Chiyambi cha Malamulo a Kusankha Prezidenti

United States Constitution, yomwe inavomerezedwa mu 1788, inayambitsa njira yatsopano yosankhira mkulu wamkulu wa dzikolo. Isanatengedwe, Theage of Confederation inalibe nthambi yapamwamba, kusiyira mtunduwo popanda mtsogoleri mmodzi. Olemba mafomu anatsutsana kwambiri pa msonkhano wa Philadelphia mu 1787 ponena za mmene angasankhire pulezidenti. Nthumwi zina zina zinakonda kusankha mwachindunji munthu, pamene zina zina zina zinafuna kuti Congress asankhe pulezidenti. Pamapeto pake zinapanga kulolera kuwonjezera Electoral College, bungwe lapadera limene limalinganiza boma ndi mphamvu ya boma pamene zikuteteza kusankha kwapamwamba.

Mfundo II ya Konsichushoni imayala maziko oyambirira a chisankho cha pulezidenti. Ilo limatchula amene angavote, mmene osankha amasankhidwira, ndi zimene zimachitika pamene palibe wobatizidwa apambana ambiri. Opanga mafaelowo mwadala anasiya tsatanetsatane wambiri ku Congress ndi maboma, akumalola dongosololo kusintha kwa nthaŵi kupyolera mwa malamulo ndi kusintha kwa malamulo. Kusintha kumeneku kwatsimikizira kukhala kofunika pamene dziko lofutukuka kuchokera ku maiko khumi ndi atatu kufika ku makumi asanu ndi atatu ndi atatu ndi monga lofutukulidwa kuchokera kwa eni a zinthu a amuna a ku chifupifupi nzika zonse zachimuna pa zaka khumi mphambu zisanu ndi zisanu ndi zitatu.

Kuzindikira zimene Konsichushoni ikunena ponena za chisankho cha pulezidenti kumafuna kulekanitsa malemba oyambirira kuchokera ku kusintha ndi malamulo a boma omwe tsopano akulamulira ntchitoyo. Konsichushoni imakhazikitsa pulani ya maziko, koma lamulo la boma limadzaza tsatanetsatane wogwira ntchito. Maboma amasunganso ulamuliro waukulu pansi pa Mfundo II, imene ikunena kuti boma lililonse lidzasankha osankhidwa "m'maniste wonga Manislation project . Chinenerochi chapereka malo aakulu pa kulowa, chilolezo cha voti, ndi dongosolo la masankhoti.

Njira ya Electoral College System

Nkhani Yachiŵiri, Chigawo 1

Malamulo oyambirira amapereka kuti boma lililonse liike chiŵerengero cha osankho olingana ndi kuimira kwake konse mu Congress — chiŵerengero cha Asator (nthaŵi zonse aŵiri) ndi oimira ake (okhala ndi anthu). Malamulo ameneŵa akutanthauza maboma aang'ono kwambiri amene ali ndi chisonkhezero chosiyana kwambiri ndi anthu. Mwachitsanzo, Wyoming ali ndi mavoti atatu osankhidwa ndi ochepera pa 600,000, pamene California ali ndi makumi asanu ndi anayi m’miyanda ya anthu. Mavoti a munthu aliyense amasankhidwa ndi osankhidwa pafupifupi nthaŵi zitatu kuposa California.

Ofufuza amakumana m'maboma awo ndi kuponya mavoti a pulezidenti ndi wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti. Malamulo amafuna kuti pakhale mmodzi wa osankhidwa amene sadzakhala nzika ya boma la wosankhi. Lamulo limeneli limaletsa kupititsa patsogolo oyembekezera okondedwa ndi kulimbikitsa mgwirizano wa mitundu. Malamulo oyambirira anapereka mavoti aŵiri a pulezidenti, ndi wothamangayo amene anakhala pulezidenti. Dongoli linapanga chisankhoti cha 1796 ndi chisankho cha 1800, chimene chinatsogolera mwachindunji ku Twelf Confection.

