Table of Contents

Makhoti a ku United States anapangidwa pansi pa Mfundo III ya Malamulo kuti apereke chiweruzo cholungama ndi chosakondera, m’mphamvu yokhazikitsidwa ndi Konsichushoni ndi Congress. Makhoti ameneŵa ndiwo maziko a dongosolo la chiweruzo la boma, kusamalira milandu imene imayambukira mamiliyoni a Aamereka tsiku ndi tsiku. Kuchokera ku kutetezera ufulu walamulo kufikira ku kuthetsa mikangano yovuta ya lamulo, makhoti a boma amatumikira monga otetezera chilungamo ndi lamulo lofunika mu United States.

Kuzindikira mmene makhoti a boma amagwirira ntchito, mitundu ya milandu imene amasamalira, ndi chifukwa chake nkhani yawo ingakuthandizeni kuzindikira bwino lomwe mbali ya chiweruzo mu demokrase ya America. Kaya muloŵetsemo m'nkhani ya zamalamulo, mukhale ndi chidwi m'nkhani za boma, kapena kungofuna kudziŵa mmene chilungamo chimagwira ntchito m'dzikolo, kuphunzira za makhoti a boma kumapereka chidziŵitso chofunika kwambiri ku imodzi ya nthambi zitatu za boma.

Malamulo Okhazikitsidwa a Makhoti Aunyinji

Mfundo III ya Malamulo a ku United States imakhazikitsa nthambi yachiweruzo monga imodzi ya nthambi zitatu za boma losiyana ndi losiyana. Malamulo alamulo ameneŵa amapanga dongosolo la cheke ndi zipilala zolinganizidwa kuletsa nthambi iliyonse kusonkhanitsa mphamvu zochuluka.

Nthambi zitatu zimenezi — zalamulo, zolamulira, ndi zachiweruzo — zimagwira ntchito m'dongosolo la malamulo la "macheke ndi malingana" izi zikutanthauza kuti ngakhale nthambi iliyonse ili yosiyana mwalamulo ndi ina iŵiriyo, Konsichushoni kaŵirikaŵiri imafuna kugwirizana pakati pa nthambi. Mwachitsanzo, pamene kuli kwakuti Nyumba ya Malamulo imapereka malamulo ndi Pulezidenti akuziika zizindikiro, nthambi yachiweruzo, imakhala ndi ulamuliro wa kugamula malamulo a boma ndi kuthetsa milandu ina yokhudza malamulo a boma.

Ulamuliro wa makhoti a boma wafotokozedwa ndi Malamulo, malamulo a msonkhano, ndi zigamulo za Khoti Lapamwamba la United States. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti makhoti a boma alibe mphamvu yopanda malire yomvera mlandu uliwonse. Udindo wawo umaperekedwa mosamalitsa ndi malamulo ndi malamulo operekedwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo.

Nkhani III

Mfundo III imapereka kuti ulamuliro wachiweruzo "udzafutukukira" ku mitundu isanu ndi inayi ya "mitupi" ndi "Malamulo" milandu yonse m'malamulo ndi kulephera kubwera pansi pa Malamulo, malamulo, ndi mapangano a United States; nkhani zonse zokhudza akazembe, atumiki ena ndi oimira boma; milandu yonse ya kuchuluka ndi mayiko a m'mayiko osiyanasiyana; mikangano pakati pa dziko la United States ndi mayiko ena; mikangano pakati pa nzika ndi nzika za dziko lina; mikangano pakati pa nzika za boma la mayiko osiyanasiyana; mikangano pakati pa nzika za boma lodzinenera dziko limodzi lomwelo pansi pa dziko losiyana; ndi mikangano pakati pa boma kapena dziko lake ndi anthu a dziko lachilendo, kapena nzika zake, kapena nzika zake.

Makhoti a Federal Court ali ndi ulamuliro wochepa umene uli ndi ulamuliro womvera milandu yomwe ili ndi malire onse aŵiri ofotokozedwa m’Chigawo III cha Lamulo la U.S. ndi malamulo a Communist ndi Congregation, kuwasiyanitsa ndi makhoti a boma, amene kaŵirikaŵiri ali ndi mphamvu yokulirapo.

Mabungwe Aakulu Atatu a Makhoti Aakulu

Khoti la boma lili ndi milingo itatu yaikulu: makhoti achigawo (khoti lozenga mlandu), makhoti adera amene ali mlingo woyamba wa apilo, ndi Bwalo Lapamwamba la United States, mlingo womalizira wa apilo m’dongosolo la boma. Mlingo uliwonse uli ndi chifuno chosiyana m’kuyang’anira chiweruzo cha boma.

Makhoti Achigawo a ku United States: Makhoti Ozenga Milandu

Makhoti 94 a m'dzikolo kapena makhoti a m'chigawo cha United States amaimira milandu yambiri ya boma, kugwira ntchito monga makhoti a milandu kumene umboni uperekedwa, mboni, ndi milandu imagamula.

Makhoti achigawo amathetsa mikangano mwa kutsimikizira mfundo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito lamulo. Ntchito yofufuza imeneyi ndi yofunika kwambiri chifukwa makhoti ambiri amavomereza zimene zinachitikadi m’nkhani, mmalo mwake kuyang'ana ngati lamulolo linagwiritsidwa ntchito molondola.

Pansi pa malire oikidwa ndi Congress ndi Constitution, makhoti a boma ali ndi mphamvu yomvetsera pafupifupi mbali zonse za milandu ya boma, kuphatikizapo nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni ndi zaupandu. Kulamulira kofala kumeneku kumatanthauza makhoti a m’chigawo onse akumaweruza milandu ya upandu wa boma ndi milandu ya boma yokhudza malamulo a boma, mafunso alamulo, ndi mikangano pakati pa nzika za maiko osiyanasiyana.

