathandizanso kuti apolisi a ku Australia azitha kudziteteza okha.

Chithandizo cha Zachuma ndi Chitukuko

Australia ndilo chopereka chachikulu koposa cha PNG, kupereka pafupifupi AUD $600 miliyoni pachaka pansi pa . . Kupereka kumeneku kwa ndalama zothandizira thanzi (makamaka thanzi la mayi ndi mwana), maphunziro, zomanga, ndi ulamuliro. Maprogramu a Aid athandizira kuwongolera kwenikweni: Kulemba mankhwala a katemera kwawonjezeka, kulembetsa sukulu kwakula, ndipo kugwirizanitsa kwa zoyendera kwawonjezeka.

Komabe kudalira chithandizo kuli ndi zotsatirapo za ndale zadziko. Pamene chithandizo cha Australia chigwirizanitsidwa ndi mikhalidwe . monga ngati kusintha kwa ziphuphu kapena chilango chamalire PNG ndi nzika zingaonedwe kukhala kutsutsa ulamuliro. Kusintha kwa chithandizo chotsatira kulephera kwa kugamula kwa utsogoleri kwakhala, nthaŵi zina, kuyambitsa mavuto a ndale zadziko, monga momwe atsogoleri akunenera boma la Australia za kuloŵerera. Komabe, chithandizo chotsimikizirika ndi chosasinthika chingakhazikitse madongosolo andale mwa kulola kulinganiza kwa nthaŵi yaitali. Kulinganiza pakati pa kusokonezeka ndi kugwirizana ndiko vuto lalikulu muunansiwo.

Malonda ndi Kuikiza Ndalama

Kudalirana kwa zachuma kumayenderana kwambiri. Australia ndi malonda aakulu kwambiri a PNG kugulitsa kunja ndipo ndi gwero lalikulu la malonda achilendo, makamaka m'chigawo cha mpweya wachilengedwe (LNG). PNG LNG, wogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Exxonmobil ndi wochirikizidwa ndi makampani a Australia, wabweretsa ndalama zambiri za boma komanso wayambitsa mavuto. Kukwera kwa chuma cha ndalama kungasonkhetse ndale zapamwamba zochirikiza boma, kubwereka lendi, ndi kukangana pa kugaŵira phindu.

Malamulo achilendo a Australia amayesa kuchepetsa ngozi zimenezi mwa mapangano a malonda ndi madongosolo a zamalonda amene amachirikiza kuonekera kwa kuonekera ndi kutengamo mbali kwa malo. Komabe, mlingo waukulu wa kuloŵerera kwa makampani a Australia umatanthauza kuti ntchito zachinsinsi za boma . Nthaŵi zina zingakhudze bata landale. Makampani a Australia kumene aimbidwa mlandu wa kuwononga malo okhala kapena kukambirana kosakwanira kwa chitaganya kwabutsa zitsutso ndi mikangano ya ndale zadziko, zimene zimafuna kuloŵerera m'zandale.

Kulamulira Osamuka ndi O malire

Chiyambi cha ndende ya Manus Island chikupitirizabe kugwirizanitsa anthu a mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Ngakhale kuti yunivesiteyi inatsekedwa mu 2017, ntchito yake kuyambira 2012 mpaka 2017 inaika PNG pamalo apakati a boma la Australia lotsutsana ndi boma. Makonzedwewa, okhazikitsidwa pansi pa boma la PNG-Australia, kusokoneza malamulo a boma, anapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala ndi nkhawa za chitetezo, ndipo anabutsa kutsutsana. Kulephera kwa ndale kunayambitsa mikangano yapanyumba ku PNG yokhudza ulamuliro ndi kulowa m'dziko la Australia.

Malamulo amakono osamuka savuta kwambiri, koma cholinga cha Australia chofuna kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito njira zobwezera kumbuyo PNG. Mwachitsanzo, ku Australia kuchirikiza mphamvu ya kuletsa malire a PNG kumakhudza mmene Port Moresby amayang'anira malire ake ndi Indonesia ndi malire ake a nyanja ndi Solomon Islands. Kusokonezeka kulikonse kwa malamulo kungachotseretu kusakhazikika kwa malo, makamaka m'madera a malire kumene anthu amayendayenda kwambiri.

Kusintha kwa Chisonkhezero pa Zandale

Kulimbikitsa Kapena Kufooketsa Maseŵera?

Malamulo a maiko akunja a Australia kaŵirikaŵiri amalinganiza kulimbitsa mabungwe a boma la PNG mwa chithandizo cha zopangapanga, maphunziro a zauchigamulo, ndi maprogramu a kukonzanso mbali za boma. Mwachitsanzo, PNG-Australia Law and Justice Parneship yachirikiza kuyang'anira khoti ndi ntchito za apolisi. Kuyesayesa kumeneku kungakulitse mphamvu ya boma ya kuyang'anira mikangano, kuchirikiza lamulo, ndi kuchititsa masankhonya .

