Malamulo Okhazikitsidwa a Makhoti Aunyinji

Chikalata cha boma cha jadiary chakhazikitsidwa pansi pa Mfundo III ya Makhoti a United States, imene imapanga Bwalo Lapamwamba limodzi ndi kukhazikitsa khoti laling'ono monga momwe kuliri kofunika. Malamulo ameneŵa analinganizidwa mwadala ndi maFramers kupanga nthambi yachiweruzo yomwe imagwira ntchito yokha kuchokera kwa akuluakulu a boma ndi a boma. Malamulo amaika mphamvu ya kuweruza United States m’makhoti ameneŵa, kuwapatsa ulamuliro wa kumvetsera ndi kugamula milandu pansi pa lamulo la boma, Konsichushoni, ndi mapangano. Lamulo la maziko ndilo lakuti makhoti a boma amatumikira monga ausilikali, kumasulira lamulo popanda chitsenderezo kapena malingaliro andale, zimene zili zofunika kuti asunge malamulo a boma m’chitaganya cha demokrase.

Olemba malamulo a Malamulo anazindikira kuti judiary inali yofunika kwambiri kutetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha ndi kuchepetsa boma. Alexander Hamilton, polemba mu [FL: 0] Fideralist No. [78, inalongosola motchuka judiary kukhala nthambi yosaopsa chifukwa chakuti siitenga mphamvu ya kachikwama kapena lupanga, koma mphamvu ya chiweruzo. Komabe, chiweruzochi chimakhala ndi mphamvu yaikulu kwambiri poyang'anira malamulo a ku America ndi chitaganya. Makhoti a boma amagwira ntchito monga kuyang'anira malamulo ndi mphamvu zaudindo, kutsimikizira kuti ntchito zonse za boma zikugwirizana ndi malamulo. Kovigalamu, kuzindikira ntchito imeneyi ndi si sitepe loyamba m’kuzindikira chifukwa chake, zigamu za khoti, ndi zaungwe lonse laungwe la zaungwe la zaumoyo.

Kumvetsetsa Bwalo la Milandu la Boma

Jurisciotion ndilo ulamuliro wa khoti kuweruza mlandu. Makhoti a Federal ali ndi ulamuliro wochepa, kutanthauza kuti angangomva milandu yovomerezedwa mwachindunji ndi Konsichushoni kapena malamulo a boma. Uku ndi kusiyana kwakukulu kuchokera ku makhoti a boma, amene kaŵirikaŵiri ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu pa nkhani zimene zimabuka m'malire awo. Mphamvu za bungwe la Gawo la boma ziloŵa m'magulu aŵiri aakulu: ulamuliro wa boma ndi ulamuliro wa mitundu yosiyanasiyana.

Kuzengedwa Mlandu kwa Funso la Federal

Pansi pa .C. . . . . . . imaphatikizapo nkhani zokhudza ufulu walamulo monga ufulu wa kulankhula, chitetezo cholingana, ndi ntchito yoyenerera. Imaphatikizanso mikangano ya malamulo a boma kuyambira pa malamulo a malo okhala mpaka ku malamulo, limodzinso ndi milandu imene imasintha pa kumasulira mapangano a mayiko. Pamene munthu woweruza walamulo aswa ufulu wa boma, mlanduwo uli m’khoti lolamulira, kutsimikizira kumasulira kofanana kwa malamulo a dziko lonse kupyola m'malamulo makumi asanu.

Kuzengedwa Chilango Kosiyanasiyana

Makhoti a Federal amamvanso milandu pakati pa nzika za maiko osiyanasiyana pamene unyinji wa mkangano uposa $75,000, monga momwe waperekedwa ndi U.C. ○ 1332. Kusintha kumeneku kumakhalako kuletsa tsankho limene lingabuke pamene gulu la anthu likukakamizidwa kugamulidwa ku boma la chipani chotsutsana. Mwakupereka boma la boma lopanda usilikali, dongosololo limachirikiza chilungamo m'mizere ya boma. Nkhani zambiri zimaloŵetsamo malamulo a boma, koma makhoti a boma amatsatira lamulo lokhudzana pansi pa chiphunzitso chokhazikitsidwa m'nkhani yodziŵika . AS.

