Table of Contents

Federalist Papers imaimira limodzi la mabungwe otchuka kwambiri a ndale m'mbiri ya America. Yolembedwa ndi Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, ndi John Jay pansi pa dzina lachigamulo lakuti projekiti "Publius" kupititsa patsogolo kupangidwa kwa Malamulo a United States, nkhani zimenezi zimapereka chidziŵitso chachikulu cha malamulo a boma, lamulo, ndi kakonzedwe ka malamulo kamene kamapitirizabe kuumba demokrase ya Amereka ndi kusonkhezera malingaliro andale zadziko. Kuzindikira chimene Federarian List Paper imatiphunzitsa ponena za boma ndi lamulo kumafuna osati kokha kupenda nkhani yawo yakale komanso kuyang'anira kwake zitokoso zamakono.

Mbiri Yakale ndi Magwero a Mapepala a Ogwirizana

Federalist Papers ndi mpambo wa nkhani 85 zolembedwa ndi Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, ndi James Madison pakati pa October 1787 ndi May 1788. Zolembazo zinawonekera mkati mwa nyengo yovuta m’mbiri ya Amereka, kutsatira Convention ya Malamulo ku Philadelphia imene inatha pa September 17, 1787. Lamulo lolingaliridwa chatsopanolo linayang’anizana ndi chitsutso chachikulu, makamaka m’maiko aakulu ndi osonkhezera onga New York ndi Virginia.

Mabuku makumi asanu ndi aŵiri oyambirira a nkhani zimenezi anafalitsidwa mwatsatizana mu Independent Journal, New York Packet, ndi Daily Adversitorr pakati pa October 1787 ndi April 1788. Kufulumira kwa kukambitsirana kwa kujambula kunasonkhezera kutulutsidwa kofulumira kwa zolemba zimenezi, ndi olemba ntchito zolimba kuti avomereze kusuliza ndi kukopa nzika zokayikira. Cholinga chachikulu cha zolembazo chinali kukhutiritsa nzika za New York kuti zivote ku msonkhano wovomereza ku United States Constitution, ndipo mabukhuwo anasindikizidwa mofulumira m'mavoliyumu aŵiri m’chiyambi cha 1788.

Olemba Baibulo ndi Zopereka Zawo

Olemba atatuwo anapereka malingaliro ndi ukatswiri wosiyana ku ntchitoyo. Hamilton analemba manambala 1, 6-9, 11-13, 15-17, 21-36, 59-61, ndi 6585; Madison, manambala 10, 14, 1818, 37-588, ndi 6263; ndi Jay, nambala 2-55 ndi 64. Alexander Hamilton, amene anayambitsa ntchitoyi, anapereka mbali yaikulu ya zolemba zokhala ndi nkhani 51. James Madison analemba mabuku 29 kuphatikizapo zidutswa zapamwamba kwambiri za filosofi. John Jay, amene pambuyo pake anakhala Woweruza woyamba wa United States, anapereka ndemanga zisanu, makamaka nkhani, zonena za maiko akunja ndi maunansi a mitundu ina.

Chigamulo cholemba pansi pa dzina la dzina lachiphamaso "Publius" chinatumikira zifuno zambiri. Panthaŵi yofalitsidwa, olemba a The Federalist Papers anayesa kubisa umboni wawo chifukwa cha Hamilton ndi Madison atapita ku msonkhano. Kusadziŵa kumeneku kunalola zigomekozo kukhalapo pa iwo okha mmalo mwa kuweruzidwa mozikidwa pa mbiri ya olembawo kapena malo a ndale zadziko. Dzina lakuti "Publius" linasankhidwa mosamalitsa, kutchula Publius Valeikuloso Publius Publius Publiyo Publiolalaola, woyambitsa Roman Republic wodziŵika kaamba ka kukongola kwake kwa republica.

Cholinga ndi Ntchito ya Mapepala a Oyang’anira Ankhondo

Federalist Papers inatumikira zifuno zambiri zimene zinakula kuposa kuloŵerera kwa ndale zadziko. Pamlingo wawo wokulirapo, iwo analinganiza kusungitsa kumangidwa kwa Konsichushoni ku New York, boma kumene chitsutso chinali champhamvu kwambiri. Komabe, zolembazo zinagwiranso ntchito monga malongosoledwe omvekera bwino a malamulo alamulo, kutetezera ku zisulizo zachindunji, ndi nkhani za filosofi ponena za mkhalidwe wa boma la repabulic.

Kuthetsa Zofooka za Nkhani za Kukambirana

Hamilton, Jay ndi Madison ananena kuti kugonjera ulamuliro umene unalipo pansi pa Nkhani za Confederation kunaletsa dziko latsopano kukhala lolimba kuti lipikisane ndi dziko lonse kapena kuthetsa zipanduko zamkati monga Shays's Region. Nkhani za Confederation, chikalata choyamba cholamulira cha Amereka, zinapanga kugwirizana kopanda malire kwa maboma ndi boma lapakati lopanda mphamvu ya kukhometsa msonkho, kuyendetsa bwino malonda, kapena kukakamiza zosankha zake.

Mapepala a Federal aonetsa chipanduko cha alimi okongola 1786-87 kumadzulo kwa Massachusetts [1] Kupanduka kwa Shays − monga chizindikiro cha vuto lalikulu limeneli. Kuukira kumeneku kunasonyeza kulephera kwa dongosolo la boma lomwe liripo kusungitsa bata ndi kutetezera zoyenera za katundu, kupereka kufulumira kwa kutsutsana kwa dongosolo la boma lolimba.

Kusonkhezera Anthu Okayikira

Olembawo anayang'anizana ndi ntchito yovuta ya nzika zokhutiritsa zimene zinalimbana ndi kuukira ulamuliro wapakati kuvomereza boma latsopano, lamphamvu kwambiri. Mkangano pakati pa "Féderalist," amene anakonda kutembenuzidwa kwa Malamulo monga momwe kunalembedwera, ndi "Antifederalist," amene anatsutsa Lamulo ndi kutsutsa kupereka mphamvu zolimba ku boma la dzikolo, unali wamphamvu kwambiri ku New York, kumene kutsutsa Malamulo kunali kwakukulu.