Mpumulo wa Khumi ndi Chisanu

Ratified in 1804, the Twelfth Amendment fundamentally changed how electors vote. Instead of casting two undifferentiated ballots for president, electors now cast one ballot specifically for president and a separate ballot for vice president. If no candidate receives a majority of electoral votes for president, the House of Representatives chooses from the top three candidates, with each state delegation casting one vote. If no candidate receives a majority for vice president, the Senate chooses from the top two candidates. The Constitution Annotated provides detailed analysis of these contingency procedures.

Kusintha kumeneku kunachititsa kuti pakhale masankho ambiri oyenera kuchitidwa ndipo kwachepetsa ngozi ya kugontha kwa munthu. Nyumbayi yagwiritsa ntchito kaŵiri kokha kuyambira 1804: m'masankho a mu 1824 ndi 1876. M'nkhani ziwiri zonsezi, Nyumbayi inasankha pulezidenti amene sanapeze chisankho chotchuka kapena chisankho chosankhidwa, kusonyeza mphamvu zapadera za masankho a mavoti.

Ofufuza ndi Boma Opanda Chikhulupiriro

Malamulo sanena chilichonse ponena za kaya osankha ayenera kutsatira chisankho chawo chotchuka. Kutonthola kumeneku kunayambitsa mkangano wa zaka mazana ambiri wokhudza "Osankhi osakhulupira" — osankha amene amavota motsutsana ndi chitsimikizo chawo. Maboma ambiri anapereka malamulo ogwirizana ndi osankha pa chivoti chotchuka, koma malemba a Malamulo amapereka osankhidwawo chiweruzo chodziimira. Khoti Lapamwamba linathetsa funso limeneli mu 2020 mu Chifalo v. Washington, pochita kunena kuti angaumirize ndi kuchotsa oweruza osakhulupirira. Khotilo linatsimikizira kuti lamulo la lamulo la ufulu mu [Progion pa ka kachitidwe ka II]

Ziyeneretso za Utsogoleri

Zofunika za Malamulo

Mfundo II, Chigawo 1 chikhazikitsa ziyeneretso zitatu za unduna. Pulezidenti ayenera kukhala nzika yachibadwa, pafupifupi zaka makumi atatu ndi zisanu, ndi wokhala ku United States kwa zaka zosachepera khumi ndi zinayi. Ziyeneretso zimenezi zimaoneka ngati zolunjika, koma zachititsa mafunso alamulo. Chiganizo cha nzika zachibadwa chakhala chikukambidwa kwambiri, makamaka m'nkhani ya makolo oyembekezera kubadwa ku dziko lina. Bungwe silinapereke lamulo lolongosola kuti "mwana wachibadwa" molongosoka, kusiya makhoti kuti afotokozere mawuwo pamene mavuto abuka.

Chiyeneretso cha msinkhu ndicho chongofunikira kutsutsana, popeza kuti oyembekezera kulowawo amapitirira kwambiri. pulezidenti wamng'ono koposa amene anasankhidwapo anali John F. Kennedy pa makumi anayi ndi atatu, ndipo wamng'ono kwambiri kulowa mu ofesi anali Theodore Roosevelt pa makumi anayi ndi aŵiri pambuyo pa kuphedwa kwa William McKinley. Chifunitso cha kukhala ndi moyo chimafunikira zaka khumi ndi zinayi kukhala "nain" ku United States, koma sichimalongosola kaya zakazo ziyenera kukhala zotsatizana kapena kaya nthaŵi ikhale yokwanira kuzungulira chiwonkhomale.