Khoti lililonse la chigawo cha United States lili ndi Woweruza Wachigawo mmodzi, woikidwa ndi Pulezidenti ndi wotsimikiziridwa ndi Bungwe la Malamulo kaamba ka nthaŵi ya moyo wa moyo wonse. Kuikidwa kumeneku, kochitidwa ndi khalidwe labwino, kumathandizira kutsimikizira kudziimira kwa komiti mwa kutetezera oweruza ku chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko.

Mabwalo amilandu achigawo amagwiritsiranso ntchito oweruza a m’boma amene amathandiza oweruza a chigawo m’njira zosiyanasiyana. Chosiyana ndi kuikidwa kwa moyo wonse ndi kwa oweruza, amene amasankhidwa ndi oweruza achigawo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito dzina lapadera. Oweruza odziŵa za milandu atha kusamalira nkhani zoyambirira, kuweruza milandu, ndipo ngakhale kuyang’anira mitundu ina ya mayeso mogwirizana ndi chivomerezo cha zigaŵenga.

Makhoti a Zipilo a ku United States: Makhoti a M’kati mwa Makhoti Ofufuza

Makhoti a milandu 13 a m’bungwe lapamwamba la United States amatchedwa makhoti a apilo.

Zigawo 94 zachiweruzo ku United States zalinganizidwa kukhala madera 12 a chigawo, ndipo chimodzi chili ndi khoti la apilo la United States. Dera lililonse lili ndi magawo angapo, kuyambitsa kugaŵikana kwa dziko. Mwachitsanzo, The Fi5 Transfer, monga, limaphatikizapo maboma a Texas, Louisiana, ndi Mississippi.

Khoti la apilo likumva zikalata zochokera ku makhoti a boma, komanso kuchonderera zigamulo za mabungwe a boma.

Ndiponso, khoti la Apilo la Federal Gardera lili ndi ulamuliro wa dziko lonse wa kumvetsera zifunsiro m’milandu yapadera, monga zija zophatikizapo malamulo ndi milandu yololeka ya boma zogamulidwa ndi Khoti la International Trade ndi Khoti la Federal. Dera limeneli likusiyana ndi madera a m’chigawo chachisanu ndi chitatu mwa kusumika maganizo pa nkhani ya nkhani m’malo mwa malo a dziko.

Mmene Makhoti Amagwirira Ntchito Yofuna Kuwawa

Mosiyana ndi makhoti ozenga milandu, makhoti sayesa kuzenga mlandu kapena kumva umboni watsopano; samva umboni; ndipo palibe ajuli.

Ntchito ya khoti lamilandu ndi yakuti atsimikizire ngati lamulolo linagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino m’khoti kapena m'bungwe loyang’anira milandu. Izi zimakhudza mafunso a zamalamulo mmalo mwa mikangano yeniyeni, zikusiyanitsa kupenda kwa milandu ya khoti.

Zipilo ku makhoti a dera zimamvedwa choyamba ndi gulu, lopangidwa ndi oweruza atatu a khoti la chigawo. Gulu la oweruza atatu limeneli limapenda mfundo zachidule, kumva zigomeko za pakamwa kuchokera kwa maloya, ndi kutulutsa lingaliro lolembedwa lolongosola chigamulo chake. Chigamulo cha bungwelo chimakhala chitsanzo chogwirizana cha makhoti a m’deralo.

M’nkhani zosachitikachitika, khoti lonse lingaone zikalata zina zofunsira mlandu potengera mfundo yakuti "en brac". Malingaliro a En banc amalemera kwambiri ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amagamulidwa pambuyo poti gulu la anthu lamva mlanduwo.

Khoti Lapamwamba la United States

Bwalo Lapamwamba la United States lili ndi Chilungamo Chachikulu cha United States ndi oweruza asanu ndi atatu ogwirizana. Monga khoti lapamwamba koposa m’dongosolo la boma, Bwalo Lapamwamba limatumikira monga wopereka lamulo lomalizira la boma ndi kumasulira kwa malamulo alamulo.

Mosiyana ndi makhoti a apilo, amene ayenera kumva zikalata zonse zoperekedwa moyenerera, Khoti Lalikulu limachita zinthu zambiri moyenera poonetsetsa kuti khotili likuchita zinthu zogwirizana ndi malamulo ake.

Mabwalo angaike "kudandaula kwa certiorari" ku khoti, kupempha kuti amve mlandu. Ngati khoti lapamwamba lagamulidwa, khotilo lidzachitapo kachidule ndi kachitidwe kake. Komabe, Certiorari saloledwa kaŵirikaŵiri; wochepera 1% wa apilo ku khoti lapamwamba amamvedwa ndi ilo. Kusankha kumeneku kumalola Khoti kusumika maganizo pa milandu yofunika yokhudzana ndi malamulo a boma kapena mikangano ya madera osiyanasiyana.

Milandu imeneyo ingayambe m’makhoti a boma, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri imaphatikizapo mafunso ofunika kwambiri onena za Konsichushoni kapena lamulo la boma. Zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu zimakhazikitsa chitsanzo chogwirizana kwa makhoti onse a boma ndi a boma m’dziko lonselo, kupanga zigamulo zake kukhala zosonkhezera kwambiri.

Mlandu Woyambirira wa Khoti Lalikulu

Pamene kuli kwakuti anthu ambiri amalingalira za Bwalo Lapamwamba kukhala bwalo lamilandu, ilo lirinso ndi ulamuliro woyambirira pa milandu ina. Khotilo likachita monga khoti lozenga mlandu likunenedwa kukhala ndi ulamuliro woyambirira, ndipo limatero m’mikhalidwe ingapo yofunika, monga ngati pamene boma lina lipereka chiweruzo china.