Mitundu Ina ya Kuzengedwa Mlandu

Makhoti a Federal amalamuliranso okha milandu yamtundu uliwonse imene imafunikira kufanana kwa dziko. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kulephera kugwira ntchito ndi milandu yapanyanja, milandu ya kulephera kubweza ngongole, kuvomereza ndi kuletsa ufulu wa olemba milandu, ndi milandu yotsutsana ndi boma la United States. Ndiponso, khoti Lapamwamba lili ndi ulamuliro woyamba m'nkhani zokhudza akazembe, atumiki ena a boma, ndi zija zimene boma lili chipani. Kumvetsa malire a mayiko ameneŵa kumathandiza ofufuza kumvetsa chifukwa chake milandu ina yapamwamba ikufika ku khoti la boma pamene ena akukhala m'madongosolo a boma.

Mabungwe Atatu Oyendetsedwa a Makhoti Aakulu

Chigamulo cha boma chalinganizidwa m'milingo itatu yosiyana, iriyonse yokhala ndi ntchito ndi mathayo apadera. Kakonzedwe ka ulamuliro kameneka kamatsimikizira kuti milandu isamaliridwe mosamalitsa pa zigawo zingapo, ndi Bwalo Lapamwamba likumapereka mamasuliridwe omalizira ndi osunga lamulo la boma. Mlingo uliwonse umachita mbali yofunika kwambiri m’kusamalira chilungamo.

Makhoti Achigawo a ku United States

Akhoti Achigawo a ku United States ndi makhoti amilandu a boma, kumene milandu imaikidwa ndi kumvedwa. Pali makhoti 94 a chigawo ku United States, kuphatikizapo magawo onga Puerto Rico, Guam, ndi Virgin Islands. Boma lililonse lili ndi khoti limodzi lachigawo, lokhala ndi magawo ambiri oti ayang'anizane ndi mlandu. Makhoti achigawo amasamalira milandu yachiŵembu ndi yachiŵeruzo, kuweruza milandu kapena ya a khoti. Iwo ali mabwalo apadera opeza umboni, umboni, ndi zigamu za mlandu kapena mlandu wa mlandu wa ochitidwa. Oweruza aikidwa kaamba ka moyo ndi kuyang'anira mbali zonse za kuzenga mlandu, kuyang’anira milandu yoonekera bwino ndi kuyang’anira malamulo oweruza a m’gawa. Oweruza athandiza kuweruza a m'chigawo, milandu yoyambirira, ndi kugamula milandu.

Makhoti a Apilo a ku United States

U.S. Makhoti a Apilo, omwe amamva milandu yapadera yokhudzana ndi makhoti adziko, kupendanso zigamulo zopangidwa ndi makhoti achigawo m’dziko lawo. Pali madera 13 a aumessagellate: 11 madera a chigawo, Desiturity of Columbia Transturs, ndi Federation , amene akumva milandu yapadera yokhudzana ndi mapangano, malonda a mayiko, ndi kutsutsana ndi boma lolamulira. Makhoti a apilo sachititsa milandu yatsopano kapena kumva umboni watsopano. M’malo mwake, magawo atatu a oweruza milandu a chigawo akufufuza ngati zolakwa za m'boma zinakhudzana ndi zotsatira zake. Makhoti ameneŵa amachita mbali zosiyanasiyana za malamulo osiyanasiyana. Zigamu zake zimagamuthandiza kuweruza milandu m’madera a deralo ndipo zimagwetsedwa ndi khoti lakunja lalikululo kapena kumbuyo kwa oweruza milandu yachigawa, mafunso ofunika kwambiri.