Mpumulo Wa 20 Wogwirizana

Mu 1951, bungwe la Franklin D. Roosevelt linakhazikitsa malamulo aŵiri oletsa mapresidenti. Limaperekanso kuti wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti amene apambana pa udindo wa pulezidenti ndi kutumikira zaka zoposa ziŵiri za dzina la woyambirira angasankhidwe kamodzi kokha. Kusintha kumeneku kumatsatira Franklin D. Roosevelt ndi kudera nkhaŵa za mphamvu ya ulamuliro. Kusinthako kumagwira ntchito posankha okha, choncho pulezidenti amene amatumikira zaka zosachepera ziŵiri za zaka za ulamuliro wachiŵiri wa kumbuyoko angafunebe mawu aŵiri apadera.

Kusintha kwa Zakumwa ndi Kuswa Malamulo kwa 14

Chigawo 3 cha 14th Amendment chimachotsa ku ofesi ya boma aliyense amene analumbira kuchirikiza Malamulo ndiyeno kugalukira kapena kupandukira United States. Makonzedwe ameneŵa, omwe anali okonzedwa kwa kale Conferates, posachedwapa alandira chisamaliro chatsopano m'nkhani ya January 6, 2021 youkira Capitol. Nyumba za Malamulo zingachotse kuchotsedwa kwa chivoti cha zipinda ziŵiri. Congress Research Service yafalitsa kufufuza kwa Chigawo 3 cha chisankho cha pulezidenti pa chisankho .

Nthaŵi Yosankha ndi Malamulo Ofa Pansi pa Malamulo

Tsiku Losankha

Malamulo satchula deti la chisankho cha pulezidenti. Ilo limavomereza kugamula nthaŵi ya kusankha osankha ndi tsiku limene amavota. Msonkhano wakhazikitsa Tsiku la Chisankho Lachiŵiri loyamba pambuyo pa Lolemba loyamba mu November 1845. Deti limeneli likuchitika pakati pa November 2 ndi November 8, kutsimikizira kuti masankho achitika pambuyo pa kututa koma nyengo yachisanu isanaletsedwe kuyenda m’zaka za zana la 19.

Maboma ali ndi ufulu wokhazikitsa maola ofufuza ndi nyengo za kuvota mofulumira m'dongosolo limeneli. Mayiko ambiri tsopano amapereka mwamsanga mavoti ndi kuvota, machitidwe amene achirikizidwa ndi makhoti mogwirizana ndi lamulo la chisankho cha boma. Kudekha kwa Malamulo pa kuvota kumapereka ufulu wokwanira ku maboma, malinga ngati saswa chitetezo chofanana kapena zitsimikizo zina za lamulo.

Msonkhano wa ku Koleji wa Electoral

Malamulo amafuna osankhidwa kukumana tsiku limodzimodzilo m'dziko lonselo, limene Nyumba ya Malamulo yakhazikitsa monga Lolemba loyamba pambuyo pa Lachitatu lachiŵiri mu December. Msonkhano umenewu "Umenewu" umachitika ku likulu la boma lililonse, osati ku msonkhano wa dziko limodzi. Opereka mapepala olembedwa pa pulezidenti ndi pulezidenti, amene kenaka amatumizidwa kwa Pulezidenti wa Nyumba ya Malamulo, Archivist wa United States, ndi akuluakulu a boma. Misonkhano ya boma yogaŵikana, osati msonkhano wa dziko lonse, imachepetsa upandu wa kuyendetsa kapena kuloŵerera kwa dziko ku malo amodzi.

Kuŵerenga Zopanga Zokongola

Malamulo amafuna Pulezidenti wa Nyumba ya Malamulo kutsegula ndi kuŵerengera mavoti osankhidwa pamaso pa nyumba zonse ziŵiri za Congress. Chigawo chimenechi chimachitika pa January 6 pambuyo pa chisankho, monga momwe chinakhazikitsidwa ndi Electoral Count Act ya 1887, monga momwe inasinthidwira ndi Electoral Count Reformation Act ya 2022. Pulezidenti, monga Pulezidenti wa Nyumba ya Malamulo, amayang'anira kuŵerengera koma ali ndi ntchito yautumiki yokha. Kusintha 20222 kunamasulira kuti udindo wa Pulezidenti wa Pulezidenti ndi wa Price ndi mwambo weniweni, kuchotsapotoza ntchito yosatsatsa malonda 2020.