Komabe, milandu ya Chiyambi siichitikachitikanso chifukwa chakuti, kusiyapo ngati pali suti kapena mikangano pakati pa maboma aŵiri, khoti lakhala likulola kwambiri makhoti ang’onoang’ono kukhala ndi mphamvu yolamulira limodzi.

Makhoti Oyang’anira Apadera

Kupyola pa dongosolo la makhoti a zigawo atatu, makhoti a apilo, ndi Bwalo Lamilandu Lalikulu, dongosolo lachiweruzo la boma limaphatikizapo makhoti angapo apadera olinganizidwira kusamalira milandu ya mtundu wina.

Makhoti Ozenga Mlandu

Mabwalo a milandu 94 a boma a boma amathandiza pa nkhani za kulephera kubweza ngongole, ndipo pafupifupi m’madera onse, milandu ya kulephera kubweza ngongole imaikidwa m’khoti lolephera kubweza ngongole.

Milandu ya banki singathe kuikidwa m’khoti la boma. ulamuliro wa boma wokha umenewu umasonyeza lamulo lovomereza mphamvu ya Congress kukhazikitsa "Malamulo a Uniform pa nkhani ya Bankruptices mu United States monse.

Malamulo a banki amathandiza anthu amene sangakhozenso kulipirira owakongoza awo kupeza chiyambi chatsopano mwakuwononga chuma chawo kuti alipire ngongole zawo, kapena mwa kupanga makonzedwe a kulipira. malamulo a banki amatetezeranso mabizinesi ovutika ndi kupereka zogaŵira zadongosolo kwa okongoletsa mwa kulinganiza kapena kuchotsapo.

Mfundo I Makhoti

Nyumba ya Malamulo inakhazikitsa Mfundo Yoyamba imene si mbali ya Gawo la Nthambi Yachitatu. Nkhaniyi ili m’gulu la Makhoti Amilandu a ku United States: Malamulo a ku United States a ku Bwalo la Apilo, khoti la Apolisi a ku United States la Magulu Oimba Mlandu ku Magulu Olimbana ndi Nkhondo, khoti la Msonkho la Msonkho ku United States ndi milandu ina ingapo.

Makhoti ameneŵa amasiyana ndi makhoti III m’njira zofunika. Oweruza pa Makhoti I samakhala ndi moyo waumoyo ndipo angakhale ndi ulamuliro wochepa. Ndiponso, makhoti ena ali ndi ulamuliro wa dziko lonse wa nkhani za msonkho (United States Traxity Court of Federal Declations), akuneneza kuti akutsutsana ndi boma (United States Court of International Trade).

Chilango cha Khoti Lalikulu: Kodi Makhoti Ausilikali Angamve Mlandu Wotani?

Makhoti a boma ali ndi ulamuliro wochepa, umene umatanthauza kuti angangomva nkhani zimene zimaphatikizapo malamulo a boma, nkhani zalamulo kapena mikangano pakati pa magulu a anthu ochokera m’mayiko osiyanasiyana.

Kuzengedwa Mlandu kwa Funso la Federal

Malamulo a boma amathandiza kuti makhoti amve milandu yobuka pansi pa malamulo a boma, kapena mapangano.

Makhoti a boma amaweruza milandu yokhudza milandu ya boma, kulephera kubweza ngongole, kuloledwa kwa boma, kusamukira m’dziko ndi nkhani zokhudza boma la United States.

Kuzengedwa Chilango Kosiyanasiyana

Milandu imene yazikidwa kotheratu pa lamulo la boma ingabweretsedwa m'khoti la boma pansi pa "ulamuliro wa khoti". Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ulamuliro imalola mtsogoleri wa boma limodzi kulembetsa mlandu m'bwalo lamilandu la boma pamene woimbidwa mlanduyo ali m’boma losiyana.

Kubweretsa lamulo la boma m’khoti la boma, onse a atsamunda ayenera kupezeka m’maiko osiyanasiyana kuposa oimbidwa mlandu onse, ndipo "akukhala m'mikangano" ayenera kukhala oposa $75,000. Chifuniro cha ulamuliro chimenechi chimatsimikizira kuti makhoti a boma akumva kokha mikangano yaikulu pakati pa magulu osiyana.

Chilungamo cha kulamulira kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndicho kupereka uchete pamene zigaŵenga za maiko osiyanasiyana zingayang'anizane ndi tsankho m'makhoti a boma limodzi. Komabe, milandu ya upandu siingatengedwe pansi pa ulamuliro wa mitundu yosiyanasiyana.

Zilembo zowonjezera. Concur Juricion

Mitundu ina ya milandu ingamvedwe kokha m’khoti la boma (logaŵikana mwalamulo), pamene kuli kwakuti ina ingamvedwe m’khoti la boma kapena la boma (lolamulira la nthaŵi imodzi). Mwachitsanzo, milandu ya kulephera kubweza ngongole, milandu ya kuimbidwa mwalamulo, ndi milandu yokhudza milandu ya boma iyenera kuperekedwa m’khoti la boma.

Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, milandu yambiri yokhudza malamulo a boma ingabwere ndi khoti la boma kapena la boma.

Njira Yosankha Chiŵeruzo ya Maboma

Oweruza a Federal (ndi Khoti Lalikulu "Tchimo") amasankhidwa ndi Pulezidenti ndi kutsimikiziridwa "ndi uphungu ndi chivomerezo" wa Nyumba ya Malamulo ndi "adzasunga maOfesi awo m'Makhalidwe abwino". Oweruza angasunge kaimidwe kawo kwa moyo wawo wonse, koma ambiri amasiya ntchito kapena kupuma pantchito posachedwa.