Komabe, kulimbikitsana kwa boma kungakhale ndi zotsatira zosayembekezereka. Pamene opereka zinthu apanga madongosolo oyenderana kapena kuchepetsa luso la kumaloko kukhala ntchito zauphungu, iwo angawonongenso mphamvu ya dzikolo. Komanso ngati kusintha zinthu kumaoneka ngati kochitidwa kunja, iwo sangakhoze kukhazikitsa lamulo ndi kulephera kukhazikitsa maziko a ndalama. Kusiya kwa ku Australia kwa chithandizo cha National Health kwa bungwe la PNG chifukwa cha kusasamala zinthu kunasonyeza mmene kuthandizira kungasokonezere ntchito za boma, zomwe zingapangitse kuti anthu asiyene ndi kupondereza boma.

Ntchito ya Kuchotsa Magazi ndi Kuchotsa Magazi

Australia kaŵirikaŵiri imagwira ntchito monga nkhoswe yaulankhuli wa nkhondo zapamkati pa PNG. Mkati mwa mavuto a Bougainville mu 1988-1988, akuluakulu a boma la Australia anachita mbali yaikulu m'kukhazikitsa makambitsirano a mtendere, potsirizira pake ku Bougainville Peace Audition ndi kukhazikitsa kwa mtendere pomalizira pake. Kulengeza kumeneku kunali kofunika kwambiri kuthetsera nkhondo yosakaza ya PNG yomwe inawopsezeratu umphumphu wa dziko la PNG.

Mofananamo, Australia waphatikizidwa m'maseŵero a kupenda masankho, kuletsa mayanjano m'chigawo cha Highlands, ndi kuchirikiza Ministerial Reference Group pa chiwawa cha mafuko. Kuloŵerera kwa makampani kumeneku kungachotse mavuto ndi kukulitsa chidaliro pakati pa magulu opikisana. Komabe lingaliro lakuti Australia ikuchita mbali kapena kusonkhezera kosayenerera lingachititsenso kukwiya. Chitokoso n’chakuti popanda kutsutsa, ndi kuchirikiza njira zothetsera nkhondo za PNG m'zoloŵera mmalo mwa kuzichotsa.

Kusintha kwa Maboma

Malamulo achilendo a ku Australia samayesa kusankha mwachindunji atsogoleri a PNG, koma zizindikiro zake n’zofunika. Kulimbikitsa kwa Australia kapena kusamva bwino kwa anthu ena andale, konenedwa ndi anthu onse kapena kutomerana, kungayambitse malingaliro apamwamba. Mwachitsanzo, pamene akuluakulu a Australia atama kufufuza kapena kutsutsa ziphuphu zina zimene boma lizengereza, amatumiza mauthenga amene amasokoneza ndale zadziko za PNG.

Panthaŵi za kusakhazikika kwa ndale zadziko .Monga ngati kusadalirana kwambiri kumene kunagwetsedwa maboma mu 2010 . Australia kaimidwe kangatsimikizire misika ndi mabwenzi a mitundu yonse kapena kukayikira. Chisankho cha 2019, chimene chinachititsa James Marape kukhala Nduna Yaikulu, chinaona chichilikizo cha Australia chomwe chinathandiza kuletsa kusinthako. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, zochitika zimene akazembe a Australia aimbidwa mlandu wa kusokoneza zinthu 2016 Bougainville monga m'sankho.

Kukula kwa Zandale ndi Zachigawo

Zosonkhezera Mpikisano: China ndi Mphamvu Zina

Kukula kwa China ku Pacific kwasinthanso lamulo la ku Australia la PNG . Australia tsopano akupikisana ndi China chifukwa cha mphamvu za chuma, kugwirizana kwa chitetezo, ndi maprogramu othandizira. Belt ndi Road Initive imapatsa PNG magwero ena a chitukuko, kaŵirikaŵiri okhala ndi mikhalidwe yochepera ya ulamuliro kuposa chithandizo cha Australia. Pamene zimenezi zingachepetse kudalira kwa PNG pa Australia, imachititsanso maluso atsopano a ndale zadziko: Maprojekiti a Chitchaina asuliridwa kaamba ka ntchito zaukapolo, kusungidwa kwa ngongole, ndi nkhani za kuwonana kwa zinthu.

Malamulo akunja a Australia achitapo kanthu mwa kuwonjezera kusungitsa ndalama zake zapamwamba . monga ngati AUD $300 miliyoni ku Papua New Guinea Electrification Prebiated ship((ndipo mwa kugogomezera kufunika kwa ndalama zooneka. Mpikisano umenewu ungachirikize malo ochitira malonda a PNG, koma ungakhalenso pangozi ya kusandutsa PNG kukhala malo ankhondo andale zadziko. Andale zadziko angagwiritsire ntchito njira zopikisana ndi phindu lawo, kudodometsa chivomerezo chofunikira kaamba ka kupanga malamulo ogwirizana.