Tsiku Lopereka Chifuniro cha Kuperekedwa kwa Ansembe

Mpando wa za kugamulapo wa Twentieth Amendment, umene unavomerezedwa mu 1933, unasamuka ku Inaugtion Day kuyambira pa March 4 mpaka January 20. Kusintha kumeneku kunafupikitsa nyengo ya "bande lalame" pakati pa chisankho cha November ndi chiyambi cha dzina latsopano. Chikonzero chimaperekanso kuti ngati pulezidenti wa presidenti afa asanatenge udindo, wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti akakhala pulezidenti akakhala pulezidenti. Ngati pulezidenti wachiŵiri wa Inuucty Day asankhidwa ndi Intauty, pulezidenti wa pulezidenti wosankha ntchito monga pulezidenti mpaka kuyenerera. Makonzedwe ameneŵa atsimikizira kuti utsogoleri wauyang'a wamkulu apitirize ntchito.

Zochita za Mabungwe ndi Kutsutsana

Kuŵerenga ndi Kutsutsa

Electoral Count Reform Act ya 2022 inawongolera kwambiri njira yoŵerengera mavoti osankhidwa ndi kuthetsa mikangano. Pansi pa lamulo lamakono, kutsutsa mavoti a boma kuyenera kuperekedwa mwa kulemba ndi chifupifupi theka la mamembala a nyumba ndi nyumba ya malamulo — chitseko chapamwamba kwambiri kuposa chofunika chakale cha chiŵalo chimodzi chokha kuchokera kuchipinda chimodzi. Kutsutsa kumayambitsa mkangano wolekezera kwa maola aŵiri, kutsatiridwa ndi mavoti m’chipinda chimodzi. Nyumba ziŵirizo ziyenera kuvomerezana kuchirikiza chitsutso kaamba ka kupambana kwake. Kusintha kumeneku kunachititsa kachitidwe kangale kotsekedwa ndi kuŵerengera kwa chigawo chimodzi chokha cha maseŵera a m'chipinda chimodzi.

Zosankha Zofunika M’nyumba

Pamene palibe pulezidenti wosankhidwa ndi voti yaikulu ya mavoti a boma, Telfth Amendment imalangiza Nyumba ya Oimira kuti isankhe pulezidenti. Nyumbayo imavota ndi nthumwi za boma, ndi kuvotera boma limodzi. Njira imeneyi imachepetsa mphamvu ya maboma aakulu ndi kuchepetsa mphamvu ya maboma aang'ono. Wosankha ayenera kulandira mavoti kuchokera kwa nthumwi zambiri za boma — pafupifupi makumi aŵiri ndi asanu ndi limodzi mwa makumi asanu — kupambana. Nyumbayo yagwiritsira ntchito kaŵiri kokha: mu 1801 ndi 1825. Nyumbanso imasankha prezidenti wa bungwe losankha chisankho, ndi Sentente aliyense wopanga voti ya munthu payekha.

Mbali ya Khoti Lalikulu

Malamulo samapereka mwachindunji Bwalo Lapamwambalo mbali m'masankho a pulezidenti, koma Bwalo lamilandu lakhazikitsa mikangano yambiri yokhudzana ndi masankho. Khotilo linagamula chisankho cha 2000 cha pulezidenti mu Bush v. Gore, kuimitsa Florida kuŵerengera ndi kupereka malo kwa George W. Bush. Bush. Posachedwapa, Khoti lolankhula ndi osankhidwa ndi osakhulupirira mu Chifalo v. Washington [1] ndi Revisionings in [FLT:] [FLT:]. [FLT] Ricov] ndi . Coustlsect. Courtlsect . Court ikulugants of Convectivessions Couptionssion kukhazikitsa malamulo oyendetseration ndi ku progarvement, pamene ilo.