Kusankha moyo wonse kumeneku, kokhazikitsidwa ndi Konsichushoni, kumatumikira zifuno zingapo zofunika. Kumatetezera oweruza ku chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko, kuwalola kupanga zosankha zozikidwa pa lamulo mmalo mwa malingaliro ofala kapena malingaliro a ndale zadziko. Kumaperekanso kukhazikika ndi kupitirizabe m’kumasulira lamulo la boma.

Iwo angachotsedwenso mwa kuperekedwa ndi Nyumba ya Oimira ndi chitsimikizo ndi Nyumba ya Akulu. M’mbiri yonse, oweruza a boma khumi ndi asanu atsutsidwa chifukwa cha kulingaliridwa kukhala olakwa. Kukana kumeneku kumapereka mayeso pa mphamvu yachiweruzo pamene kukusunga ufulu wachiweruzo kwa oweruza amene amachita ntchito zawo mokhulupirika.

Mmene Makhoti Oyang’anira Adziko Amakhudzira Moyo Wanu wa Tsiku ndi Tsiku

Makhoti a boma amakhudza moyo wa anthu a ku America m’njira zambirimbiri, ndipo nthawi zambiri m’madera amene anthu sazindikira mwamsanga.

Kuteteza Ufulu wa Malamulo

Makhoti akuluakulu amateteza ufulu wa boma. Ngati boma lachita zinthu mwalamulo, kapena logawa.

  • Ufulu wa kulankhula, chipembedzo, ndi nkhani zofalitsidwa pansi pa Lamulo Loyamba
  • Kutetezeredwa ku Kufufuza kosayenera ndi Kugwidwa ndi Nthenda Pansi pa Lamulo Lachinayi
  • Njira yoyenerera ndi chitetezo cholingana pansi pa Malamulo Owonjezera a Nachisanu ndi 14
  • Ufulu wa Apandu Oimbidwa Mlandu Pansi pa Malamulo Achisanu ndi Chisanu, Achisanu ndi Chisanu, ndi Asanu ndi Chisanu ndi Chisanu ndi Chisanu
  • Kupatsa ena ufulu ndi kutenga nawo mbali m’ndale
  • Kuteteza ufulu wachibadwidwe ku tsankho lochokera ku fuko, kugonana, chipembedzo, mtundu, kupunduka, ndi mikhalidwe ina yotetezeredwa

Zitetezero za malamulo zimenezi zimayambukira aliyense, kuyambira pa ophunzira amene amapanga ufulu wa kulankhula kusukulu kufikira pa anthu amene akuimbidwa mlandu waupandu kwa antchito awo amene amasalidwa pantchito.

Kuwongolera Malonda ndi Malonda

Makhoti a boma amamasulira ndi kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo a boma amene amalamulira malonda ndi malonda, kuyambukira chirichonse kuyambira kutetezera kwa ogula kufikira ku kusungitsa kusadalirika kwa kusungidwa kwa zikole. Milandu yoloŵetsamo mabungwe a boma kaŵirikaŵiri imathera m’khoti la boma, kumene oweruza amapenda zigamulo za mabungwe ndi kutsimikizira kuti iwo agwirizana ndi malamulo ndi malamulo.

Mwachitsanzo, khoti limapereka milandu yokhudza:

  • Malamulo a malo okhala akuwononga mpweya wabwino, madzi abwino, ndi mitundu ya zamoyo imene ili pangozi
  • Malamulo a antchito oyang’anira malipiro, mikhalidwe ya ntchito, ndi kulinganiza mgwirizano
  • Malamulo otetezera ogula okhudza chinyengo, machitidwe achinyengo, ndi otetezera zinthu
  • Kusunga malamulo oletsa kulandana ndi kulimbikitsa mpikisano
  • Malamulo a zachuma amayang’anira misika ya masitolo ndi kutetezera oikizira ndalama
  • Malamulo a zinthu otetezera mphamvu za munthu, zokometsera, ndi zizindikiro

Zigamulo zimenezi zimakhudza makampani akuluakulu ndi aang’ono, komanso anthu amene amapindula ndi misika yopikisana ndi mabungwe oteteza anthu.

Kusamukira ku Dziko Lina Ndiponso Kukhala Nzika

Makhoti a boma ali ndi mphamvu yokha pa nkhani za anthu oloŵa m’dziko ndi zachilengedwe.

Milandu imeneyi imakhudza mwachindunji mamiliyoni a osamukira m’dziko ndi mabanja awo, kugamulapo amene angaloŵe mu United States, amene angatsale, ndi amene angakhale nzika.

Zilango Zauchigaŵenga Zapadera

Maboma angangobweretsa milandu m’makhoti a boma, ndipo boma lingangobweretsa milandu ya upandu m’khoti la boma. Milandu ya upandu ya Federal imaphatikizapo kuswa malamulo a boma, kuphatikizapo:

  • Kugulitsa ndi Kufalitsa Mankhwala Osokoneza Bongo
  • Maupandu a alungu a dzuŵa monga chinyengo, kugulitsa ndalama, ndi kupha anthu ndalama
  • Upandu wolinganizidwa ndi kunyenga
  • Uchigaŵenga ndi milandu ya chitetezo cha dziko
  • Upandu wochitidwa pa malo a boma kapena wophatikizapo akuluakulu a boma
  • Maupandu a boma monga kuba anthu ndi kunyamula katundu wakuba
  • Maupandu a pakompyuta ndi chinyengo

Kaŵirikaŵiri milandu ya upandu imaphatikizapo milandu yaikulu ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri imatulukapo m’zilango zautali kuposa ziweruzo za boma zofanana.

Kutetezeka kwa Anthu Ndiponso Boma

Makhotiwa amakambirananso zimene bungwe la Social Security Administration linachita pankhani ya kuchuluka kwa anthu odwala matenda, kupuma pantchito, ndiponso mainshuwalansi ena a zachuma.

