Chithandizo Chobisika cha Moyo wa M’chitaganya

Tsiku lililonse, anthu mamiliyoni ambiri amayendetsa galimoto, kuyenda, kapena kuyenda pamisewu yakwathu popanda kuwaganiziranso. Makwalala ameneŵa amapanga nyumba zathu zoyendera, kugwirizanitsa nyumba ndi sukulu, ntchito ku misika, ndi mabanja kupita ku ntchito zofunika. Pamene kuli kwakuti misewu ya m’madera akutali ndi misewu yaikulu imayang'anira makambitsirano a zinthu zofunika kwambiri, misewu ya kumaloko imanyamula moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku wa anthu. Ku United States kokha, misewu yakumaloko imakhala ndi ndalama zokwana 75 peresenti ya msewu, komabe iwo kaŵirikaŵiri salandira ndalama zambiri ndi chisamaliro kuposa anzawo aakulu. Kuzindikira ntchito ya misewu imeneyi yoseŵera m’mudzi wanu ndi njira yoyamba yoyendera kutsimikizira kuti ikhalabe yotetezeka, yothandiza, yothandiza, ndi kuyang'anira kutsogolo.

Maziko a Kugwirizanitsa Anthu

Misewu ya m’derali si yongoyenda misewu; ndi yomangira malo amene anthu amamanga. Mkhalidwe wawo ndi kapangidwe kawo kamakhudza mbali iliyonse ya moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, kuyambira panthaŵi imene imafunika kuti mugwire ntchito yoteteza ana amene akuyenda bwino kusukulu. Pamene misewu ya m’deralo ikugwira bwino ntchito, imathandiza anthu okhala m’madera amphamvu, kuchirikiza chuma cha kumaloko, ndi kugwirizana ndi anthu ena.

Kupezeka ndi Kukumana ndi Chipwirikiti Tsiku ndi Tsiku

Kupezeka ndiko ntchito ya mwamsanga ya misewu yakwawo. Makwalala ameneŵa amapereka ntchito yoyamba ndi yomalizira ya pafupifupi makilomita atatu alionse a anthu okhala m’dzikolo. Ana amadalira iwo kuti afike ku mabasi a sukulu kapena kupita kukalasi. Oyendetsa ntchito akuwagwiritsira ntchito kukafika ku malo oimizira kapena ku malo osungirako zinthu. Masukulu amadalira iwo pa maulendo a zachipatala ndi masitolo. Ngati misewu ya kumaloko siikusungidwa bwino kapena inapangidwa mosakwanira, kuyenda kwa tsiku ndi tsiku kumakhala kovuta, ndipo nthaŵi zina kumakhala kwangozi. Malinga ndi Federal Highway Administration, oposa 20 peresenti ya misewu ya dzikolo ili mumkhalidwe woipa, ndi mbali yocheperapo ya misewu yakwawo imakhala yotumikira kumidzi ndi yolandira yochepera. Zotsatira zake sizimapingapinga ku malo enieni ndi malo abwino.

Kupita Patsogolo kwa Zachuma ndi Malonda a Malo

Misewu ya kumaloko ndi yopanda phokoso la chuma. Makampani aang'ono amadalira pa kudalirika kwa makasitomala, ogulitsa, ndi antchito. Makhwalala okhotakhota kutsogolo kwa kafesi ya tauni angaletse magalimoto apansi ndi kuchepetsa malonda. Mosiyana ndi, misewu yaing'ono kwambiri, yokhala ndi misewu yokhala ndi njira zoyenda ndi zoyendera, amaitana anthu kuti akhalebe, masitolo, ndi kufufuza. Maphunziro a National Association of Realterers apeza kuti nyumba za m’misewu yapamwamba kwambiri zimalamulira chuma, ndipo malonda ali otsika m'madera okhala ndi malo abwino. Misewu ya kumaloko imathandizanso anthu a malonda tsiku ndi tsiku ndi tsiku, kuchokera ku kutumiza malole kuti ayendetse masitolo kuti ayendetse galimoto. Pamene akugwira ntchito m’misewu yawo yakwawo, amapeza ndalama m’makampani a zachuma m'makampani a misewu onse.