Ochirikiza ulamuliro wa dzikolo anadzutsa nkhaŵa yoyenerera ponena za kuthekera kwa kuponderezana, kusoŵa kwa lamulo la ufulu, ndi ngozi yakuti boma lakutali likakhala losalabadira zosoŵa ndi nkhaŵa za kumaloko.

Mfundo za Malamulo za Boma m’Mapepala a Oyang’anira Mafupa

Mabuku a Federalist Papers amafotokoza mfundo zina zofunika kwambiri za boma zimene zakhala maziko a chiphunzitso ndi zochita za malamulo a dziko la America.

Kupatukana kwa Mphamvu

Imodzi ya malamulo amakhalidwe abwino a boma ofunika kwambiri olongosoledwa mu Federalist Papers ndiyo kulekana kwa maulamuliro pakati pa nthambi zitatu zosiyana za boma: malamulo, mabwana, ndi achiweruzo. Mbali imeneyi inalinganizidwa kuletsa kuikidwa kwa mphamvu m’gulu lirilonse kapena munthu, mwakutero kutetezera ufulu ndi kuletsa nkhalwe.

Nthambi ya malamulo, yokhala pafupi ndi anthu kupyolera mwa masankho okhazikika, ili ndi mphamvu ya kupanga malamulo. Nthambi yaudindo, yofuna mphamvu ndi kutsimikiza, imakhazikitsa malamulo amenewo. Nthambi yachiweruzo, yofunikira kudziimira ndi ukatswiri, imamasulira malamulo ndi kuthetsa mikangano.

Hamilton anamaliza nkhani za Federallist ndi mapepala 21 openda maulamuliro ochitidwa ndi nthambi zitatu za boma / elegislative, mkulu wa ntchito ndi jaji.

Mapeketi ndi Kulinganizika

Chogwirizana kwambiri ndi kulekanitsa maulamuliro ndicho njira yofufuzira ndi kulinganiza zinthu, imene imatsimikizira kuti nthambi iliyonse ya boma ili ndi mphamvu yoletsa zochita za ena.

Federal Federal Federal No. 39 ndi 51 amandandalika malamulo aakulu a boma limodzi ndi kupatukana kwa maulamuliro, ndi macheke oyenerera ndi ziyeso zolinganizidwa kuletsa ulamuliro wa totalitarian. Federal No. 51, yolembedwa ndi Madison, iri ndi zina za zikalata zosaiŵalika za lamulo limeneli. Madison analemba moyenerera mwa Federal Listrian 51: "Ngati anthu anali angelo, palibe boma limene likanakhala lofunikira".

Mayeso ndi kulinganiza zimagwira ntchito pa milingo yambiri. Nyumba ya Malamulo ingapereke malamulo, koma Pulezidenti angawapereke, ndipo Msonkhano ungathetse zinthu zazikulu. Pulezidenti amaika oweruza ndi akuluakulu a boma, koma Nyumba ya Malamulo iyenera kutsimikizira. Oweruza angalenge malamulo osemphana ndi malamulo, koma Congress ndi maboma angasinthe malamulo. Malamulo ovutawa amachititsa kuti malamulo azikhala ogwirizana kwambiri.

Mafuko ndi Kugaŵanika kwa Ulamuliro

Federalist Papers imatetezera dongosolo la boma limene mphamvu yake imagaŵidwa pakati pa boma la dziko ndi maboma a boma. Kulekanitsidwa kwa mphamvu kokhala ndi malire kumakwaniritsa kugaŵanitsidwa kowongoka pakati pa nthambi zitatuzo, kukupanga zitetezero zowonjezereka kaamba ka ufulu ndi kutheketsa kulamulira pamiyeso yoyenera.

Olemba mapepala a Federalist anatsutsa kaamba ka chiwonjezeko mu "energy" ya boma la boma kuti lichitepo kanthu pavuto, koma mphamvu yowonjezereka ya boma iyenera kukhala yozikidwa pa malamulo a republic ndi kusunga kugaŵiridwa kwa ulamuliro kwa boma. Zolembazo zinalongosola mosamalitsa maulamuliro a boma ndi amene adzakhalabe ndi mabomawo, zikumanena kuti gawo limeneli lidzasunga ulamuliro pamene likutheketsa dziko kuthetsera mavuto onse.

Malo a boma amatumikira zifuno zambiri. Amalola kuyesa ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa malamulo m'maiko osiyanasiyana. Kumasunga boma lapafupi ndi anthu kaamba ka ntchito zambiri. Limapereka kupenda kowonjezereka pa mphamvu mwa kutsimikizira kuti maboma a dziko kapena a boma sangachite popanda kukakamizidwa. Ndipo limatheketsa mtundu kulankhula ndi liwu limodzi pankhani zokhudzana ndi nkhani za mtunduwo pamene kuli kwakuti pa nkhani za ufulu wa kumaloko.

Chi Republican ndi Boma Loimira Dziko

Olemba nkhani a Federalist Papers amapanga nkhani yaikulu kwa boma la republican − amalamulira ndi oimira osankhidwa mmalo mwa kutsogolera demokrase. Olembawo amasiyanitsa pakati pa demokrase yeniyeni, imene nzika zimapanga zosankha zonse mwachindunji, ndi republic, m’mene nzika zimasankha oimira kuti ziwachitire zosankha.

Hamilton, Jay ndi Madison anagwiritsira ntchito nkhani za Federal Federal scretars kulongosola makonzedwe aakulu a Malamulo olingaliridwa, limodzinso ndi mtundu wa boma lokhala ndi lipabuliki. Iwo anatsutsa kuti boma loimira likachotsa malingaliro a anthu kupyolera mwa nzeru ndi kulinganiza kwa akuluakulu osankhidwa, kutulutsa ziyambukiro zabwinopo za malamulo kuposa kutsogoza ulamuliro wa demokrase wotchuka pamene akusungirirabe ulamuliro wotchuka.

