Maboma a m’dzikolo ndi ogwirizana kwambiri ndi boma lawo, amathandiza kuti zinthu zonse zikhale zotetezedwa ndi apolisi mpaka kukhazikitsa malamulo. Kumvetsa zimene maboma a boma angathe kuchita ndi zimene sangakwanitse n’kofunika kwa anthu okhala m’dzikolo, eni mabizinesi, ndi atsogoleri a boma omwe. Boma la kumeneko liyenera kupatsidwa mphamvu ndi boma, ndipo limachititsa kuti pakhale malamulo osiyanasiyana kwambiri ku United States.

Maulamuliro ndi zolephera za maboma a kumaloko zimasonkhezeredwa ndi malamulo alamulo, malamulo a boma, mafotokozedwe achiweruzo, ndi kusagwirizana kopitirizabe pakati pa kudzilamulira kwa boma ndi ulamuliro wa boma.

Kumvetsetsa Maziko a Ulamuliro wa Boma

Lamulo la Malamulo la United States silitchula maboma a dziko. M’malo mwake, Pempho la Khumi la Demendment limasunga mphamvu zopereka ulamuliro ku maboma. Lamulo lamakhalidwe lofunika limeneli limatsimikizira kuti maboma a m’dzikolo ali zolengedwa za lamulo la boma, akumayambitsa mphamvu zawo zonse kuchokera ku malamulo a boma ndi malamulo mmalo mwa malamulo a boma mwachindunji.

Bungwe la Tenth Amendment likunena kuti, “Maulamuliro amene malamulo samapereka ku United States, kapena kuletsedwa ndi boma, amaperekedwa ku maboma, kapena kwa anthu. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu wopanga, kusintha, kapena ngakhale kuchotsa maboma a m’dzikolo malinga ndi mmene akufunira.

Maboma akumaloko amagwiritsira ntchito kokha maulamuliro amene apatsidwa kwa iwo ndi maboma, ndipo boma lingawongolere ntchito ndi ulamuliro wa boma la kumaloko monga momwe limawonera kukhala koyenera.

Makonzedwe a Boma Losiyanasiyana

Pali mabungwe 85,000 a boma ku United States. Awa akuphatikizapo magawo (otchedwa a magawo ku Louisiana ndi ku Alaska), makampani (mizinda, matauni, ndi midzi), matauni, ndi zigawo zapadera. Boma lililonse lili ndi mphamvu ndi mathayo osiyanasiyana malinga ndi lamulo la boma.

Maboma nthaŵi zambiri amayang’anira mapaki ndi mautumiki a zosangulutsa, madipatimenti a apolisi ndi ozimitsa moto, mautumiki a nyumba, mautumiki a zachipatala, makhoti a boma, mautumiki a zoyendera za anthu onse (kuphatikizapo zoyendera), ndi ntchito za anthu onse (zoyendera, zochotsa chipale chofeŵa, zikalata zochitira umboni, ndi zina zotero).

Zigawo zapadera ndi madera odziŵika bwino amene amaperekedwa ntchito inayake, monga doko kapena madera ozimira moto. Madera ameneŵa alibe mphamvu zokhazikitsa malamulo, koma ali ndi mphamvu zokhazikitsa malamulo a boma amene kaŵirikaŵiri amalamulira m’dziko lolamulidwa mwachindunji ndi zigawo zoterozo.

Lamulo la Dillon: Malire Oikidwiratu pa Ulamuliro wa Malo

Chimodzi cha ziphunzitso za lamulo zofunika kwambiri zolamulira zimene maboma a m'dzikolo angachite nchodziŵika monga Dillon’s Launce. Lamulo la Dillon nlozikidwa pa mlandu wa khoti la Iowa kumene Woweruza John Dillon analamulira kuti maboma angagwiritsire ntchito mphamvu zokhazo zimene zinaperekedwa ndi boma kapena zimene zingalingalingaliridwe kukhala zofunika kwambiri ku zifuno zolengezedwazo (Clinton . Cedar Raids ndi Missouri River Railroad, 24 Iowa 455, 476 [1868]).

Dillon's Lavement imagwiritsa ntchito ulamuliro wakumaloko mopepuka, makamaka kunena kuti maboma akuno ali ndi mphamvu zoperekedwa mwachindunji ndi boma. Kumasulira koletsa kumeneku kumatanthauza kuti ngati pali kukaikira kulikonse ponena za ngati boma la kumaloko lili ndi ulamuliro wochitapo kanthu kena, yankho likulingaliridwa kukhala ayi.