Khoti Lapamwamba la United States

Khoti Lalikulu limaima pa ukulu wa chigamulo cha boma. Chopangidwa ndi ziweruzo zisanu ndi zinayi, kuphatikizapo Woweruza Wamkulu mmodzi ndi Ziweruzo 8 Anzake, Bwalo liri ndi mawu omaliza pankhani zonse za lamulo la boma ndi kumasulira koikidwiratu. Khoti Lapamwamba limasankha kuti ndi milandu iti imene iyenera kumvetsera mchitidwe wa chikole cha mabwinja. Chaka chilichonse, Khoti limalandira zifunsiro koma limangopereka pafupifupi 80 ku milandu 100 imene imaphatikizapo mafunso alamulo kapena mikangano ya mabwalo a milandu a dziko. Khoti&quo; zigamuzo zimakhazikitsa lamulo pa makhoti onse a pansi pa dziko lonse, kuyang'anira nkhani zalamulo za ufulu wa anthu ndi kukana kulanda ufulu wa anthu.

Ntchito ya Bungwe la Federal Jadiciary

Makhoti a boma sangothetsa mikangano chabe koma amathandiza kwambiri kuti malamulo azilamulira ndiponso kuti ufulu wa munthu usamathe.

Kupenda Chiweruzo

Mwinamwake ntchito yamphamvu kwambiri ya makhoti a boma ndiyo kupendanso zachiweruzo, ulamuliro wolengeza malamulo kapena ntchito zaudindo popanda lamulo. Mphamvu imeneyi inakhazikitsidwa pa mlandu wachiweruzo Marbury v. Madison, mmene Woweruza Wamkulu John Marshall anatsimikizira kuti “ ndi mphamvu yaikulu ya chigawo ndi ntchito ya chigawo cha komiti yachiweruzo kuti anene kuti lamulo ndilo. Chiweruzo cha ” kupenda kwa boma kulola makhoti a boma kuswa malamulo operekedwa ndi Presspolated, machitidwe otengedwa ndi Pulezidenti, ndipo ngakhale malamulo amene amatsutsana ndi malamulo. Ntchito imeneyi ndi yofunika kwambiri kuti pakhalebe paungwe lopanda malire a malamulo.

Kumasulira Mwambo

Makhoti a boma nthaŵi zonse amamasulira tanthauzo la malamulo operekedwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo. Pamene chinenero cha lamulo chikhala chosamveka bwino, makhoti amagwiritsira ntchito malamulo okhazikitsidwa kuti atsimikizire cholinga cha malamulo. Ntchito imeneyi yomasulira mmene malamulo amagwiritsidwira ntchito, kaŵirikaŵiri kukhala ndi ziyambukiro zothandiza pa moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Mwachitsanzo, matanthauzo a khoti a Ceather Air Act amasankha malire a malo okhala, pamene kumasulira kwa malamulo a Afford Care Act kumayambukira njira yaumoyo ya anthu mamiliyoni ambiri a ku America. Njira zoweruza zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kumasulira malamulo, kaya a malembo, a projeta, kapena a purpositiv, ndi nkhani yokhudza mmene malamulo adzagwiritsiritsidwira ntchito.

Kuteteza Ufulu wa Munthu Aliyense

Bill of Rights ndi kukonzanso kotsatira kwa lamulo kumachepetsa mphamvu za boma, ndipo makhoti a boma amatumikira monga otetezera aakulu a zitetezero zimenezi. Nzika zimene zimakhulupirira kuti ufulu wawo walamulo waswedwa zingafunefune mapendulo m'khoti la boma mwa kuweruza U.S.. . . .196 1983 [FLD [191] [makhoti] kapena mwa kutsogolera malamulo a boma. Makhoti amatetezera ufulu wa kulankhula mwaufulu pansi pa Kukonzanso Koyamba, kutsimikizira njira zolungama pansi pa Khoti la Claus Express, kuletsa kufunafuna ndi kugwidwa ndi kugwedetsedwa kosalinga kofanana pansi pa Demezo la 147. Mlanduko za boma zingasungitse ufulu wa oimbidwa mlanduwo, kuphatikizapo uphungu wa kulakwa, ndi kutetezera ufulu wa kudziko lakunja lakunja lakunja lakunja, ndi kudziko lakudzitetezera kumbali kwa anthu ochepa. Amene makamaka amatetezera mabwalo andale ndi kuchirikiza ufulu andale ndi ufulu wandale.