Mofananamo, makhoti a boma amamva milandu yokhudza mapindu a anthu a m'nthaŵi ya nkhondo, Medicare ndi Medicaid, maprogramu a chakudya, ndi maprogramu ena a boma amapindula. Zigamulo zimenezi zimatsimikizira ngati anthu amalandira mapindu amene ali nawo pansi pa lamulo la boma.

Kupeza Thandizo la Mabanki ndi Ngongole

Makhoti a zachuma amapereka njira yochitira zinthu ndi ngongole zambiri.

Zosankha za kubanki zimakhudza anthu amene ali ndi ngongole yofuna chithandizo komanso okongola ndalama, antchito amene ntchito zawo zingadalire pa kukonzanso bizinesi, ndiponso anthu amene amakhudzidwa ndi kutsekedwa kwa malonda kapena kukonzedwanso.

Kufunika kwa Makhoti Otchuka

Makhoti akuluakulu akugwira ntchito pansi pa chiphunzitso cha kuyang’ana, chimene chimatanthauza kuti “kuima mogwirizana ndi zinthu zimene zagamulidwa. Lamulo limeneli limafuna kuti makhoti atsatire zitsanzo zokhazikitsidwa ndi makhoti apamwamba m’njira imodzimodziyo.

Kwa makhoti achigawo, izi zimatanthauza kutsata zitsanzo zokhazikitsidwa ndi bwalo lamilandu la zifunsiro za dera lawo ndi la Bwalo Lapamwamba. Makhoti a apilo, ichi chimatanthauza kutsatira zitsanzo za Khoti Lapamwamba ndi zosankha zawo zapatsogolo. Khoti Lalikulu kaŵirikaŵiri limatsatira zitsanzo zake koma lili ndi mphamvu ya kuzilamulira pamene kuli kofunikira.

Dongosolo la chitsanzo limeneli limapereka mapindu angapo:

  • Kulakwa: Aloya ndi zipani zinganeneretu mmene makhoti angalamulire malinga ndi zosankha zawo, kuwalola kulinganiza khalidwe lawo ndi kupenda mphamvu ya zonena za lamulo.
  • Osasintha: milandu yofanana imagamulidwa mofanana, kuchirikiza chilungamo ndi kuchitiridwa mofanana pansi pa lamulo.
  • Kulephera: Makhoti safunikira kupendanso mafunso a lamulo othetsedwa m'nkhani iliyonse, kuwalola iwo kusumika maganizo pa nkhani zatsopano ndi mikangano yeniyeni.
  • Ligitima: Kumamatira ku chitsanzo kumasonyeza kuti zigamulo zachiweruzo nzozikidwa pa lamulo mmalo mwa zokonda zaumwini za oweruza.

Kulekanitsa Madera ndi Kupenda Bwalo Lapamwamba

Pamene kuli kwakuti mlandu umodzi ungamvedwe ndi khoti limodzi ladera, lamulo lalamulo lalamulo lingaikidwe mlandu wamilandu yambiri m’makhoti adera osiyana, kuyambitsa kusagwirizana pakati pa mbali zosiyanasiyana za United States. Zimenezi zimapanga chigamulo chogaŵanikana pakati pa makhoti a dera. Kaŵirikaŵiri, ngati pali chigamulo chogaŵanikana pakati pa madera aŵiri kapena angapo, ndipo mlandu wofananawo umaperekedwa ku Supreme Court, Supreme Court idzatenga mlanduwo kuthetsera chigaŵano.

Kugawanika kwa dera kumachititsa mikhalidwe kumene lamulo la boma limodzimodzilo limamasuliridwa mosiyana m'mbali zosiyanasiyana za dziko. Zimenezi zingatsogolere ku kusalungama ndi kusatsimikizirika. Mbali ya Khoti Lalikulu m'kuthetsa magaŵano a dera imathandiza kusunga mgwirizano m'lamulo la boma m'dziko lonselo.

Makhoti Olimbana ndi Makhoti: Kumvetsetsa Chitetezo cha Dual System

Kumvetsetsa kusiyana kwa madongosolo aŵiriŵa kumathandiza kumvetsetsa pamene makhoti a boma ali ndi ulamuliro ndi pamene makhoti a boma ali oyenerera.

Kusiyana kwa Malamulo

Makhoti a boma ali ndi mphamvu zochepa. Amangomva nkhani zovomerezedwa mwachindunji ndi Malamulo a boma.

Makhoti ambiri a boma amamva milandu yambiri ya milandu ya boma la United States, nkhani za m’banja, milandu ya anthu ozenga milandu, milandu yodzivulaza, mikangano ya mapangano, ndi nkhani zina zofala.

Kusiyana Kwachibadwa

Njira za khoti la boma zakhala zadongosolo kwambiri, ndipo zimatsatiridwa mosamalitsa ndi malamulo a umboni.

Makhoti a Federal Authority of Civil Procedure, Federal Rules of Criminal Procedeture, ndi Federal Malamulo a Umboni. Malamulo amodzimodzi ameneŵa amagwira ntchito m’makhoti onse a boma m’dziko lonselo, kuchirikiza kusasinthana m’kutsutsa kwa boma.

Makhoti a boma, mosiyana ndi zimenezo, amatsatira malamulo awoawo, amene angasiyane kwambiri m’dziko ndi boma.

Njira Zoyendera

Milandu imeneyi ikhozanso kuonekera pamaso pa Khoti Lalikulu la ku United States, khoti lalikulu kwambiri m’dzikolo.

M'makhoti a boma, apilo amapita kumakhoti a boma ndipo mwina mwina mwina sangapite ku bwalo lapamwamba la boma, limene limasiyana m'dziko ndi boma. Makhoti aakulu a boma (kapena ofanana nawo) kaŵirikaŵiri ndiwo omalizira a lamulo la boma, ngakhale kuti mafunso alamulo a boma angafunike kuperekedwa ku Khoti Lapamwamba la United States.