Mmene Ulamuliro wa Dillon Ugwirira Ntchito Kuzungulira United States

Maboma makumi atatu ndi anayi amagwiritsira ntchito Dillon's Launce kulongosola mphamvu ya maboma a kumaloko. Pa maboma 39 amenewo, 31 amagwiritsira ntchito lamulolo kwa makampani onse ndipo asanu ndi atatu (monga California, Illinois, ndi Tennessee) akuwoneka kuti akugwiritsira ntchito lamulo la makampani ena okha. Maboma khumi samatsatira konse Lamulo la Dillon.

Maboma akomweko atha kulabadira mogwira mtima mikhalidwe ya kumaloko kumapeto kwa ma 1800 anachepetsedwa kwambiri ndi Ulamuliro wa Dillon; palibe kachitidwe ka kumaloko kangachitidwe popanda chilolezo kuchokera ku nyumba ya malamulo ya boma, imene inangochitika kwa nthaŵi yochepa, yosatha. Monga momwemo, Lamulo la Dillon kaŵirikaŵiri limafuna kuti akuluakulu a boma a m'deralo awonongere nthaŵi yaitali akusonkhezera akuluakulu a boma kuvomereza malamulo opereka ulamuliro wa kumaloko ndi kuletsa ziletso zoletsa malamulo pa iwo.

Pansi pa ulamuliro wa Dillon, maboma akumeneko amayang'anizana ndi zitsenderezo zazikulu. Sangapange maprogramu atsopano kapena mautumiki pokhapo ngati boma lawalola iwo mwachindunji kuchita tero. Izi zingapangitse anthu kukhala ovuta kuchitapo kanthu mwamsanga ku kubuka kwa mavuto kapena mikhalidwe yapadera ya kumaloko.

Ulamuliro wa Panyumba: Kufutukula Maboma

Poyankha kuukali kwa Dillon’s Lave, maboma ambiri amavomereza malamulo a panyumba opatsa maboma a kumaloko ufulu wokulirapo. Ulamuliro wa panyumba ndiwo nthumwi za mphamvu kuchokera ku boma kupita ku magulu ake ang'onoang'ono a maboma (kuphatikizapo kuŵerengera, maakampani, matauni kapena matauni kapena midzi). Mphamvu imeneyo njokwanira ku minda ina yake, ndipo imaganiziridwa ndi mayeso achiweruzo, koma ulamuliro wa panyumba umapanga ufulu wa kumaloko ndi kuchepetsa kuloŵerera kwa boma m'nkhani za kumaloko.

Kusawoneka kwa dongosolo iri kuli chifukwa chimene maiko ambiri anayamba kutengera "ulamuliro wa panyumba" m'ma 1900 umene unapatsa ulamuliro waukulu ku maboma awo akumeneko. Ulamuliro wa panyumba umatanthauza kusintha kwa filosofi pozindikira kuti maboma a kumaloko ayenera kukhala ndi ufulu wa kusamalira mavuto a kumaloko popanda kufunafuna chilolezo cha boma nthaŵi zonse.

Mitundu ya Ulamuliro wa Panyumba

M’mayiko ena, otchedwa malamulo a panyumba, malamulo a boma amapereka mphamvu kwa oimira boma ndi kapena kuŵerengera kukhoza kupyola mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya malamulo kudzilamulira okha (ngati malamulowo satsutsana ndi malamulo a boma ndi a boma).

Ulamuliro wa panyumba kwenikweni uli m’magulu angapo:

  • Mphamvu za chibadwa [[FT:1] – kukhoza kusankha mtundu wa boma ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo okonzanso
  • Mphamvu za mayanjano – ulamuliro wa kugwiritsa ntchito boma lako m'mbali zosiyanasiyana
  • Maulamuliro a FAScal – ulamuliro wa kugamula magwero a ndalama ndi kuika milingo ya msonkho pakati pa malire
  • Mphamvu za Peronnel – ulamuliro wa kuika malamulo ndi mikhalidwe ya ntchito

Kwenikweni, mphamvu zazikulu za kugamulapo zimagwiritsiridwa ntchito ku kakonzedwe ka boma lakumaloko, ndipo ndalama zochepera zimaperekedwa ku kampani ya zachuma. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti ngakhale maulamuliro a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amayang'anizana ndi ziletso zazikulu za boma pa ulamuliro wawo wa kulipira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama.