Kusintha Malamulo Kulepheretsa Pulezidenti Kusankha

Kusintha kosiyanasiyana kwa malamulo kwakula ndi kuwongolera masankho a pulezidenti kupyola pa kakonzedwe ka poyamba. Kusintha kumeneku kumasonyeza kumvetsetsa kosintha kwa mtundu kwa demokrase, kufanana, ndi ulamuliro.

  • Mpambo wa Khumi ndi Imodzi (1804) — mavoti osankhidwa a pulezidenti ndi wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti, kukonzanso njira za masankho a masankho.
  • Fitenth Amendment [1870] — kuchotsa mafuko mwa kuvota, ngakhale kuti lamulo loletsa kugamula linakhala lofooka kwa pafupifupi zaka zana limodzi.
  • Seventeenth Amendment (1913) — Yopangidwira kusanthula mwachindunji a Senator, yoyambukira zisankho za pulezidenti mwa kupanga makhomageti a boma kukhala osafunika kwambiri pa masankho a boma.
  • Ninetenth Amendment (1920) — kuzunza akazi, kuŵirikiza kaŵiri ndawala ya kusanthula ndi kubwezeranso pulezidenti.
  • Treieth Amendment (1933)] — Guide Kusintha Tsiku mpaka January 20 ndipo inakhazikitsa njira zotsatizana.
  • [22] Demendment-Second Amendment (1951) — Mapresidenti olekezedwa ku mawu aŵiri, okhudza mphamvu za kulimba.
  • [22-Third Amend Amendment (1961)] — mavoti ovomerezedwa ku Chigawo cha Columbia, kupatsa nzika za likulu la dzikolo zoimira pulezidenti m'masankho.
  • Kusintha kwa Fourth Amendment (1964) — misonkho ya kufunsira m'masankho a boma, kuchotsa chopinga kusankhira anthu otsika olandira ndalama, makamaka ku Southernern.
  • Kusintha kwa mlingo wa mapepala kwa makumi aŵiri ndi atatu (1971) — Kuchepetsa zaka zovota kufika pa 18, kuwonjezera kusankhidwa kuphatikiza achinyamata achikulire oyenera kuloŵa usilikali.

Kusintha kumeneku pamodzi kunasintha masankho a pulezidenti kuchokera ku njira yochepetsera ndi yapamwamba kukhala pulogalamu ya demokrase. Kukonza kulikonse kunawongolera chophophonya kapena kusayenera m'dongosolo loyambirira, ngakhale kuti mikangano yonena za kusintha kowonjezereka ikupitirizabe.

Nkhani za Malamulo a M’nthaŵi Yathu Ino

Kutsutsana pa Nkhani Yosintha Zinthu ku Electoral College

Electoral College idakali imodzi ya mbali zotsutsana kwambiri za dongosolo la masankho a pulezidenti. Otsutsa amatsutsa kuti imapereka chisonkhezero chosayerekezeka ku mayiko aang'ono, imalola oyembekezera kupata utsogoleri popanda kupambana chisankho chotchuka, ndi kusumika maganizo pa chigawo chaching'ono cha mayiko. Ochirikiza amaichirikiza kutetezera boma, kuletsa ulamuliro wa dziko, ndi kulimbikitsa kugwirizana kwa zikondwerero zosiyanasiyana. Mfundo ya Malamulo ya V imapereka njira yokhayo yovomerezeka yothetsera Electoral College, yofuna mavoti aŵiri atatu m'mafakitale onse aŵiri m'magawo onse aŵiri ndi ma ratiation ndi magawo atatu a maiko atatu — vuto lalikulu limene silinachitikepo.