Otsutsa ena ananena kuti boma la dziko la republic likhoza kugwira ntchito m’magawo aang’ono kumene nzika zimadziŵana ndi kutsogolerana mwachindunji.

Vuto la Zinthu Zochitika Na.

Pamapepala onse a Federalist Papers, No. 10 ali odziŵika monga otchuka ndi ofunika kwambiri. Olembedwa ndi James Madison, nkhani imeneyi imafotokoza chimodzi cha zovuta zazikulu za boma la demokrase: mmene angaletsere magulu ampatuko kuchepetsa ubwino ndi kupondereza anthu ochepa.

Kumvetsa Zoona

Wofufuza za m’dziko No. 10 wolembedwa ndi James Madison akulongosola vuto la magulu a anthu ndi mmene lipabuliki lalikulu lingachepetsere ziyambukiro zawo mwa kululuza chisonkhezero chawo. Madison anafotokoza kuti gulu la nzika zogwirizana ndi chikondwerero chimodzi kapena chikhumbo chimene chili choipa ku zoyenera za nzika zina kapena ku zikondwerero zachikhalire za chitaganya.

Madison anazindikira kuti magulu opatukana amachokera ku mtundu wa ufulu wa munthu. Anthu ali ndi malingaliro osiyana, zikondwerero zosiyanasiyana, ndi kuchuluka kwa katundu kosiyana. Kusiyana kumeneku mwachibadwa kumatsogolera ku kupangidwa kwa magulu opikisana ndi zikondwerero. Kuyesa kuthetsa magulu mwa kutsendereza ufulu kukakhala koipa kwambiri kuposa nthenda, popeza kuti ufulu uli wofunika pa moyo wandale. Chotero, vuto silili kuthetsa magulu koma kulamulira ziyambukiro zawo.

Dziko Lofutukuka Lothetsera Vutoli

Mu "Federalist 10," Madison anakana chikhulupiriro chofala panthaŵiyo chakuti boma la republic linali lothekera kokha kwa maboma aang'ono, akumanena kuti kukhazikika, ufulu, ndi chilungamo zingafikiridwe m'dera lalikulu ndi anthu ambiri osagwirizana. Chigomeko chimenechi chinatsutsa mwachindunji nzeru zofala za panthaŵiyo, zimene zinakhulupirira kuti mariphabliki akakhala ndi moyo m’midzi yaing'ono, ya ma synone.

Madison analingalira mwanzeru. M'lipabuliki laling'ono, gulu limodzi lingakhale lofala ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zake kupondereza anthu ochepa. Komabe, m'dziko lalikulu, kuchuluka kwa zinthu zimene anthu amakonda kumachititsa kuti anthu azikhala ndi vuto lalikulu. Pomwe magulu ambiri akupikisana kuti apeze mphamvu, magulu amagwirizana ayenera kumangidwa mwa kulolera ndi kukhazikitsa malo, kuteteza ufulu wa anthu ochepa ndi kulimbikitsa ubwino wa anthu onse.

Madison anati, dziko lalikulu kwambiri likhoza kulinganiza mosavuta zinthu zimene magulu osiyanasiyana kapena zipani zandale zimakonda.

Ntchito ya Kuimira

Ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri nkhaniyi imaonedwa kuti ndi youkira malamulo a anthu ambiri, kwenikweni imateteza chikhalidwe cha anthu, zachuma, ndiponso chikhalidwe cha anthu ambiri amene amalolera kuchita zinthu zina zosemphana ndi mfundo za m’Baibulo.

Njira yoimira anthu imagwiritsidwa ntchito monga chosefa, kusankha anthu amene ali ndi mikhalidwe yofunikira kaamba ka ulamuliro wabwino.

Wolemba Mafuko Na. 51: Mabungwe a Boma

Wolemba mabuku wina, Na. 51, yemwenso analembedwa ndi Madison, anagwirizana ndi Madison Na. 10 mwa kufotokoza mmene boma lenilenilo limatetezera anthu pa nkhanza.

Chikhumbo Chotsutsana ndi Chikhumbo

Madison ananena kuti nthambi iliyonse iyenera kukhala ndi njira ndi cholinga choletsa kuloŵetsedwa ndi nthambi zina. Mwa kupereka nthambi iliyonse ulamuliro pa ina ndi kupangitsa aliyense kukhala wodalira pa maulamuliro osiyanasiyana, Maconstitution amatsimikizira kuti andale ofunitsitsa asungitsa malamulo awo.

Lingaliro lotsimikizirika limeneli la chibadwa cha anthu limavomereza kuti sitingadalire paubwino wokha kuti tisunge boma lolamulidwa ndi lamulo. Mmalomwake, kakonzedweko kayenera kugwira ntchito ndi chibadwa cha anthu, kugwiritsira ntchito zikhumbo ndi kudzikonda kumene kungawopseze ufulu kutetezera iko mmalo mwake. Dongosololo limagamula kuti anthu adzachita zinthu m’chikondwerero chawo ndi mabungwe awo kotero kuti khalidwe lodzifunira litulutse zotulukapo zabwino kwa anthu.

Chisungiko cha Maŵiri pa Ufulu Wanu

Federalist No. 51 ikufotokozanso mmene university iperekera chitetezo chowonjezereka kaamba ka zoyenera za munthu. Madison anatsutsa kuti kugaŵikana kwa ulamuliro pakati pa maboma a dziko ndi boma kumapanga " chisungiko choŵirikiza" kaamba ka ufulu wa anthu. Osati kokha ofunafuna mphamvu ayenera kugonjetsa macheke ndi ziyeso ndi ziyeso pakati pa mlingo uliwonse wa boma, komanso ayeneranso kulimbana ndi kugaŵanika kwa mphamvu pakati pa milingo.

Kuchuluka kwa zikondwerero m’dzikolo ndi kuchuluka kwa mabungwe a boma kumachititsa kuti kukhale kovuta kwambiri kwa gulu lililonse kapena kufuna kulamulira mphamvu zonse zofunikira kuti awononge ufulu.