Kuona Kwake kwa Ulamuliro wa Panyumba

Dillon’s Launce ndi maboma a nyumba sizili zosiyana. Palibe boma limene limasunga mphamvu zonse kwa ilo, ndipo palibe limene limachepetsa ulamuliro wake kumadera. Ngakhale m'maboma amphamvu, maboma a m'dzikolo amakhalabe pansi pa ulamuliro wa boma ndipo ayenera kugwirizana ndi lamulo la boma ndi la boma.

National Association of Counties ikunena mu 14 ya boma zonse (kapena ziphatikizo) zimene zimagwira ntchito pansi pa Ulamuliro wa Dillon, pamene kuli kwakuti 13 maboma amalola masamu onse kulamulira kwapanyumba ndi maiko 21 kukhala ndi mpambo wa ulamuliro wa panyumba ndi Ulamuliro wa Dillon. Zimenezi zimapanga ntchito yaudindo wa boma lakwawo kuzungulira dzikolo.

Mphamvu za Maboma Akumaloko

Mosasamala kanthu za kusiyanasiyana kwa malamulo a boma, maboma a m’dzikolo ku United States ali ndi mphamvu zina zimene zimawatheketsa kutumikira madera awo mokhutiritsa.

Maulamuliro Olamulira ndi Olamulira

Maboma akomweko amakhazikitsa malamulo kupyolera m’malamulo, kutsatira njira ya kufunsira, misonkhano yapoyera, kupenda komiti, ndi kuvota, pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo ameneŵa angalamulire zochita zosiyanasiyana za kumaloko, kuyambira pa phokoso mpaka pa mabizinesi.

Maboma a m’maderawa ali ndi mphamvu zotha kugwiritsa ntchito malo awo, ndipo zimenezi zingachititse kuti anthu ayambe kukhala ndi moyo wabwino komanso kuti akhale ndi makhalidwe abwino.

Msonkho ndi Ndalama Zopezedwa

Maboma a m’dzikolo ali ndi mphamvu zosonkhanitsa misonkho yamitundumitundu ndi ndalama zothandizira kuthandizira ntchito za boma. Misonkho ya katundu imaimiranso magwero aakulu a ndalama zimene maboma ambiri amapeza.

Maboma a kumaloko amapangidwa ndi ndipo amagonjera maboma, sangapereke malamulo otsutsana ndi malamulo a boma, ndipo amadalira kwambiri misonkho ya katundu ndi ndalama zothandizira anthu pa ntchito mmalo mwa zigawo za msonkho. Ulamuliro wa ndalama wochepa umenewu ungaumirize mphamvu ya maboma a kumaloko ya kupereka ndalama zothandizira ndi kuchitapo kanthu ku zosoŵa za anthu.

Makonzedwe a Ntchito Zothandiza Anthu

Maboma analola kuti makampani agwirizanitse ndi kukhazikitsa boma kuti lithandize anthu pa zinthu zofunika kwambiri monga ukhondo, zinthu zofunika pa ukhondo, chitetezo, ndiponso malamulo a ntchito zonse za boma ndi zamalonda.

Maboma a m’derali amathandiza anthu monga:

  • Apolisi ndi ozimitsa moto
  • Madzi ndi zimbudzi
  • Kukonza misewu ndiponso kuchotsa chipale chofewa
  • Mapaki ndi malo ochitirako zosangalatsa
  • Malaibulale ndi maprogramu a chikhalidwe
  • Mautumiki a zamankhwala amwadzidzidzi
  • Kufufuza ndi kuonetsetsa kuti malamulo a m’Baibulo akuyenda bwino
  • Makhoti a m’dzikolo ndiponso makhoti

Mautumiki amene amaperekedwa amasiyanasiyana malinga ndi mtundu wa boma lakumaloko, malamulo a boma, ndi zosoŵa za kumaloko.

Mphamvu za Apolisi

Maboma a m’deralo ali ndi mphamvu za apolisi zolamulira thanzi, chitetezo, ndiponso ubwino wa anthu.

Apolisi amathandiza maboma a m’deralo kukhazikitsa malamulo omanga, malamulo a zaumoyo, malamulo oteteza moto, ndi chitetezo cha malo okhala.