National Popular Vote Interstate Commition imaimira njira ina. Kutenga mbali mavoti awo onse osankhidwa kwa wosankha amene apambana chisankho chotchuka cha dzikolo, koma mgwirizanowo umagwira ntchito kokha pamene maboma 270 aimira mavoti a voti. Pa 2025, ikunena ndi mavoti 209 osankhidwa akhazikitsa mgwirizanowo, akumasiya kuti agwire ntchito. Akatswiri a zamalamulo akutsutsana ngati kuphatikizana kumasemphana kwa malamulo kumene kukunena kuti osankhidwa "in Manislature [Manislature] monga Malamulo ake kungalunjidwe. Khoti lililonse latsimikiza kuti lapanga lamulo la lamulo.

Kulemekezeka ndi Kusankha Umphumphu

Malamulo amasiya ziyeneretso za wovota ku maboma, zogonjetsedwa ndi boma zoletsa tsankho. Mayiko amakhazikitsa zofunika zokhalamo, njira zovomerezeka, ndi malamulo odzisankhira. Malamulo ameneŵa achititsa kuvomereza kuti kaya iwo alemetsa kuyenera kuvota. Khoti Lapamwamba lachirikiza malamulo oyenerera osankha pamene likugonjetsa malamulo amene amaika mtolo waukulu pa anthu ochepa osankhidwa. Chigamulo cha Khoti la Akatolika mu [[FLT: 0]. Shelby County. Laller v. [FLT:] (2013) linagonjetsa malamulo a ufulu wa Votion Acts preftion, kulola malamulo a tsankho kusintha masankhoti popanda chivoti cha boma. Chigamuchichi chatsogolera ku kusinthasinthasintha kwa kayendetsedwe ka masankhoti, kuphatikizapo kuvoti ya voti, ndi kuvota, kuvotera, kuvota, ndi kuvotera.

Kupezeka kwa Mabale Otchedwa Ballot ndi Mapwando Achitatu

Malamulo satchula zolembedwa zolembedwa za mapulani. Mayiko amakhazikitsa ziyeneretso, kuphatikizapo kusaina, kutsatsa ndalama, ndi masiku olembetsa pa chipani. Khoti Lapamwamba laona kuti boma lingapereke zofunika zoyenerera zothandizira boma, monga kuletsa zinthu zongowonjezera ndi kutsimikizira kuti oyembekezerawo achirikizidwadi. Komabe, zofunika zimene zili zolemetsa kwambiri kapena zopatula zigaŵenga zingawonongetse malamulo oyambirira ndi 147. Maboma achitatu ndi odziimira okha amayang'anizana ndi zitseko zazikulu kwambiri, monga momwe zimafunira zikalata zambiri kwa anthu osakhala a mamejajijini. Kulankhula kwa lamulo kwa anthu oloŵa m'boma kwachititsa kuti pakhale njira yofikirapo.

Kumaliza

Malamulo amapereka dongosolo losinthasintha kwambiri la masankho a pulezidenti. Makonzedwe ake oyambirira awonjezeredwa ndi masinthidwe khumi ndi aŵiri, malamulo a boma ambiri, malamulo a boma, ndi zigamulo zachiweruzo. Dongosolo limene linatuluka kuchokera ku mpambo wa malamulo umenewu limasonyeza nkhaŵa za opanga malamulo a kusankhidwa kwa malo apamwamba, mphamvu ya boma, ndi kuyang'anira ntchito, pamene kuphatikizanso makhalidwe a democracy amene anasintha pazaka mazana aŵiri. Kumvetsa zimene malamulo a m'malamulo amanena kumafuna kupyola m'bungwe lonse la malamulo amene tsopano akulamulira kusankhidwa kwa ntchito yapamwamba ya dzikolo. Nkhani yosatha kuyang'anira masankhidwe a boma kumasonyeza kuti kukambitsirana kwa lamulo ponena za masankhoti a pulezidenti kumakhala kofunika monga momwe kunaliri lerolino mu 17877.

Kaamba ka kuŵerengedwa kowonjezereka pa malamulo a kakonzedwe ka masankho a pulezidenti, funsani ziŵiya za National Archives' Electoral College ndi Konsolition Anoted's ya Mfundo II [1].