Mmene Mungapezere Makhoti Aunyinji

Kuzindikira mmene tingafikire kukhoti n’kofunika kwa aliyense amene angafunikire kulembetsa mlandu, kuteteza mlandu, kapena kutenga nawo mbali m’makhoti.

Kuweruza Mlandu m’Khoti Lalikulu

Kulemba mlandu m’khoti la boma, choyamba muyenera kugamulapo kaya ulamuliro wa boma ulipo. Ichi chimafunikira kudziŵikitsa kaya funso la boma (nkhani yobuka pansi pa lamulo la boma kapena Konsichushoni) kapena ulamuliro wa mitundu yosiyanasiyana (nkhani pakati pa nzika za maiko osiyanasiyana zophatikizapo $75,000).

Milandu imaikidwa m'khoti la District loyenerera la United States, lomwe kwenikweni ndi chigawo chimene woimbidwa mlandu amakhala kapena kumene zochitika zopereka mlanduzo zinachitikira. Khoti lililonse lachigawo lili ndi ofesi ya kalaliki imene imavomereza mapepala ndi kupereka chidziŵitso chonena za njira za khoti.

Makhoti ambiri masiku ano amagwiritsa ntchito njira zolembera zinthu zamagetsi, zimene zimalola maloya ndi zipani kuti azilemba zikalata pa Intaneti.

Kudziimira Weniweni M’madzi

Pamene kuli kwakuti anthu ali ndi kuyenera kwa kudziimira okha m’khoti la boma (proceed "se"), kumasulira kwa boma nkovuta ndi kocholoŵana. Njira zadongosolo, malamulo okhwima a umboni, ndi zofunika zalamulo zapansipansi zimakupangitsa kukhala kovuta kwa osakhala opalamula kuyendetsa khoti la boma mwachipambano.

Pamilandu yambiri ya boma, kulembedwa loya wozoloŵera kuli bwino. Ochita makhoti a Federal ayenera kuloledwa kumachita m'chigawo chapadera kumene akuwonekera, ndipo iwo ali ndi chidziŵitso chapadera cha njira ya boma ndi lamulo la boma lokhala ndi chigamulo.

Kwa anthu amene sangathe kupeza loya, pali zinthu zingapo zimene angachite:

  • Uphungu woikidwa ndi khoti m’milandu yaupandu kwa oimbidwa mlandu olakwa
  • Mabungwe opereka chithandizo chalamulo amene amapereka mautumiki aulere kwa anthu otsika obwera
  • Maprogramu a Probono kumene maloya amadzipereka kugwirira ntchito zawo
  • Zipatala za malamulo zimene zimapereka chithandizo chalamulo pansi pa uyang’aniro wa akuluakulu

Kupezeka kwa Onse ku Makhoti Aunyinji

Kaŵirikaŵiri milandu ya m’khoti imakhala yotseguka kwa anthu, kusonyeza lamulo lakuti chilungamo chiyenera kukhala choonekeratu ndi choŵerengera mlandu. Aliyense angapezekepo m’mabwalo amilandu ndi milandu ya boma, pansi pa mphamvu ya kuyang’anira milandu ndi ziyeneretso za chisungiko.

Zikalata za khotizo kaŵirikaŵiri zimapezekanso kwa anthu kupyolera m’dongosolo la PACIR, ngakhale kuti pali malipiro ochepa opezera zikalata. zikalata zina zingasungidwe kapena kukonzedwanso kuti zitetezere chinsinsi, zinsinsi za malonda, kapena chidziŵitso cha chitetezo cha dziko.

Makhoti a ku United States pa webusaiti ya www.ustouts.gov [1] akupereka chidziŵitso chochuluka ponena za dongosolo la khoti la boma, kuphatikizapo chuma cha maphunziro, malo a khoti, mafomu, ndi mapulogalamu a proced.

Zochitika Zaposachedwapa ndi Mavuto Amene Alipo

Makhoti akupitiriza kusintha chifukwa cha kusintha kwa malamulo, chikhalidwe ndiponso luso la zopangapanga.

Mavuto Amene Amabwera Chifukwa cha Matendawa

Makhoti a boma amayang'anizana ndi mavuto osatha okhudzana ndi kuyang'anira katundu ndi kulephera kwa zipatala. Pamene kuli kwakuti chiŵerengero cha oweruza a boma chawonjezereka m’kupita kwa nthaŵi, sichinayendere limodzi ndi kukula kwa chiŵerengero cha anthu ndi kuwonjezereka kwa lamulo la boma. Zimenezi zingatsogolere ku kuchedwa m'kayang’aniro ndi chitsenderezo chowonjezereka pa oweruza ndi antchito a m’khoti.

Nthawi zina mabungwe a boma amakhazikitsa njira zatsopano zothetsera mavuto amenewa, koma nthawi zina nthawi zina pamakhala kuchedwa kukhazikitsa munthu woti apereke udindo, ndipo nthawi zina pangakhale nthawi yaitali kuti pasapezeke munthu woti apereke udindo woyang’anira milandu.

Luso la Zaluso Ndiponso Kuyenda pa Intaneti

Makhoti a zaumisiri avomereza kuti makhoti asinthe njira zopezera malamulo ndiponso zogwiritsa ntchito bwino makompyuta.

Mliri wa Chovid-19 unafulumizitsa kuvomerezedwa kwa milandu yakutali, makhoti ambiri akuweruza milandu ndipo ngakhale kuzenga milandu kudzera pa msonkhano wa pa vidiyo. Pamene kuli kwakuti milandu ya anthu ozenga mlandu inayambika, makhoti ambiri akupitirizabe kupereka zosankha zakutali za mitundu ina ya milandu, kupititsa patsogolo kupezeka kwa zipani ndi maloya amene mwina angayang'anizane ndi katundu wa ulendo.