Ziletso Zazikulu pa Ulamuliro wa Boma

Ngakhale kuti maboma a m’maderawo ali ndi mphamvu zazikulu, iwonso ali ndi malire aakulu a malamulo amene amawakakamiza kuchita zinthu.

Zolephera za Malamulo

Maboma a m’dzikolo ayenera kutsatira malamulo a dziko la United States ndi malamulo awo a boma. Sangaswe ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha wotetezeredwa ndi Boma la Ufulu Woyenera, kuphatikizapo ufulu wa kulankhula, wa chipembedzo, ndi wa kusonkhana.

Malamulo amaletsa kuchita mapangano, kugulitsa msonkho kapena kutumiza ku mayiko ena.

Maboma akumeneko sangakhoze:

  • Amalonda a m’madera osiyanasiyana
  • Kuloŵa m’mapangano ndi maiko akunja
  • Ndalama za kampani kapena ndalama zoyendetsera nkhani
  • Muzionetsetsa kuti mapangano akugwira ntchito
  • Musamafune kuteteza anthu mofanana kapena kuchepetsa zinthu zimene mukufuna
  • Kulimbana ndi zoyenera zalamulo

Kuyesedwa ndi Boma

Chiwombo chikutanthauza chimodzi cha zoletsa zazikulu kwambiri pa ulamuliro wa boma. Maboma angachepetse kapena kupotoza malamulo a kumalo mwa kuthamangitsa — chiphunzitso chalamulo chimene makampani a fodya agwiritsira ntchito monga chiŵiya chochotsera boma polimbana ndi njira zaumoyo wa anthu. Mofanana ndi dongosolo la boma la boma la boma, chifukwa chakuti maboma a m'malowo ali ogonjera maboma, malamulo a boma amatsegulira malamulo a dziko ngati nkhondo ziŵirizo, ndipo malamulo a boma angachepetse kapena kuchotsa ulamuliro wa dzikolo.

Malamulo a boma angachotse zochita za m’dzikolo m’njira zingapo:

  • Kutsegulidwa [1] – lamulo la Boma limaletsa dala malamulo a kumaloko m'malo ena
  • Kuwomboledwa [ – lamulo la Boma limatenga mbali yaikulu kwakuti palibe malo otsala kaamba ka malamulo a kumaloko
  • Kumasula [ - lamulo la kumaloko limatsutsana ndi lamulo la boma, kupangitsa lamulo la kumaloko kukhala losagwira ntchito

M’zaka zaposachedwapa, mayiko akhala akugwiritsa ntchito njira zolepheretsa maboma kuyendetsa zinthu m’madera monga malipiro ochepa, malipiro a tchuthi, kuletsedwa kwa mapepala apulasitiki, kuletsa mfuti, ndi malamulo a m’mizinda yopatulika.

Malipiro ndi Malipoti

Mayiko amaletsa boma kupereka msonkho komanso kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri.

Maboma akumeneko sangakwanitse:

  • Msonkho wa ndalama zimene boma linapereka
  • Pangani misonkho ya mitundu yatsopano popanda chilolezo cha boma
  • Malire a ngongole okhazikitsidwa ndi lamulo la boma
  • Muziwononga ndalama pa zolinga zimene lamulo silinalole

Kulephera kusamala ndalama kumeneku kungachepetse kwambiri mphamvu ya maboma ya kupezera ndalama ndalama ndi kuthandiza anthu amene akuvutika, makamaka pamene chuma chikuchepa kapena pamene kuwonjezeka mofulumira.

Zolephera pa Ulamuliro wa Olamulira

Maboma a m’dzikolo sangapereke malamulo otsutsana ndi malamulo a boma.

Maboma a kumaloko mwachisawawa sangalamulire m’madera amene kwakukulukulu ali mathayo a boma kapena a boma, onga ngati:

  • Lamulo la maphunziro a boma (ngakhale kuti angayendetse sukulu pansi pa ulamuliro wa boma)
  • Kukonza ntchito zambiri
  • Masiteshoni a misewu ya m’boma
  • Lamulo laupandu loposa malamulo a kumaloko
  • Kusungitsa kuthaŵa kwawo
  • Miyezo ya malo okhala njokhwima kwambiri kuposa lamulo la boma (m’maiko ena)

Zitsanzo Zachindunji za Zimene Maboma Akumeneko Sangachite

Kuzindikira malire pa ulamuliro wa boma kumafuna kupenda zitsanzo zenizeni za machitidwe oletsedwa.