Kugwirizana pa Mayanjano ndi Chidziŵitso cha M’chitaganya

Misewu imathandiza anthu kukhala ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana komanso kucheza ndi anthu. Msewu wokhala ndi misewu, mabenchi, ndi malo otetezeka, zimalimbikitsa kuyenda ndi kukambirana. Msewu wokhala ndi mitengo ndi nyumba zosungidwa bwino umalimbikitsa kunyada ndi kudziona kuti ndi anthu. Kumbali ina, misewu yomwe imakhala ndi misewu yogwedera ndiponso kuwala kochepa ingachititse anthu a m’deralo kumva ngati aiwalika. Misewu ya m’deralo imachititsanso zochitika zosiyanasiyana, kuyambira pa masewero ndi alimi kutsekera maholide.

Chitetezo ndi Chivomerezo Chamwamsanga

Kutetezeka ndi ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya misewu yakwawo. Chaka chilichonse, ngozi zambiri zimachitika m’misewu yakumaloko, zimene zingapewedwe ndi kukonzedwa bwino. Kuthamanga, kusaonekera bwino, kusapereka zizindikiro, ndi kusowa kwa magalimoto, zonsezo zimapangitsa ngozi, makamaka kwa anthu oyenda pansi pa miyendo ndi oyendetsa njinga. Ana, achikulire, ndi anthu olumala kwambiri. Magalimoto a m’deralo amawononganso kwambiri nthawi ya ngozi. Magalimoto amoto, maambulansi, ndi apolisi amafunika njira zopitira anthu a m’deralo. Msewu uli wochepa kwambiri, wotsekedwa ndi galimoto zotseka, kapena wowonongeka ndi nyengo ya chisanu ndi kuchedwa kuwonongeka kwa . Kusunga zinthu m’misewu yakwawo kuteteza anthu onse.

Zotsatirapo Zapadziko Lonse pa Nzika

Misewu yosalongosoka imachititsa kuti mabanja ndi anthu amene amapezeka m’madera amene sawaganizira kwambiri, komanso kuti aziona kuti ndi otsika.

Kulinganiza Nthaŵi ndi Mavuto a Zachuma

Mabowo, malo osalongosoka, ndi zizindikiro zapamsewu zosakwanira za apamsewu za kuyendetsa magalimoto a m'misewu yakwawoko kuti achepe, akwane, ndi kubwerera. Zimenezi zimawonjezera. American Society of Civil Engineers imayerekezera kuti mavuto a misewu awonongetsa ndalama zopitirira madola 1,000 pachaka, kuphatikizapo mafuta owonjezera, kukonza, ndi matayala. Kuchuluka kwa ndalama za m’mabanja opeza ndalama, zimenezi zimaimiranso vuto lalikulu. Nthaŵi zina zoyendera misewu yakumaloko imakwera kapena kusoŵa kwa misewu, kuchepetsa nthaŵi ya banja, zosangalatsa, ndi kupuma. M'madera ambiri, kuchuluka kwa misewu ya mayendedwe a m’deralo, kuchuluka kwa kavutope ndi moyo.

Kusamalira ndi Kukonza Zowonongedwa

Kuyendetsa galimoto pamisewu yowonongeka kumagunda matayala, kugwedeza, kulumikizana, ndi kuyendetsa galimoto. Mabowo angawononge mwamsanga ndi mokwera mtengo, kuphatikizapo matayala ogunda, mabuloni okhota, ndi madothi othyoka. Ngakhale malo aang'ono owonongeka amagwedeza ndi kupsinjika maganizo kumene kumachepetsa moyo wa mbali za galimoto. American Autobileall Association ikusimba kuti kuwonongeka kwa mabomba kokha kumawononga U.S. Madalaivala mabiliyoni a madola mamiliyoni ambiri chaka ndi chaka. Mabanja amene ali kale ndi ndalama zawo, ndalama zowakonzera zosayembekezeredwa zimenezi zingawabweretsere mavuto a zachuma. Magalimoto a m'misewu achilengedwe amateteza galimoto ndi kusunga ndalama m’malo a anthu okhala m’malo.