Funso la Bougainville ndi Lamulo la Australia

Kudziimira pawekha kwa Bougainville kwakhala limodzi la nkhani zamphamvu kwambiri muunansi wa Biladayo. 2019 attendentum inavota 98% ya ufulu, koma chotulukapo chake nchakuti sikumagwirizanitsa ndipo kumafuna kubwezeredwa ndi nyumba ya malamulo ya dziko la PNG. Kaimidwe ka Australia kakhala kochenjera: kachirikiza zotsatirapo za njira yofunsira koma kamagogomezera kuti kusintha kulikonse kuyenera kukhala kwamtendere ndi kwalamulo.

Malamulo a maiko akunja a Australia amakhudza nkhani ya Bougainville m’njira zingapo. Choyamba, maprogramu othandizira kuyanjanitsa ndi kulamulira ku Bougainville, Australia angathandize kuletsa kubwereranso m'nkhondo. Chachiŵiri, mwa kupereka chizindikiro chopitiriza kuchirikiza kulimba kwa PNG, Australia ikulimbikitsa malo a boma ku Port Moresby. Chachitatu, pangano la mgwirizano la Australia ndi atsogoleri odziimira paokha limapereka njira yolankhulira. Kukhazikika kwa PNG kwa ndale za PNG kumagwirizana ndi mmene nkhani ya Bougainville imathetsedwera; zotsatira zake zimaonedwa kukhala zosayenera ndi gulu lalikulu lililonse.

Mavuto mu Unansi wa Pabanja

Kudera Nkhaŵa za Ulamuliro ndi Zothetsa Nzeru za Pabanja

Chitokoso chosatha ndicho lingaliro lakuti lamulo lachilendo la Australia limatcha PNG kukhala boma la ogula malonda. Otsutsa a PNG ndi anthu a m'dzikolo kaŵirikaŵiri amadandaula za “utsamunda wa boma.” Maganizo ameneŵa angagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi andale zadziko ofunafuna kuchotsapo chidwi pa zolephera za m'banja. Pamene maulendo a akazembe a Australia akhala nthaŵi zosuliza anthu, amasonyeza kusokonezeka kwa unansi umene ungalimbikitse kulankhula motsutsana ndi boma.

Kuyang'anira nkhani za ulamuliro kumafuna opanga malamulo a Australia kudutsa pa zimene akufuna. Ubwenzi weniweni umatanthauza kumvetsera zinthu zofunika kwambiri za PNG, kulemekeza njira zake zopangira zosankha, ndi kuvomereza kuti kukhazikika kwa ndale zadziko kwa PNG sikuli cholinga cha Australia koma kuyesayesa kwa PNG. Programu zimene zimalimbitsa kukhala ndi mwini wa kumaloko . Kunga ngati chitsanzo chothandiza choyenera choyendetsedwa ndi Kokada Initifikiretie .

Ukulu wa Mitengo Yamphamvu ndi Ukulu Wogwira Ntchito

Kukhoza kwa PNG kugwiritsira ntchito bwino chithandizo cha ku Australia kumadodometsedwa ndi mphamvu za maulamuliro opereŵera, ndalama zolipira msonkho wochepa, ndi malo apamwamba osungirako zinthu. Ndalama zothandizira anthu zingawonongedwe kapena kuposedwa ngati madongosolo a zachuma a PNG satha kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama. Kubuka kwa chikuku kwa 2018, kogwirizana ndi kulephera kwa katemera ngakhale kuti apeza ndalama zambiri ku Australia, kunasonyeza mavuto a mphamvu ya kuyendetsa zinthu.

Pamene chithandizo cha Australia chilephera kupereka zotulukapo zowoneka, chimafooketsa chidaliro cha anthu ponse paŵiri pa programu ya chithandizo ndi boma la PNG . Zimenezi zingayambitse kusakhazikika kwa ndale zadziko pamene nzika zikuimba mlandu atsogoleri awo chifukwa cha kusagwira bwino ntchito kapena ziphuphu. Kulephera kuyendetsa ntchito kumafuna kuikizira kwanthaŵi yaitali mu utumiki wapoyera wa PNG, chinthu chimene lamulo la dziko la Australia layesa mwa chithandizo cha makina koma chimene chidakali chitokoso chosalekeza.