Kukana Kuphwanya Ufulu wa Malamulo

Maboma sangapereke malamulo amene amaphwanya ufulu wa anthu, ngakhale ngati malamulo amenewa afala kwa anthu a m’deralo.

  • Kulambira konyenga kapena kukonda chipembedzo china kuposa china
  • Perekani malire pa kulankhula kwandale pagulu
  • Azichita zinthu zosayenera zofufuza ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri
  • Kanizani dongosolo lofunikira m’zochitika za oyang’anira
  • Kulakwa kozikidwa pa fuko, chipembedzo, kapena mikhalidwe ina yotetezeredwa

Makhoti adzachotsa malamulo a kumaloko amene amaswa chitetezo cha lamulo, mosasamala kanthu za zolinga za boma la kumaloko kapena zofuna za anthu.

Kulephera Kuchotsa Ulamuliro wa Boma Woperekedwa

Mu ulamuliro wa Dillon, maboma akomweko sangachitepo kanthu kuposa amene ali ovomerezedwa mwachindunji ndi lamulo la boma. Pansi pa Ulamuliro wa Dillon, boma la boma laling’ono lingaloŵetsemo ntchito kokha ngati lavomerezedwa mwachindunji ndi boma.

Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti maboma a m’mayiko ameneŵa sangapange maprogramu atsopano, kukhazikitsa malamulo atsopano, kapena kupereka mautumiki atsopano ngati boma silinawapatse mphamvu yochita zimenezo.

Sangavomereze Malonda a Exterstate

Maboma a m’mayiko osiyanasiyana satha kukhazikitsa malamulo amene amavutitsa kapena kupondereza anthu amalonda a m’mayiko osiyanasiyana.

Mwachitsanzo, maboma a m’dzikolo satha:

  • Malamulo a boma kapena misonkho ya katundu wa m’mayiko ena
  • Muzipempha mabizinesi kuti athandize anthu amene akupita ku kampaniyo
  • Kuthandiza kuti malonda a mayiko asakhale ogwirizana
  • Kuchotsa ntchito zimene zimachitika makamaka m’maiko ena

Musanyalanyaze Kuyesedwa ndi Boma

Pamene lamulo la boma lipondereza kachitidwe ka kumalo ena, maboma akumaloko sangalamulire m’mbali imeneyo, ngakhale ngati amakhulupirira kuti malamulo a kumaloko angatumikire bwino chitaganya chawo. Zitsanzo zaposachedwapa za kuyesedwa kwa boma zikuphatikizapo:

  • Malamulo olandira malipiro ochepa kwambiri – Mayiko Ena amaletsa maboma a m’maderawo kukhazikitsa malipiro ochepa kuposa malipiro a boma
  • Malamulo a mfuti – Maboma ambiri analuluza malamulo oletsa mfuti akumaloko
  • Ziletso za pulasitiki zaletsedwa m’matumba a pulasitiki – Maboma ambiri aletsa maboma kuletsa matumba apulasitiki
  • Malamulo a m’mizinda yosapatulika – Maboma Ena amaletsa maboma kuchepetsa kugwirizana kwa anthu osungitsa kusamuka
  • Malamulo anthaŵi yochepa chabe obwereka nyumba – Maboma Ena amaika ulamuliro wa malo ochitirako zinthu monga Airbb

Maboma Odzifunira Amakhala Nawo

Mosasamala kanthu za kulephera kumeneku, maboma akusunga ufulu wochita. Iwo akhalabe ndi ufulu walamulo ndi malamulo a boma kugwiritsa ntchito mizati inayi ya ufulu wodzilamulira: (1) mphamvu ya kuchitapo kanthu, kapena kukhoza kuchita zinthu mwadala; (2) mphamvu ya kuchinjiriza, kapena kukhoza kuchita zinthu popanda kuwopa ulamuliro wachindunji wa mitu yapamwamba; (3) ufulu wina pa kuyesedwa kwapamwamba; ndi (4) maluso a kugwirizana ndi boma, ndiko kuti, kuchita zinthu mwaunansi.