Kusiyanasiyana ndi Kuimira

Pali kuchuluka kwa zigamulo za boma, kuphatikizapo kusiyana kwa mafuko, akazi, maphunziro, ndi malo.

Zaka zaposachedwapa zakhala zikuwonjezeka m’mapangano achiweruzo a boma, ngakhale kuti oweruza sakusonyezabe mokwanira chiŵerengero cha anthu a ku America.

Mbali ya Makhoti Aunyinji m’Kutetezera Demokrase

Makhoti a boma amachita mbali yofunika kwambiri m'kutetezera zigwirizano za demokrase ndi madongosolo. Zimatumikira monga kufufuza pa mphamvu ya maulamuliro ndi malamulo, kutsimikizira kuti kachitidwe ka boma kagwirizana ndi malamulo alamulo. Zimatetezera ufulu wa anthu ochepa kwa ochenjeredwa.

Kupenda Chiweruzo ndi Kumasulira Koikidwiratu

Mphamvu ya kupenda kwachiweruzo . "kulamulira kulengeza malamulo ndi zochita za boma popanda malamulo =limodzi la ntchito zofunika kwambiri za makhoti a boma. Ngakhale kuti sananenedwe bwino m'Malamulo, mphamvu imeneyi inakhazikitsidwa kuchiyambiyambi kwa mbiri ya Amereka ndipo yakhala maziko a demokrase yalamulo.

Mwa kupendanso zachiweruzo, makhoti a boma amatsimikizira kuti nthambi za ndale zadziko zimagwira ntchito mkati mwa malamulo. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kutetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha, kusungirira maulamuliro, ndi kusunga ulamuliro mwa kulongosola mbali za maboma a boma ndi maboma.

Lamulo la Chisankho ndi Kupatsa Ufulu

Makhoti a boma amachita mbali yaikulu m’malamulo a chisankho ndi ufulu wosankha. Amamva zotokosa pa ziletso za kuvota, makonzedwe a kukonzanso, malamulo a zandalama, ndi njira zosankhira. Milandu imeneyi imayambukira mwachindunji dongosolo la demokrase ndi kugamula kuti ndani angavote, mmene mavoti amaŵerengedwera, ndi mmene magawo osankhidwa amakokedwera.

Makhoti a boma akhala othandiza kwambiri kuteteza ufulu wosankha, makamaka wa anthu a mafuko ochepa ndiponso magulu ena amene anasemphana maganizo m’mbiri yakale.

Kupatukana kwa Mphamvu Kusokoneza

Makhoti a boma amathetsa mikangano pakati pa nthambi za boma, amagamula za ulamuliro wa akuluakulu, malire a ulamuliro wa malamulo, ndi malire a chiweruzo.

Zitsanzo zaposachedwapa zikuphatikizapo nkhani zokhudza udindo wa akuluakulu a boma, uyang’aniro wa bungwe la akulu a boma, mphamvu za pulezidenti zopereka malangizo kwa akuluakulu a boma, ndiponso udindo wa akuluakulu a boma.

Kumvetsa Zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu

Zigamulo za khoti la Federal zimafalitsidwa m’manyuzipepala osiyanasiyana ndi m’masewero a zachinsinsi, kupangitsa maloya, akatswiri, ndi anthu kupezekapo.

Mbali za Lingaliro la Khoti Lalikulu

Lingaliro la khoti la boma limaphatikizapo mbali zingapo:

  • Kuyerekezera: Kuimira zipani, khoti, ndi nambala ya mlandu
  • Mapangano: [ amafotokoza zimene zinachitika kuti pakhale mkangano wa lamulo
  • Mbiri yolongosola: Akufotokoza mmene mlanduwo unafikira khoti lamakono
  • Zikalata: Zilozero za mafunso a lamulo amene khoti liyenera kugamulapo
  • Analysis: [ Akufotokoza mfundo za khoti, kuphatikizapo malamulo ogwirizana, zitsanzo, ndi malamulo
  • Kuyala: Amakhazikitsa chigamulo cha khoti pa kope lirilonse
  • Kusintha: Akufotokoza zimene zidzachitika pambuyo pake (m., kutsimikizira, kutembenuzidwanso)

Malingaliro angaphatikizeponso malingaliro (kutsutsana ndi chotulukapo koma pazifukwa zosiyana) ndi malingaliro osiyana (kutsutsana ndi chosankha cha ambiri).

Zosankha Zosafalitsidwa

Zigamulo zofalitsidwazo zimatchula zigamulo zina zofalitsidwa ndi zina monga zosafalitsidwa. Zigamulo zofalitsidwazo zimakhazikitsa chitsanzo ndipo zingatchulidwe m’milandu yamtsogolo, pamene kuli kwakuti zosankha zosafalitsidwa sizingatchulidwe monga chitsanzo (malamulo a m’madera osiyanasiyana).

Chosankha cha kufalitsa chimadalira ngati mlanduwo umaphatikizapo nkhani yalamulo yatsopano, kapena ngati uthetsa mkangano m’lamulo, kapena uli ndi tanthauzo lalikulu kuposa anthu ena onse.

Mmene Makhoti Aunyinji Amachitira Ndemanga ndi Makhoti a Boma

Kumvetsa zimene anthuwa akuchita kumathandiza kuti amvetse bwino malamulo a boma ndi a boma komanso udindo wa makhoti a boma.