Mapeketi ndi Kulinganizika

Malamulo a boma monga nthambi yolingana imene imayang'anira maulamuliro a Congress ndi Pulezidenti. Makhoti angalamulire ntchito zaudindo zimene zimaposa ulamuliro kapena ulamuliro walamulo, monga momwe zikuwonedwa m'zitokoso zambiri ku malamulo a akuluakulu ndi malamulo a bungwe. Ndiponso, makhoti a boma amapenda lamulo la malamulo a bungwe, kutsimikizira kuti Nyumba za Malamulo zikuchita mogwirizana ndi maulamuliro ake. Kupenda kumeneku kumagwira ntchito m’mbali zonse ziŵiri: pamene makhoti atsendensi a boma, iwo amadaliranso nthambi zina kuti asungitse malamulo awo. Nthambi yaikulu ili ndi thayo la kukhazikitsa malamulo, ndi kuyendetsa malamulo a bungwelo popanda kuopa kubwezera. Malamulo ameneŵa amalimbikitsa kupanga lamulo la kulamulira koyenera. Voter ayenera kuzindikira kuti ufulu walamulo, kuchirikiza moyo ndi kuteteza ndi kuteteza makhoti khumi, ndipo amakhoti akuchititsa kulephera kuletsa kulakwa koma mosamveka.

Mbali ya Makhoti Aakulu m’Moyo wa Tsiku ndi Tsiku

Pamene kuli kwakuti nzika zambiri zimachita ndi makhoti makamaka kupyolera m’kuswa malamulo a boma, nkhani za lamulo la banja, kapena milandu ya upandu ya kumaloko, makhoti a boma amayambukira moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku m’njira zazikulu ndi zosawoneka kaŵirikaŵiri.

Ufulu wa Anthu ndi Kumasulidwa

Zigamulo za khoti la Landmark zasintha ufulu wa anthu kwa mibadwo. Nkhani zonga Brown v. Board of Education , zimene zinatha kuikidwa mwalamulo m'masukulu a boma, ndi Obergefell v. Hodges , zimene zimavomereza ukwati wa pakati pa anthu monga ufulu walamulo, woyambira m’makhoti a boma. Makhoti akupitiriza kuletsa kulowa m'malamulo a kuvota, kuchotsa mimba, ufulu wachipembedzo, ndi kulankhulana mwaufulu m'nyengo ya manambala. Nthaŵi iliyonse khoti limamenya lamulo laudindo laudindo kapena kuteteza kumanja, limalimbitsa lonjezo la ufulu wa ufulu wa anthu onse.

Kukonzanso Zachuma ndi Zamalonda

Makhoti a boma amamasulira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo amene amalamulira zachuma cha dziko. Nkhani za kusungitsa zikalata, kuphwanya malamulo a zachuma, milandu ya kulephera kwa ndalama, ndi kutsutsana kwa zinthu za anthu. Mabungwe a Federal Trade Commission, Sacuties and Exchange Commission, ndi mabungwe ena a boma amakakamiza anthu ogula ndi malamulo a zachuma, ndi makhoti akuyang'anizira ntchito zawo kuti aone ngati malamulo a boma ndi malamulo a boma. Zosankha za khoti la boma pa pangano la pangano, malonda a mayiko, ndi mlandu wa zamalonda zikuwononga mwachindunji ntchito, kukonza ntchito, ndi kukhazikika kwa chuma. Kwa antchito, makhoti a boma a boma akupereka malamulo a ntchito zaudindo a ntchito, kuphatikizapo malamulo apamwamba oyendera malamulo a ntchito ndi malamulo a zachitetezo a zachitetezo ndi malamulo otetezera za ntchito.