M’lingaliro losakhala lalamulo, maboma akumasunga ufulu wawo wa kulankhula kwa nzika m’chitaganya ndi kuudindo wawo ndi kuuyang’anira, pamene amatengamo mbali mokangalika m’zosankha za maboma ena zimene zimakhudza zikondwerero zawo ndi ntchito zawo.

Madera Okhala ndi Mphamvu Zolimba

Maboma a m’maderawa amalamulira kwambiri:

  • Dziko limagwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi kumanga – Kudziŵikitsa mmene malo angagwiritsidwire ntchito ndi kupangidwa
  • maziko a malo amodzi – Kumanga ndi kukonza makwalala, zimbudzi, ndi madongosolo a madzi
  • Malamulo omanga – kukhazikitsa miyezo yomanga yotetezera ndi yabwino
  • Ubwino wa anthu a m'deralo – Kugwira ntchito apolisi ndi madipatimenti a moto
  • Mapaketi ndi zosangulutsa [1] – Kukonza ndi kuyendetsa malo ndi maprogramu a anthu onse
  • Lamulo la malonda a m'malo ena – Licensting ndi kuyang'anira mabizinesi akwawo

M’madera ameneŵa, maboma kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi nzeru zazikulu zogwirizanitsa malamulo a kumaloko ndi zimene amakonda, zogonjera lamulo la boma ndi la boma.

Mmene Maboma Akukhalira Osinthasintha

Maboma osiyanasiyana ali ndi mphamvu zosiyana ndipo zinthu sizingatheke.

Maboma a M’chigawo

Komabe, pamene anthu anawonjezereka ndi kufunidwa kwa mautumiki kuposa mmene boma lingachitire, maboma ambiri anapatsidwa ulamuliro waukulu woŵerengera malamulowo kuti akwaniritse zofuna za boma.

Maboma amasunga mlingo wapamwamba wa ulamuliro ndipo amalamulira kukwaniritsa mlingo wa utumiki wa boma ndi kupereka mautumiki a boma ndi maprogramu m'zigawo zawo. Maboma alinso ndi ulamuliro wa kutchula mmene makampani angapitire msonkho pa nzika zawo ndi kuŵerengera maulamuliro amene ali nawo.

M’madera a m’madera a kumidzi, anthu ambiri amakhala ndi udindo woyang’anira malamulo, kusamalira misewu, ndiponso kuthandiza anthu ena.

Maboma a Kampani

Maboma a boma apatsidwa mphamvu zolamulira boma m’mayiko osiyanasiyana, ndipo bomalo limapereka malamulo oyendetsera deralo.

Maboma kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala okhoza kusintha m’makonzedwe ndi ntchito zawo, makamaka ngati akugwira ntchito pansi pa malamulo a m’nyumba.

Zigawo Zapadera

Zigawo zapadera zili ndi maboma odziimira okha omwe ali ndi cholinga chochepa, kaŵirikaŵiri amasumika maganizo pa ntchito inayake monga madzi ndi ukhondo. Maboma a cholinga chimodzi ameneŵa ali ndi ulamuliro wokha m’mbali zawo zoikidwiratu za thayo.

Zigawo zapadera zingapereke mautumiki onga:

  • Madzi ndi zimbudzi
  • Kuteteza moto
  • Zoyendera za anthu onse
  • Mapaki ndi zosangalatsa
  • Malaibulale
  • Mautumiki a kuchipatala

Ngakhale kuti zigawo zapadera zalimbikitsa ulamuliro, izo zimayang’anizana ndi ziletso za lamulo ndi malamulo a boma zofanana ndi maboma ena.

Ntchito ya Makhoti Potsutsa Maulamuliro a Boma

Makhoti amafunika kusankha zochita mogwirizana ndi malamulo a boma, malamulo a boma, ndi malamulo a boma.

Cooley’s Laved inatsatiridwa kwa kanthaŵi ndi makhoti ku Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky ndi Texas kufikira Khoti Lalikulu la U.S. linachirikiza Lamulo la Dillon mu 1907 (Mzinda wa Pittsburgh) ndipo kachiŵirinso mu 1923. Chivomerezo cha chiweruzo chimenechi cha Dillon Laul chaumba lamulo la boma la kumaloko kwa zaka zoposa zana limodzi.