Oweruza Na. 78: Nthambi ya Chiŵeruzo ndi Kupenda Chiweruzo

Alexander Hamilton's Federal List No. 78 amatchula nthambi yachiweruzo, imene ambiri amaiyesa nthambi yofooka ndi yosaopsa kwambiri ya boma. Federal list No. 78 akufotokoza ntchito ya jaji ndi kufunika kwa kupenda. Nkhaniyi inayala maziko a chimodzi cha mbali zofunika kwambiri za lamulo la lamulo la America: mphamvu ya makhoti kulengeza malamulo osakhala a boma.

Nthambi ya Chilombo Ili Yoopsa

Hamilton ananena kuti komiti yachiweruzo ikakhala nthambi yosaopsa chifukwa chakuti siingakhale ndi mphamvu ya kachikwama (monga nyumba yoyaluza) kapena mphamvu ya lupanga (monga mkulu). Oweruza angoweruza okha, ndipo ayenera kudalira pa nthambi zina kuti atsimikizire zosankha zawo. Kufooka kumeneku, Hamilton, kunapangitsa kuti kukhale kofunika kwambiri kupatsa oweruza moyo ndi kutetezera, kuwatetezera ku chitsenderezo cha ndalere.

Maziko a Kupenda Chiweruzo

Mu Federal List No. 78 Hamilton mokopa amayala maziko a chiphunzitso cha kupenda chiweruzo chochitidwa ndi makhoti a boma. Hamilton anatsutsa kuti Konsichushoni ndilo lamulo lofunika lokhazikitsidwa ndi anthu, ndi kuti lamulo wamba silingaichotse. Pamene lamulo litsutsana ndi Lamulo, oweruza ayenera kusankha Konsichurako kukhala lamulo lalikulu.

Mphamvu ya kupenda chiweruzo imeneyi siimapangitsa oweruza kukhala apamwamba kuposa a bungwe la malamulo, Hamilton anatsutsa, koma mmalo mwake imapangitsa onse aŵiri kukhala ogonjera kwa anthu amene anayambitsa Malamulo. Oweruza saali kukakamiza chifuniro chawo koma mmalo mwake kukhazikitsa chifuniro cha anthu monga momwe chasonyezedwera m’lamulo lalikulu. Mfundo imeneyi inayala maziko a kuyerekezera kwa Khoti Lapamwamba la kuyang'anira mphamvu zachiweruzo mu Marbury v. Madison mu 1803.

Kudziimira paokha ndi Kutchuka

Hamilton anagogomezeranso kufunika kwa kudziimira pawekha kwachiweruzo ndi ukatswiri. Kucholoŵana kwa lamulo kumafuna oweruza okhala ndi chidziŵitso chapadera ndi chidziŵitso. Moyo umalola oweruza kukulitsa ukatswiri umenewu ndi kupanga zosankha zozikidwa pa lamulo mmalo mwa kulinganiza kwa ndale zadziko. Pamene kuli kwakuti zimenezi zimatetezera oweruza ku kuŵerengera kwa ufumu wa demokrase kwachindunji, zimatetezeranso zoyenera za munthu aliyense payekha ku ulamuliro wankhanza.

Mawu Ena Ochititsa Chidwi

Pamene kuli kwakuti wofufuza nkhani wa Federal Nos. 10, 51, ndi 78 amapatsidwa chisamaliro chachikulu, nkhani zina zambiri m’nkhani zosonkhanitsidwazo zimalongosola mbali zofunika za boma ndi lamulo zimene zikupitirizabe kusonkhezera kalingaliridwe ka lamulo.

Kufunika kwa Ukwati

Federalist Nos. 1-14 imatsutsa kuti moyo wa Union umadalira pa boma lamphamvu kuti lithetse nkhani zonga ngati chitetezo, malonda, ndi kugwirizana kwa mayiko. Nkhani zoyambirira zimenezi zimanena kuti maboma sangathetse bwino mavuto a anthu onse popanda boma lamphamvu. Iwo amakambirana za ngozi za chisonkhezero cha dziko lina, mapindu a malonda, ndi ngozi za nkhondo pakati pa mayiko.

Mphamvu za Mabungwe

Pambuyo pa kugogomezera kufooka kwa boma lalikulu m'kusungitsa lamulo pansi pa Zigawo za Confederation mu Federal 21 - 22, Hamilton njiwa kuchinjiriza kokwanira kwa Konsichushoni yolingaliridwa m'zolemba 14 zotsatira, kupereka zisanu ndi ziŵirizo ku kufunika kwa mphamvu ya boma ya msonkho. Nkhani zimenezi zimafotokoza chifukwa chake boma limafunikira magwero a ndalama zaufulu ndi mmene mphamvu ya msonkho idzagwiritsidwira ntchito moyenerera.

Nthambi Yotsogolera

Federal Federal Na. 70 imachirikiza kufunika kwa mkulu mmodzi (Uyang’aniro) kutsimikizira kuŵerengera ndi kuyendetsa kogwira mtima. Hamilton anatsutsa malingaliro a mkulu waudindo wa unyinji kapena bungwe la akuluakulu, kutsutsa kuti umodzi wa mkulu uli wofunika kaamba ka mphamvu, kuŵerengera, ndi kuyang'anira kogwira mtima. Mkulu mmodzi angagwire ntchito ndi kutsimikiza ndi kubisa nthaŵi zina zofunika kuti alamulire mogwira mtima, pamene akupitirizabe kuyankha kwa anthu kupyolera m’masankho.

Chitsutso: Anthu Oopa Kudwala

Kuti timvetsetse bwino zimene Mapepala a Federalist amaphunzitsa ponena za boma ndi lamulo, tiyeneranso kulingalira nkhaŵa zimene anali kuyankha. Ofufuza za kuthengo la Anti - Federali anatsutsa kwambiri zimene zinasonkhezera mkanganowo ndipo potsirizira pake zinatsogolera ku kuvomerezedwa kwa Bill of Rights.