Chilungamo Chaupandu ndi Chisungiko cha Dziko

Makhoti a boma amaimba mlandu anthu amene amaswa malamulo a boma aupandu, kuphatikizapo kuzembetsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kuphanga, ndi milandu ya kusamukira kudziko. Nyumba za boma zoimbidwa mlandu, ndipo makhoti a boma amayang'anira zikalata ndi chithandizo cha pambuyo popereka chithandizo. M'dzikolo, Extrainformation Surveillance Court imagwira ntchito pakati pa boma la boma la boma la jadicariary, kupenda zifunsiro za boma za kuyang'anira maulamuliro achilendo kapena oimira boma. Makhoti a boma anakhazikitsanso zifunsipo za anthu amene anatsutsa kumangidwa kwawo, chitetezo chotsutsa boma ndi ufulu wa boma nthaŵi zambiri chimabwera pamaso pa oweruza milandu ya boma, kupanga ntchito yawo pa chiweruzo zaupandu ndi kuteteza dziko lonse.

Mfundo Zazikulu Zimene Mawu Awiri Ayenera Kudziŵa

Kuzindikira zimene apolisi a boma anena kumapatsa osankha mphamvu zochitira nawo ntchito ya demokrase, makamaka pofufuza mabodza a pulezidenti ndi a Nyumba ya Malamulo oweruza milandu.

Moyo Waufupi kwa Oweruza Aunyinji

Artiam III oweruza, kuphatikizapo oweruza a Bwalo Lapamwamba, khoti la oweruza opereka apilo, ndi oweruza a m'bwalo lamilandu, amatumikira kugamula kwa moyo wonse pa nthaŵi ya “ Mkhalidwe Wabwino. ” izi zikutanthauza kuti iwo angachotsedwe kokha mwa kuperekedwa ndi Nyumba ya Oimira ndi chitsimikizo ndi Nyumba ya Khoti, njira yosungidwa kaamba ka kusamvera kowopsa kapena mayendedwe aupandu. Moyo walinganizidwira kuchotsa oweruza pa chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko ndi malingaliro a anthu onse, kuwalola kupanga zosankha zozikidwa pa lamulo ndi chitsanzo. Pamene kuli kuchirikiza kuweruza kwachikidwa kwachiweruzo, kumakhalanso ndi zotsatirapo pa zaka 50 zokha. Chiweruzo choikidwa pa zaka 50 chigamulo cha Amereka cha mibadwo yambiri.

Mmene Zinthu Zimayendera

Oweruza a boma amasankhidwa ndi Pulezidenti ndipo ayenera kutsimikiziridwa ndi voti yaikulu mu Nyumba ya Malamulo. Bungwe la Akuluakulu la Boma la Judia limavomereza kuti ayesetse mayeso a kuyang'anira minees ’ ziyeneretso, zokumana nazo zalamulo, ndi nzeru zachiweruzo. Oweruza m'makhoti a m’chigawo ndi amadera amayang'anizana ndi zopinga zochepa, koma Apamwamba a bwalo lamilandu akhala otsutsana mowonjezereka m’zaka makumi angapo aposachedwapa. Kutsimikizako kumapatsa mpata wopenda mmene osankhidwawo amagwiritsira ntchito uphungu wawo ndi mbali zachigwirizano. Sanator angachirikize kapena kutsutsa ziyenero za akatswiri a za za zamaphunziro, kapena malingaliro alamulo. Malamulowo amakhala otchuka makamaka pamene gulu la makampani ndi mabungwe a boma apamwamba akulamulidwa ndi magulu osiyanasiyana, monga momwe amapangira mayeso achiweruzo a chiweruzo.