Mafunso Ofuna Kufunsidwa m’Khoti Lamilandu

Makhoti a boma angamve milandu yokhudza lamulo la boma, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amatero. malamulo ambiri a boma angasungidwe m’khoti la boma kapena la boma. Pamene makhoti a boma amasulira lamulo la boma, ayenera kutsatira zitsanzo za boma, kuphatikizapo zigamulo za Bwalo Lapamwamba.

Ngati chigamulo cha khoti chiphatikizapo nkhani ya boma, chingaikidwe ku Khoti Lalikulu la United States, ndipo zimenezi zingalole khoti Lalikulu kutsimikizira kuti malamulo a boma amasuliridwa mofanana m’mabungwe onse aŵiri a boma ndi a boma.

Kuchotsedwa ku Boma Kupita ku Khoti Lalikulu

Pamene mlandu uikidwa m’khoti la boma koma ukanaikidwa m’khoti la boma (chifukwa chakuti pali ulamuliro wa boma), woimbidwa mlanduyo angakhoze kuchotsa mlanduwo ku khoti la boma. Ichi chimalola oimbidwa mlandu kusankha bwalo lamilandu la boma ngakhale pamene poyamba oweruzawo anasankha khoti la boma.

Kuchotsako kuyenera kuchitika mkati mwa nyengo yoikika ndipo kumafunikira kulembetsa chikalata cha kuchotsedwa kwa makhoti onse aŵiri a boma ndi a boma.

Ziphunzitso Zopanda Malingaliro

Ziphunzitso zosiyanasiyana zopanda malire zimafuna kapena zimalola makhoti a boma kugonjera kuzengedwa mlandu kwa boma pamene nkhani za lamulo la boma zikulamulira, pamene nkhani za boma zikuchitika mosalekeza, kapena pamene kuloŵererapo kwa khoti kwa boma kungasokoneze zikondwerero za boma zofunika.

Ziphunzitso zimenezi zimasonyeza mapulinsipulo a mfundo za boma ndi kugwirizana kwake, kuzindikira kuti kaŵirikaŵiri makhoti a boma amakhala ndi malo abwinopo otanthauzira ndi kugwiritsira ntchito lamulo la boma.

Zofunika Zophunzira Zochuluka za Makhoti Aunyinji

Kwa awo ofuna kudziŵa zambiri ponena za makhoti a boma, pali zinthu zambiri zofunikira:

  • U.S. khoti: Website yovomerezeka pa www.ustourts.gov imapereka chidziŵitso chokwanira ponena za dongosolo la khoti la boma, kuphatikizapo zomangira za maphunziro, malo a bwalo lamilandu, ndi zitsogozo za procedtura.
  • Fateral Judication Center: Bungwe la maphunziro la makhoti a boma limapereka zofalitsa, maprogramu a maphunziro, ndi zopereka za mbiri yakale ponena za judiary ya boma.
  • Twebsite: Makhoti a boma aliyense payekha amasunga mawebusaiti okhala ndi malamulo, mafomu, kuweruza chidziŵitso, ndi chidziŵitso cha milandu.
  • Ma Selo a Malo a Malamulo: Mautumiki onga Westlaw, LexisNexis, ndi zinthu zaulere monga Google Wodziŵa za khoti amathandiza kupeza malingaliro a khoti ndi kusanthula malamulo.
  • Malaibulale a malamulo: Sukulu zambiri za malamulo ndi nyumba za khoti ziri ndi malaibulale alamulo otseguka kwa anthu, ndi oyang'anira laibulale amene angathandize kupeza ziŵiya zalamulo.
  • Programu zophunzitsa: kaŵirikaŵiri imapanga maprogramu a maphunziro, maulendo, ndi ntchito zapanja zothandizira anthu kumvetsetsa dongosolo lachiweruzo.

Kumaliza: Chifukwa Chake Makhoti Aakulu Ali Ofunika kwa Inu

Makhoti a boma ndi ongothandiza kwambiri kuposa mabungwe ongoyerekezera ndi anthu a m’mayiko ena.

Kaya ndinu mwini bizinesi wotsatira malamulo a boma, munthu akukhazikitsa ufulu wanu walamulo, wosamukira kudziko lina amene akufuna malo alamulo, kapena munthu wofuna kudziŵa mmene chilungamo chikuyendetsedwera, khoti la boma lili ndi ntchito kwa inu. Zimakhazikitsa bungwe lothetsera mikangano mwamtendere, zimateteza ufulu wa anthu ochepa kwa olakwa, zimaonetsetsa kuti boma lizigwira ntchito m’miyambo, ndi kukhazikitsa lamulo la boma logwira ntchito m’dziko lonselo.

Kuzindikira mmene makhoti a boma amagwirira ntchito . "makonzedwe awo, ulamuliro, njira, ndi mbali mu demokrase ya Amereka . Ndizo zikukupatsani mphamvu kuti mukhale ndi phande mogwira ntchito m’dongosolo la zamalamulo ndi kuyamikira ntchito yofunika kwambiri imene makhoti akugwira posunga malamulo. Oweruza a boma, limodzi ndi kudzipereka kwawo ku chilungamo ndi malamulo alamulo, zikukhalabe maziko a demokrase ya Amereka.

Mwa kuphunzira za makhoti a boma, mumadziŵa mmene malamulo amathetsedwera, mmene ufulu walamulo umatetezedwera, ndi mmene nthambi yachiweruzo imachitira monga kupenda mphamvu ya maulamuliro ndi ya malamulo.

Kaamba ka chidziŵitso chowonjezereka ponena za khoti la boma, pitani pa webusaiti yalamulo U.S. kapena chuma cha ku Faceral Judicial Center [. Mabuku odalirika ameneŵa amapereka chidziŵitso chatsatanetsatane ponena za dongosolo la khoti, njira, ndi ntchito zofunika za makhoti a boma zimene amachita tsiku lililonse kupereka chilungamo ndi kusakondera.