Kupititsidwa Pansi pa Mlanduwo

Mapepala a Federalist (Motsimikizirika Federal Na. 84) ngodziŵika kaamba ka kutsutsa kwawo kumene pambuyo pake kunadzakhala Lipi la United States la Ufulu, monga momwe Bukhu la Malamulo, silinatchule kapena kutetezera mwachindunji zoyenera za anthu. Hamilton anatsutsa kuti lamulo la ufulu linali losafunikira chifukwa chakuti Malamulo anangopereka mphamvu zenizeni, zogawidwa ku boma, kusiyira mphamvu ndi ufulu wa maboma onse ndi anthu.

Potsirizira pake chigomeko chimenechi chinatsimikizira kukhala chosakopa kwa Aamereka ambiri, ndipo lonjezo la kuwonjezera lamulo la zoyenera linakhala lofunika kwambiri kusungitsa kubwezeredwa kwa ufulu m’maiko angapo. Kusintha koyambirira khumi, kolembedwa ndi Madison, kunavomerezedwa mu 1791, kuuza Anti-Federalist nkhaŵa pamene kunali kusunga dongosolo la malamulo lotetezera mu Federalist Papers.

Kudera Nkhaŵa za Mphamvu Yoikidwa m’Zaulimi

Ofufuza za kuletsa kusokonezeka kwa dziko anada nkhaŵa kuti Lamulo la Malamulo lolingaliridwalo likapanga boma lamphamvu kwambiri ndi lakutali kwambiri ndi anthu. Iwo anaopa kuti maboma a boma asakhale amtengo wapatali ndi kuti ufulu wakwawo udzasokonezeka. Federalist Papers inayankha mwa kufotokoza mmene ulamuliro wa boma ukatetezera ulamuliro wa boma pamene ukanatheketsa kulamulira kogwira mtima kwa mtunduwo, ndi mmene dongosolo la kuimira boma likasungitsira anthu kulabadira.

Ulamuliro wa Elite ndi Kutengamo Mbali Mwachidemokrase

Malinga ndi malingaliro a alembi, alimi ndi amisiri amene analoŵa ulamuliro pa pambuyo pa chisinthiko America anali odedwa kwambiri ndi zikondwerero zachuma ndi zachigawo kuti atumikire anthu onse, ndipo chodetsa nkhaŵa kwambiri chinali kutsatiridwa ndi malamulo a boma a malamulo a obwereka ndalama ndi malamulo a ndalama zimene zinawopsya ufulu wa okongoletsa katundu. Lingaliro limeneli linasonyeza nkhaŵa ya Federalists ponena za zimene anaona kukhala democracy yopambanitsa m'malamulo a boma.

Akatswiri ena amatsutsa kamvekedwe ka Federalist Paper ndi chikhoterero cha kupeputsa kutengamo mbali kwa demokrase, kusonyeza kukayikira kwa opanga demokrase yachindunji. Kulimbana kumeneku pakati pa kuchita nawo demokrase ndi kulamulira kogwira ntchito kudakali nkhani yokambidwa m’nthanthi ya malamulo.

Zotsatira ndi Zotsatira za Mapepala a Mafuko

Olemba mbiri a ku New York anakambitsirana za mphamvu ya Federalist Papers pa ratification. Msonkhano wa ku Poughestie mu June 1788 ndi pa July 26 unavotera kuchirikiza kutumbulidwa ndi chigawo chochepera cha 30 kufikira 27. Pamene kuli kwakuti zolembazo motsimikizirika zinathandizira ku chotulukapo chimenechi, nsonga zina ._____kuphatikizapo chenicheni chakuti maboma ena anali atavomereza kale [1] zinachita mbali zofunika.

Kumasulira Kovomerezedwa kwa Lamulo

Kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 19, Federalist Papers inatchuka monga mamasuliridwe a ulamuliro a Malamulo, ndi Woweruza Wamkulu wa Bwalo Lapamwamba John Marshall akuwatchula m’milandu yotchuka monga Marbury v. Madison (1803) ndi McCulloch v. Maryland (1819). Zimenezi zinakhazikitsa njira imene ikupitiriza kufikira lerolino, ndi makhoti ofunsira kwa Federalist Paper kuti amvetse tanthauzo ndi chifuno cha malamulo.

Lerolino, nkhanizo zimatchulidwa kaŵirikaŵiri m’lamulo lalamulo ndi nthanthi za ndale zadziko, ndipo Mapepala a Federalist adakali ofunika kwa aliyense wophunzira za Lamulo la Malamulo kapena filosofi ya ndale zadziko ya ku America.

Ntchito Yaukatswiri ya Filosofi

Mabukuwa amaphatikiza nzeru zandale ndi nzeru zapamwamba za anthu, ndipo amayankha mafunso osasintha okhudza mphamvu, ufulu, ndi ulamuliro.

Ngakhale kuti anthu amasuliza, ma Federalist Paper amatchuka monga njira yaluso yopangira malamulo a boma, kusonyeza mmene kapangidwe ka zinthu kangagwiritsire ntchito ku zinthu zabwino kwa anthu, mmene kusiyana kungalimbitsire mmalo mofooketsa lipabuliki, ndi mmene ufulu ndi ulamuliro wogwira ntchito zingagwirizanitsidwe ndi mapangidwe a malamulo osamala.

Kuvuta kwa Malamulo Amakono ndi Maulamuliro

Mfundo zofotokozedwa m’manyuzipepala a Federal List zimapitirizabe kusonkhezera madongosolo a zamalamulo amakono ndi mikangano ya ndale zadziko.

Kumasulira Malamulo

Mapepala a Federalist amachita mbali yofunika kwambiri m'matsutsano ponena za kumasulira kwa lamulo. Olemba ndi olemba malemba kaŵirikaŵiri amawatchula monga umboni wa tanthauzo loyambirira la lamulo loikidwiratu. Ngakhale awo amene amayanja malamulo akukhala ndi moyo amavomereza kufunika kwa kumvetsetsa zolinga za olemba malamulowo ndi mavuto amene anali kuyesa kuthetsa.

Makhoti onse amafufuza Mapepala pomasulira malamulo. Nkhanizo zimapereka nkhani zofotokoza za mawu ovuta kumvetsa, kuzindikira zolinga za zinthu zimene zinaperekedwa, ndi umboni wa mmene oŵerenga odziŵa bwino panthaŵi ya kukwaniritsidwa akanazimvetsetsa Lamulo.