Makhoti kaŵirikaŵiri amatsatira malamulo angapo popenda olamulira a boma:

  • Malamulo a kumaloko amalingaliridwa kukhala oyenera kusiyapo ngati mowonekera bwino akusemphana ndi lamulo
  • Maupandu a mphamvu athetsedwa motsutsana ndi boma lakumaloko m'maiko a Dillon’s Relagement
  • Malamulo a m’nyumba amamasuliridwa kuti apereke ufulu wodzilamulira wopindulitsa
  • Chiwomboledwe cha boma chiyenera kukhala chowonekera bwino kulanda ulamuliro wa kumaloko
  • Maboma a m’derali sangakwanitse kulanda malire a malire a dzikolo

Kugwirizana m’Maboma ndi Kugwirizana

Maboma a m’derali sachita zinthu modzipatula. Nthawi zambiri amagwirizana ndi maboma a boma ndi a boma, komanso maboma ena, ndipo zimenezi zimachititsa kuti boma likhale logwirizana kwambiri.

Maunansi a Boma

Pali kusiyana kwakukulu kwa maunansi a boma, ndiponso a mkati mwake. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kulankhula za boma la United States kuyenera kulankhula za mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana yalamulo ndi ya ndale.

Komabe, ndalama zimenezi nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi mfundo zogwirizana, ndipo zimafuna kuti maboma a m’dzikolo akwaniritse malamulo a boma kapena kuti atsatire malamulo a boma.

Kugwirizana

Maboma ambiri amavomereza kuti mayiko agwirizane pa zinthu zosiyanasiyana, athandizane, kapena athandizana kukhazikitsa malamulo.

Zitsanzo za kugwirizana kwa anthu a m’madera osiyanasiyana zimaphatikizapo izi:

  • Mabungwe olinganiza malo
  • Kuthandizana pa ngozi
  • Mapangano a kugula zinthu
  • Akuluakulu a boma la Metropolitan trams
  • Madzi a m’deralo ndi zimbudzi

Zomwe Zachitika Posachedwapa mu Ulamuliro wa Boma

M’zaka zaposachedwapa, zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimene zachitika m’mayiko osiyanasiyana zimene zimakhudza zimene maboma angathe kuchita ndiponso zimene sangathe kuchita, zinayamba kuchitika.

Kuyesa Kowonjezereka kwa Boma

Magulu osiyanasiyana achidwi akupitirizabe kufunafuna njira zochepetsera ulamuliro wa kumaloko mwa kuchirikiza malamulo otsekereza ndi kumasulira kwachiweruzo kwa ulamuliro wa panyumba. Kuwonjezeka kwaposachedwapa kwa malamulo otsegulira ndi kuwonjezereka kwa kutsendereza kwa malamulo a boma a panyumba a vis-à à à production yapangitsa magulu osiyanasiyana ndi akatswiri kupendanso chiphunzitso cha lamulo lapanyumba ndi kuyambitsa maprinsipulo amene amapanga kulinganiza koyenera pakati pa maboma ndi maboma awo.

Chikhoterero chimenechi chabutsa mkangano wakuti kaya kugonja kwa boma kumafooketsa demokrase ya kumaloko ndi kulepheretsa anthu kuthana ndi mavuto a kumaloko mogwira mtima.

Kukonzanso ndi Kuyesa kwa Kumalowo

Ngakhale kuti pali kuponderezedwa kowonjezereka, maboma ambiri akupitirizabe kukonza ndi kuyesa njira zatsopano za kulamulira ndi kutumiza utumiki. Matauni ndi maŵerengedwe amatumikira monga "mabungwe a demokrase," malamulo oyesa amene pambuyo pake angavomerezedwe pa mlingo wa boma kapena dziko.

Madera ena amene amayambitsidwa ndi anthu a m’deralo ndi monga:

  • Kusintha kwa nyengo ndi kusintha kwa nyengo
  • Njira zosavuta zopezera nyumba
  • Kupita patsogolo kwa chuma
  • Luso la zopangapanga la m’mizinda
  • Kusintha kwa ntchito yapolisi m’chitaganya
  • Kuloŵerera m’zaumoyo wa anthu onse

Mavuto a Ulimi

Kulephera kupereka msonkho, malamulo a boma, ndiponso kusintha kwa zachuma kungalepheretse boma lakwawo ndiponso kutumiza anthu ntchito.