Kudziimira pa Ufulu wa Oweruza ndi Kudalirika kwa Anthu

Chigamulo cha chiweruzo ndicho lamulo lotsimikizirika lakuti makhoti ayenera kugamula milandu popanda kudodometsedwa ndi nthambi zina za boma kapena malingaliro a anthu. Mfundo imeneyi imachirikizidwa ndi moyo wa oweruza III, kutetezeredwa ku kutsika kwa malipiro, ndi malamulo amakhalidwe amene amalamulira khalidwe la komiti. Kudalira anthu pa khoti n’kofunika kwambiri kuti makhoti agwire bwino, popeza kuti nzika zimakhulupirira kuti zidzalandira kumvetsera koyenera mosasamala kanthu za malo awo, kutchuka, kapena kugwirizana ndi ndale. Malinga ndi Supme Court &squo; lolamulira lalamulo , khoti liyenera kuvomereza ndi malamulo otsutsa oweruza otsutsa, popeza kuti malamulo akewo ali oyenerera. Pamene kudalira kwa anthu onse kudalirana kwa judiary &io; kugamula kotsutsana ndi kutsutsa kopanda chiweru.

Mmene Makhoti Oyang’anira Amalamulo Amakuyambukirirani Molunjika

Zigamulo za khoti la boma zimakhudza mbali iliyonse ya moyo wa Amereka. Pamene muyenda m’mafilimu, lamulo la boma loletsa kuchotsa liyang'anira zinthu zimene zili ndi mapulogalamu a bungwe la Environmental Agency. Mukagula zinthu zopangidwa pa Intaneti, malamulo a zamalonda a boma akugwira ntchito. Pamene mulandira cheke ya Social Security kapena Medicases apindula, matanthauzo a khoti a maprogramu a maprogramu. Malamulo a malo okhala ndi mlingo wopindulidwa ndi bungwe la Environmental Protection amayang'aniridwa ndi boma. Malamulo a za malo okhala ndi malamulo ogwirizana ndi a banja, ndi otetezera, [FUFOclactive]: [2], ndi opimira kuperekedwa kwa mabwalo amilandu amilandu a boma limodzi. [FGUPUS]

Kufunika kwa Kutenga Limodzi m’Chigwirizano cha Mitengo

Oweruza odziŵa bwino n’ngofunika kwambiri kuti asungebe khoti lathanzi labwino. Makhoti ambiri amene amamvetsa bwino kayendetsedwe ka makhoti a boma ali ndi zoyenerera kupenda mapulogalamu a maopaleshoni ndi ntchito za makhoti. Bungwe la Recouncial of United States, bungwe lopanga malamulo a milandu, nthaŵi zonse limafalitsa malipoti a milandu, ndalama zofunikira, ndi zothandizira kukonza zinthu zimenezi. Kuthandiza nzika zambiri kuyamikira mapulogalamu a maphunziro ndi chuma cha ophunzira ndi magulu a anthu. Likulu la bungwe la Comyunizimu la United States, bungwe lopanga malamulo a milandu, loona za milandu yodalirika, lomafalitsa nthaŵi zonse, lopereka ndalama, ndi kukonzanso zinthu zina zoyendetsera zinthu. Kuthandiza ndi chuma chimenechi kuyamikira makhoti a kukwaniritsa bwino zinthu za milandu. Pamene zigamu za bomalo zikuteteza milandu ndi kuteteza ufulu wa boma, ndipo zikuthandizanso kuti zikhale zopereka ufulu kwa anthu ena.

Makhoti a boma si mabwalo akutali amene akugwira ntchito pa moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Ndizo mbali zofunika za ulamuliro wa America zimene zimatetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha, kusunga malamulo, ndi kutsimikizira kuti nthambi zina za boma zikugwira ntchito m'malamulo. Nthaŵi iliyonse wovota amaponya chilolezo cha Pulezidenti kapena Nyumba ya Malamulo, chimene chimapereka tanthauzo la kulembedwa kwa mtsogolo ndi malangizo a bungwe la boma la jadicary. Mwakumvetsetsa mfundo zosavuta za zimene makhoti a boma amachita, ovota angapange zosankha zodziŵira zimene zimachirikiza chilungamo, kudziimira, ndi njira yoweruza yogwira mtima ya mibadwo ikudza.