Kupatukana kwa Maulamuliro

Kulekanitsidwa kwa maulamuliro ndi mayeso ndi malamulo amakhalidwe abwino olongosoledwa mu Federalist Papers kukupitiriza kukhazikitsa boma la America ndi kuyambitsa mikangano yalamulo ndi ya ndale zadziko. Mafunso onena za mphamvu ya boma, ulamuliro wa malamulo, ndi kudziimira paweruzo amabuka nthaŵi zonse, ndipo Federalist Papers imapereka maziko opendera mafunso ameneŵa.

Nkhani zamakono zotsutsana za mphamvu ya pulezidenti, uyang’aniro wa bungwe, ndi kuweruza zimafotokoza mfundo zimene zafotokozedwa m’manyuzipepala a Federalist Papers. Nkhanizo zikutikumbutsa kuti kupatukana kwa maulamuliro sikuli kokha nkhani ya malamulo alamulo komanso kumadalira pa kufunitsitsa kwa nthambi iliyonse kuchirikiza ufulu wake ndi kukana kuloŵerera kwa ena.

Gulu la Mafuko ndi Boma la Relations

Malamulo a boma otetezeredwa mu Federalist Papers adakali mbali yolongosola boma la America, ngakhale kuti kulinganiza kwa mphamvu ya dziko ndi boma kwasintha kwambiri chiyambire kukhazikitsidwa kwa dziko.

Nkhani zoyambira pa lamulo la zaumoyo mpaka malamulo a zaumoyo mpaka malamulo a boma oletsa kukonza zinthu zophwanya malamulo, zimapereka njira yoganizira kuti ndi mtundu uti wa boma umene uli woyenerera kukambirana mavuto ena ndi mmene mungasungire mapindu a boma pamene mukukhoza kulamulira bwino.

Kuteteza Ufulu wa Munthu Aliyense

Ngakhale kuti bungwe la Federalist Papers poyamba linatsutsa lamulo loletsa ufulu, mfundo zawo zokhudza kutetezeredwa kwa boma ndi malo otetezeredwa ufulu zidakali zolimbikitsa.

Makhoti amazindikira kuti malamulo a ufulu wa anthu amateteza ufulu wa anthu kudzera m’zitsimikizo zomveka bwino ndiponso kulephera kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma.

Vuto la Kukana Ndale Zamakono

Madison atafufuza za gulu la Federal List Na 10. Zikukhudza kwambiri ndale za masiku ano. Pamene kuli kwakuti magulu ena asintha, ntchito yaikulu yoletsa anthu kupondereza ndale ikupitirizabe. Nkhaŵa zamakono za kutha kwa dziko, kukopana, ndi kugawana zimagwirizana ndi vuto la madison.

Dera lofutukuka limene Madison analingalira kuti n’lofunika kugwiritsa ntchito ukulu ndi kusiyana kwa mitundu kuti aletse gulu lililonse kuletsa kuloŵerera m’ndale za America, ngakhale kuti nthaŵi zonse sikukhala kogwira mtima monga momwe okonza mafashoni ankayembekezera. Kumvetsa masinthidwe a Madison kumatithandiza kuganiza za kusintha kumene kungathetse bwino kwambiri mavuto a kuyendetsa zinthu pamene akusunga ufulu ndi ulamuliro wa demokrase.

Boma la Republic ndi Chizindikiro

Federalist Papers yotetezera boma loimira pa demokrase yachindunji idakali yofunika m'nyengo ya kulankhulana kwa mwamsanga ndi manyuzi a mayanjano. Pamene kuli kwakuti tekinoloji yapanga kukhala ndi phande lachindunji kuposa mmene olemba mafomuwo akanaganizira, zigomeko zopinulira malingaliro a anthu kupyolera mwa mabungwe oimira.

Mapangano a nthaŵi ino onena za kutchuka, ukatswiri wa kulamulira, ndi mbali ya kulinganiza kupanga zosankha za demokrase zikuphatikizapo malamulo onse ofotokozedwa mu Federalist Papers. Nkhanizo zimatikumbutsa kuti demokrase imafuna osati kokha kukhala ndi phande kofala komanso zigwirizano za magulu zimene zimachirikiza kulinganiza, kulolera, ndi chisamaliro ku ubwino wa onse.

Kusintha kwa Dziko Lonse ndi Malingaliro Oyerekezera

Chisonkhezero cha Federalist Papers chikufalikira kwambiri kuposa United States. Opanga malamulo padziko lonse aphunzira nkhani zimenezi ndi kugwiritsa ntchito nzeru zawo popanga madongosolo atsopano a boma. Malamulo a kusiyanitsa maulamuliro, macheke ndi malingana, boma, ndi kupenda kwachiweruzo atengedwa, ndi kusiyana, m’maiko ena ambiri.

Mapepala a Federalist akusonyeza mmene makonzedwe a kakonzedwe kabwino angathetsere mavuto aakulu a ulamuliro. Amasonyeza mmene angalinganizire miyezo yopikisana monga ufulu ndi dongosolo, demokrase ndi bata, mgwirizano wa dziko ndi ufulu wa dziko. Mavuto ameneŵa ndi apadziko lonse, ndipo amapangitsa Mapepala a Federal List kukhala ogwirizana ndi malamulo a malamulo m’mbali iliyonse.

Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, kufufuza koyerekezera kuvumbula kusiyana kwa njira ya ku America yotetezeredwa mu Federalist Papers. Mademokrase ena agwiritsira ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zothetsera mavuto ofananawo . "madongosolo a mapulani adziko mmalo mwa madongosolo a pulezidenti, maboma aunyinji mmalo mwa madongosolo a boma, njira zosiyanasiyana za kupenda milandu. Kuyerekezera njira zimenezi kumatithandiza kuzindikira ponse paŵiri mphamvu ndi zopimira za dongosolo la malamulo la America.

Kuona Zinthu Molakwika Ndiponso Kulephera

Pamene kuli kwakuti Mapepala a Federal amachitika moyenerera monga maluso a malingaliro andale zadziko, iwo alinso ndi zolephera ndi malo osadziŵika bwino omwe amafunikira kuvomerezedwa.