Mafunso Othandiza a Nzika ndi Mabizinesi

Kuzindikira zimene maboma a m’deralo angachite ndi zimene sangakwanitse kumakhudza anthu okhala m’dzikolo ndiponso mabizinesi amene akugwira ntchito m’mayiko awo.

Kwa Nzika

Nzika ziyenera kuzindikira kuti:

  • Maboma a m’derali ali ndi mphamvu pa nkhani zambiri zimene zimakhudza moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku
  • Mavuto ena amafunikira kachitidwe ka boma kapena ka boma ndipo sangathetsedwe kumaloko
  • Kutenga nawo mbali m’boma lakwathu kungathandize kusankha mmene angachitire zinthu pa ntchito, mautumiki, ndi malamulo
  • Malamulo a m’dzikolo ayenera kugwirizana ndi lamulo la boma ndi la boma
  • Nzika zingatokose zochita za kumaloko zimene zimaposa ulamuliro walamulo

Malonda

Kumvetsa bwino akuluakulu aboma kumathandiza mabizinesi:

  • Gwiritsani Ntchito Malamulo Amene Ali M’derali
  • Ganizirani mmene zinthu zingasinthire
  • Pezani mipata yosonkhezera malamulo a m’dziko lanu
  • Muzimvetsa pamene malamulo a boma aphwanya malamulo a m’dera lanu
  • Konzekerani kusiyana kwa malamulo a m’mayiko ena

Zinthu Zothandiza Kumvetsa Maboma

Mabungwe ndi chuma chochuluka zingathandize nzika, akuluakulu a boma, ndi ofufuza kumvetsa boma lakumaloko:

  • National League of Cintur[[FLT :1] – Ipereka chidziŵitso ndi kugawira boma la matauni ( https //wwww.nlc.org]
  • National Association of Counties – moimira maboma a zigawo ndi kupereka chuma pa ulamuliro wa boma
  • International City/Livery Management Association – Ipereka kupita patsogolo kwaukatswiri ndi kufufuza kwa maulamuliro a boma ( HTTPs //cma. org])
  • Mabungwe a m'dziko [[FLT :1] - boma lililonse lili ndi mabungwe amene amapereka chidziŵitso chonena za lamulo la boma lakwawo m'bomalo
  • Loya wamkulu wadziko malingaliro – maboma ambiri amafalitsa malingaliro alamulo omasulira ulamuliro wa boma lakwawo

Kumaliza: Kulinganiza Ufulu wa Malowo ndi Ulamuliro wa Boma

Funso la zimene maboma akumaloko angachite ndi zimene sangachite mwalamulo limasonyeza kusagwirizana kwakukulu m’boma la America.

Ulamuliro wa maboma a boma ndi a boma umagwirizana m’mbali zina; mwachitsanzo, maboma a boma ndi a boma onse aŵiri ali ndi mphamvu ya kukhoma msonkho, kukhazikitsa makhoti, ndi kupanga ndi kusungitsa malamulo.

Malamulo a boma a boma amathandiza kwambiri m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, ndipo ena amapereka mphamvu zazikulu zolamulira panyumba ndipo ena amakhazikitsa malire a Ulamuliro wa Dillon. Kumvetsa kusintha kumeneku n’kofunika kwa aliyense amene akufuna kusintha malamulo a dzikolo kapena kumvetsa mmene boma la kumaloko limagwirira ntchito.

Anthu akamakumana ndi mavuto ambiri, kudalira nyengo n’kusintha n’kukhala ndi vuto lokhudza anthu ambiri.

Kaya maboma akukhala ndi ulamuliro wokwanira wothetsera mavuto amakono, kapena ngati akufuna ufulu wokulirapo kuchokera ku ulamuliro wa boma, zimadalira pa kaonedwe ka munthu pa mbali yoyenera ya boma m’dongosolo lathu. Chomwe chikudziŵika nchakuti maboma akumaloko, ngakhale kuti ali ndi zolephera, amachita mbali yofunika kwambiri pa demokrase ya ku America, kupereka mautumiki ofunika kwambiri ndi kutumikira monga mgwirizano wachindunji pakati pa nzika ndi boma lawo.

Kaamba ka chidziŵitso chowonjezereka ponena za maulamuliro a boma ndi maulamuliro a kumaloko, chezerani USA.gov ndi tsamba la Boma la kumaloko kapena funsani chigawo cha boma lanu kapena bungwe la ziŵerengero.