Kutetezeka kwa Malo Okhala ndi Kuzizira

Kusintha kwa nyengo kumachititsa kuti pakhale chiwopsezo cha kukhazikika kwa ndale ku PNG. Kukwera kwa nyanja, kuchuluka kwa mphepo yamkuntho, ndi kusintha kwa kayendedwe ka mvula kumawononga chakudya ndi kusamuka. Lamulo la ku Australia lokhudza kusintha kwa nyengo ndi kuchuluka kwa nyengo. Mwachidziwikire, linayamba mochenjera ndi dziko lonse lapansi koma likutsutsidwabe ndi mayiko a Pacific chifukwa chosachita zokwanira. Boma la PNG, lodalira pa kukwera kwa chuma, likugwidwa pakati pa zolinga za kukula ndi kusintha kwa nyengo.

Kuchirikiza kusintha kwa nyengo kukhoza kulimbikitsa anthu ovutika, koma ngati alingaliridwa kukhala osakwanira kapena ongopeka, kumawonjezera mavuto. Kusinthasintha kwa nyengo ku Australia-PNG Change Active Stainship , kosainidwa mu 2021, kumafuna kuwonjezera kugwirizana, koma kuyesako kukuchitika. Kukhazikika kwa ndale zadziko poyang'anizana ndi nyengo kudzadalira kwambiri pa mmene maiko onse aŵiriwo amagwirizanirana bwino.

Mipata Yolimbitsira Ubwenzi

Kumanga Ubwenzi Wofanana Kwambiri

Chiphunzitso cha “Unansi wa Chiyuvale” (banja), wochirikizidwa ndi maboma onse aŵiri, chimapereka maziko a kulemekezana. Mmalo mwa lamulo la ku Australia lakunja lochirikiza maprogramu onse. Kupita ku njira za chigawo mmalo mwa kukhazikitsa ndalama zothandizira ntchito kumapangitsa PNG kukhazikitsa zinthu zofunika za dziko pamene Australia imapereka chichirikizo chotsimikizirika. Zimenezi zimachepetsa lingaliro la kuloŵerera ndi kulimbitsa unduna wa ma PNG.

Kuzungulira Zisumbu za Pacific ndi Chikumbo cha Chigawo

Australia angagwiritse ntchito mapulogalamu ambiri kuti awonjezere mawu a PNG ndi kuthandizana kukhazikitsa bata. Zisumbu za Pacific Forum (PIF) zimapereka malo osungirako chitetezo kwa anthu onse, kugwirizana kwa zachuma, ndi kulankhulana kwa ndale. Mwachitsanzo, chikalata cha Biketawa chilolezo cha kuloŵerera m’madera panthaŵi ya mavuto, ndi kuvomereza moyenerera. Kuchirikiza kwa Australia njira za PIF kumatsimikizira kuti zoyesayesa zokhazikika sizikuchitika ndi Canberra yekha.

Kusungitsa Chisungiko cha Anthu

Kukhazikika kwa ndale zadziko mu PNG kumayambika chifukwa cha ubwino wa anthu ake. Malamulo a ku Australia angasinthe maganizo a anthu apamwamba kuchoka ku mapangano apamwamba ndi kukhala otetezera udzu: kukhoza kupeza thanzi, maphunziro, chilungamo, ndi mwaŵi wa zachuma. Maprogramu amene amagogomezera mphamvu za akazi, ntchito zaunyamata, ndi apolisi a m'chitaganya asonyeza lonjezo la kuchepetsa nkhondo. MPNG-Australia Health Preniship [[FLD:1] ndi chitsanzo chimodzi cha mmene kudalira kwa moyo wa kumidzisungira kwa kumidzi kuliri.

Kumaliza

Malamulo achilendo a Australia ali ogwirizana kwambiri ndi ndale zadziko za Papua New Guinea. Kuyambira pa choloŵa cha dziko lapanthaŵi ino kufika pa maprogramu othandizira, kutetezera, ndi kugwirizanitsa kwa maulamuliro, zosankha za Australia zili ndi ziyambukiro zenizeni ndi zokhalitsa pa kukhazikika kwa ndale zadziko za PNG. Unansiwo suli wopindulitsa kwenikweni kapena wovulaza kwenikweni . N’ngwovuta, wopikisana nawo, ndipo nthaŵi zonse. Upandu waukulu uli poona PNG kukhala wongolandira malamulo a Australia mmalo mwa kukhala mnzake wachifumu ndi bungwe lake ndi zolinga zake.

Kuti athetse mavuto a ndale, lamulo la dziko la Australia liyenera kuyendera bwino pakati pa chisonkhezero ndi kusokonezeka. Liyenera kulemekeza ulamuliro wa PNG pamene likuchirikiza kwambiri; liyenera kuzindikira kupereŵera kwa kuloŵerera kwa kunja kwina pogwiritsa ntchito mipata ya kugwirizana kwenikweni. Pamene dera la Pacific likukhala ndi kusintha kwa kayendedwe ka dziko ndi malo okhala, mphamvu ya unansi wa Australia-PNG idzayesedwa.