Kudzitama ndi Kusalingana

Mapepala a Federalist analembedwa ndi ndi ndi kulembedwa kaamba ka mbali yochepera ya chitaganya cha Amereka. Iwo amanyalanyaza akazi, anthu ogwidwa ukapolo, ndi Eni America kukhala ndi phande m’ndale zadziko. Pamene kuli kwakuti dongosolo la malamulo limene iwo amatetezera latsimikizira kukhala losinthika mokwanira kukhoza kukhaliramo ndi kuphatikizidwa kokulirapo kwa nthaŵi, masomphenya oyambirirawo anali opereŵera kwambiri kuposa malingaliro a demokrase amakono amene angavomereze.

Kudera nkhaŵa kwawo malamulo a ngongole ndi malamulo a ndalama zolemba papepala kumavumbula kutanganidwa ndi kutetezera ufulu wa katundu kumene nthaŵi zina kumaphimba nkhaŵa ya chilungamo cha chuma kapena ubwino wa osauka.

Kukula kwa Mapwando a Zandale

Federalist Papers, makamaka No. 10, lingalirani mfundo kukhala vuto loyenera kulamuliridwa mmalo mwa mbali yopindulitsa ya ndale zadziko. Okonzawo sanalingalire kuyambika kwa zipani za ndale zadziko zolinganizidwa kukhala mbali zachikhalire za ndale zadziko. Sayansi yamakono ya ndale zadziko imazindikira kuti magawo angatumikire ntchito zofunika m’kulinganiza mpikisano wa ndale zadziko, kunyalanyaza zikondwerero, ndi kupangitsa democracy kukhala ndi mlandu.

Malamulo otetezeredwa mu Federalist Papers adafunikira kuvomereza zenizeni za ndale za chipani, nthaŵi zina movutikira. Kupatukana kwa maulamuliro kungatulutse malo otseguka pamene zipani zosiyana zilamulira nthambi zosiyanasiyana. Lipabuliki yofutukuka sinaletse kupangidwa kwa magulu aŵiri aakulu amene kaŵirikaŵiri amagaŵanitsa osati nkhondo zandale zocheperapo. Zochitika zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti pali malire m'kusanthula kwa opanga mafomu ndi mpikisano wa ndale zadziko.

Kukula kwa Mphamvu Yaukulu wa Gawo

Federalist Papers inatetezera boma la boma lokhala ndi mphamvu yaikulu kwambiri kuposa imene inalipo pansi pa Zigawo za Confederation, koma lidakali ndi mphamvu zochepera ndi zoŵerengeka. Kukula kwenikweni kwa ulamuliro wa boma la America kwawona mphamvu ya boma ikukula kuposa zimene opanga mafashoni analingalira, zosonkhezeredwa ndi zinthu zonga maindasitale, nkhondo, mavuto a zachuma, ndi ziyembekezo za kusintha.

Ngati macheke ndi madigiri a boma akugwirabe ntchito monga momwe anafunira, kodi boma limaperekabe chitetezo cha boma ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha?

Kuphunzira Mapepala a Olinganiza Lerolino

Kwa aliyense wofuna kumvetsetsa boma la America, lamulo lalamulo, kapena nthanthi ya ndale zadziko, Mapepala a Federal Federal Paps adakali ofunika kuŵerengedwa.

Njira Zoyambira Kuŵerenga

Mapepala a Federalist Mapepala angafikiridwe m’njira zosiyanasiyana malinga ndi zifuno ndi zifuno za munthu. Akatswiri a zamalamulo ndi oweruza kaŵirikaŵiri amafufuza nkhani zachindunji kuti amvetsetse malamulo ena. Otsutsa andale angasumike pa mfundo za filosofi ponena za chibadwa cha munthu, ufulu, ndi ulamuliro. Akatswiri a mbiri yakale amapenda nkhanizo m'nkhani zawo za m'mbiri kuti amvetsetse makambitsirano ndi nyengo yoyambika.

Kwa oŵerenga ambiri, nkothandiza kuyamba ndi nkhani zotchuka kwambiri . Nos. 10, 51, ndi 78. Izi zimapereka lingaliro la mmene nkhaniyo imayambira, ngakhale kuti zimenezi zimafuna nthaŵi ndi kudzipereka kochuluka.

Zinthu Zopezeka M’mabwinja Ndiponso Zosindikizidwa

Mabuku ambiri a Federalist Paper alipo, kuyambira pa makope a akatswiri olemba zinthu zambiri zolembedwa ndi mabaibulo osavuta kupeza. Mabuku a pa Intaneti, kuphatikizapo a laibulale ya Congress ndi Project Gutenberg, amapangitsa kuti aliyense amene ali ndi Intaneti apeze zolemberazo.

Kumvetsa nkhani za m’mbiri, kutsutsa zimene anthu ena amanena, ndiponso kugwirizana kwa nkhani zosiyanasiyana kungathandize kuti anthu amvetse bwino mfundozo ndiponso aziyamikira.

Kukangana

M’malo mongovomereza mfundozo, oŵerenga ayenera kuzifunsa, kuganizira zina, ndi kuganizira mmene mfundozo zikugwirira ntchito pa zochitika za masiku ano.

Kuyerekezera mapepala a Federalist ndi zolemba za Anti-Fedalist kumapereka chithunzi chokwanira cha nkhani zoyambitsa. Otsutsa za kuthengo anatsutsa kwambiri ndipo anapereka malingaliro ena a boma la Republic. Kumvetsa mbali zonse ziŵiri za mkanganowo kumawonjezera kumvetsa kwathu malamulo ndi zosankha zimene amaimira.

Mapeto ake: Kupirira Maphunziro a Boma ndi Chilamulo

Mapepala a Federalist amaphunzitsa kuti boma logwira ntchito bwino limafunikira makonzedwe a dongosolo amene amachititsa chibadwa cha anthu, osati monga momwe tingafunira. Amasonyeza mmene dongosolo lingagwiritsirire ntchito ku chikhumbo ndi kufunitsitsa kwawo zinthu zopindulitsa, mmene kusiyana kungalimbitsire mmalo mwa kufooketsa lipabuliki, ndi mmene ufulu ndi ulamuliro wogwira ntchito zingagwirizanitsidwe ndi malamulo.

Malamulo ofotokozedwa m'nkhani zimenezi , mapendedwe ndi kulinganiza, maulamuliro, boma loimira, ndi ufulu wachiweruzo . Zimakhazikitsa malamulo a ku America ndi boma. Zimakhazikitsa njira zopendera mafunso amakono a malamulo ndi miyezo yopendera ntchito ya boma. Makhoti nthaŵi zonse amatchula Mapepala a Federalist Paper m’malingaliro awo, opanga malamulo amawasonkhezera m'makambitsirano, ndipo akatswiri akuwafufuza kuti amvetse tanthauzo la malamulo a boma.

Kuwonjezera pa chisonkhezero chawo chachindunji pa malamulo a ku America, ma Federalist Paper amapereka chidziŵitso chosatha ponena za mavuto a ulamuliro wa demokrase. Amayankha mafunso ofunika onena za mmene angapeŵere nkhanza pamene akutheketsa boma kukhala logwira ntchito, mmene angatetezere ufulu wa anthu ochepa pamene amalemekeza ulamuliro wa ambiri, mmene angasungire umodzi pamene akusunga kusiyana kwa mitundu, ndi mmene angalinganizire mapindu ndi zikondwerero zopikisana m’chitaganya cha anthu osiyanasiyana.

Nkhanizo zimatikumbutsanso kuti boma la malamulo silimafuna kudzichotsera lokha. Zimafuna kukhala maso, kukhala ndi khalidwe labwino, ndi kufunitsitsa kwa nthambi iliyonse ndi boma kuti liteteze ufulu wake.

Kwa ophunzira a boma ndi malamulo, Federalist Paper amapereka maphunziro osayerekezereka m’nthanthi ndi zochita za malamulo. Zimasonyeza mmene angalingalirire mwadongosolo ponena za kakonzedwe ka zigwirizano, mmene angalinganizire malingaliro opikisana, ndi mmene angaperekere mikangano yocholoŵana pa mafunso a ndale zadziko. Iwo amapanga mtundu wa nkhani zandale zapamwamba, zolemekezeka, zosumika maganizo pa mapulinsipulo mmalo pa maumunthu.

Mapepala a Federalist amaphunzitsanso kudzichepetsa ponena za malire a malamulo. Opanga malamulowo sakanayembekezera mavuto onse amtsogolo, ndipo Lamulo limene anatetezera lafuna kusintha, kumasulira, ndi kusintha kwa kachitidwe ka zinthu. Komabe malamulo ofunika amene analongosola akhala odalirika kwambiri, kukhazikitsa maziko olimba kwa zaka zoposa mazana aŵiri a boma lolamulidwa ndi malamulo.

M’nyengo ya kugawanikana kwa ndale zadziko ndi kupsinjika kwa mabungwe, Federalist Papers imatikumbutsa za kufunika kwa dongosolo la malamulo ndi ngozi za kulola gulu lirilonse kapena nthambi kukhala ndi mphamvu yochuluka. Zimaphunzitsa kuti kutetezera ufulu sikumafuna zolinga zabwino zokha komanso zitetezero za mabungwe zimene zimagwira ntchito ngakhale pamene zolinga zake sizili zabwino. Zimasonyeza mmene kusiyana ndi kusagwirizana, kochitidwa moyenerera kudzera m’mabungwe a malamulo, kungakhalire mphamvu m’malo mwa kufooka.

Kaya wina aiyesa zikalata za mbiri yakale, maulamuliro alamulo, kapena ntchito za nthanthi zandale zadziko, Federalist Papers imafutukula mosamalitsa. Zimapereka chidziŵitso cha dongosolo la malamulo a chitaganya la America limene silingapezeke kwina kulikonse, malamulo alamulo omveka bwino amene akhalabe othandiza panthaŵi ndi malo onse, ndi kusonyeza mphamvu ya kuganiziridwa kwa mfundo za ndale zadziko kupanga zotulukapo. Kwa aliyense amene akufuna kumvetsetsa chimene chimapangitsa boma lalamulo kukhala lotheka ndi mmene angalisungire, mafashoni a Federalist Pap adakali zitso zofunika kwambiri.

Maphunziro amene amaphunzitsa ponena za boma ndi lamulo , kufunika kwa madongosolo a kakonzedwe, kufunika kwa chibadwa cha anthu, kufunika kwa ulamuliro ndi kugaŵikana kwa maulamuliro, zovuta za kulinganiza ufulu ndi dongosolo . pitirizani kudziŵitsa makambitsirano onena za kapangidwe ndi kumasulira kwa lamulo. Pamene mavuto atsopano abuka ndi mafunso akale ayamba kuonekanso, timapitiriza kubwerera ku Federalist Papers kaamba ka nzeru ndi chitsogozo, tikumapeza m'zolemba zimenezi zolembedwa zaka mazana aŵiri zapitazo zimene zimavumbula chidziŵitso cha mkhalidwe wathu ndi kutithandiza kuwongolera mavuto opirira aumwini.

Kuŵerenga kowonjezereka pa Federalist Papers ndi chisonkhezero chawo, chezerani [[FLT: 0] Libu loyang'anira la Congress Federalist Mapers. Ofuna kupenda nkhani za mbiri yakale ndi kufunika kwake. Awo ofuna kufufuza zolembedwa zazikulu za Federali ndi ziŵiya zina zowonjezera. Melikan Battlefield Trust [ Amaperekanso kusanthula kothandiza kwa malembo ndi tanthauzo. Awo ofuna kufufuza malembo oyambitsidwa bwino ayeneranso kupenda zolembedwa za Anti-Fedasolist ndi miagwero ina yaikulu kuchokera ku nyengo ya ratificity, yopezeka kupyolera kupyola m'maphunziro ndi kumbuyo ndi kumbuyo.