Zotsatirapo za Malo Okhala

Mikhalidwe ya misewu yoipa imayenderanso ndalama zotetezera malo okhala. Mapiko oyenda pa malo osayenda bwino amatentha mafuta ambiri chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kulephera ndi kuthamanga ndi kugwedezeka kwamphamvu. Kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta kowonjezereka kumeneku kumatsogolera ku kutuluka kwa carbon dioxide ndi zoipitsa zina. Kugwedezeka kwa misewu ya kumaloko, kusokonezeka ndi kulephera kulinganiza bwino kapena kuchepa kwa mphamvu, kumachititsa kugwedeza ndi kuima, kuwonjezereka kwa kutulutsa mpweya. Kuwonjezera apo, kuwonongeka kwa misewu kungatheke kuti madzi aloŵere mumsewu, kuchititsa kung'aluka ndi zitsime zowonongeka. Kukonzanso misewu yosawonongeka, kuphatikizapo kugwiritsira ntchito zipangizo zokonzedwa ndi malo okhoza kuwongolera, kungachepetse kukwera kwa malo ozungulira msewu wakwawo pamene akukonza.

Kupeza Thanzi la Onse ndi Madzi Ofulumira

Kufikira kuchipatala ndi nkhaŵa yaikulu m'madera ambiri, makamaka m’madera akumidzi kumene misewu yakwawo ingakhale yosasainwa bwino, kapena yokhoterera kusefukira. Odwala amene ali ndi matenda aakulu amafunikira njira zodalirika zopitira ku zipatala ndi zipatala. Machipatala a zamwamsanga ayenera kukhala okhoza kufikira mwamsanga ku nyumba, makamaka kaamba ka mikhalidwe ya nthaŵi monga kudwala mtima kapena kudwala kwa zilonda. Magalimoto osayenda bwino angachedwe ndi kuwonjezera ngozi ya kuwonongeka kwa zinthu. Msewu wa kumaloko ukhoza kuyambukira thanzi la maganizo ndi lathupi mwa kusonkhezera kaya anthu akuyenda, njinga, kapena kuthamanga bwino m’madera awo. Misewu yonse yomwe imaphatikizapo makwalala, ziwiro, ndi kudutsa bwino kwa thupi, matenda a mtima, ndi kupsinjika maganizo.

Mmene Anthu Angasinthire

Anthu okhala m’derali saona kuti atha kumanga nyumba zawo, koma misewu ya m’deralo ndi mbali ina imene ingathandize kwambiri.

Kumanga Uphunzitsi Waluso

Njira yoyamba ndi kukhazikitsa mgwirizano wa anthu oyandikana nawo, eni mabizinesi, ndi mabungwe a anthu. Mawu amodzi angakanidwa, koma gulu loimira anthu ambirimbiri okhala m’deralo liyenera kusamalidwa. Mabungwe a anthu, magulu a makolo ndi mabizinesi, ndi mabizinesi akwawo ndi achilengedwe. Mapulatifomu a za mayanjano monga Severthoo ndi magulu a Facebook angathandize kufalitsa mawuwo ndi kuchirikiza. Cholinga n’chokhazikitsa uthenga womveka bwino, wogwirizana wonena za misewu imene imafunikira chisamaliro ndi chifukwa chake. Nkhani zapadera: kutchula misewu, kufotokoza ngozi, ndi kutchula chiŵerengero cha mabanja okhudzidwa ndi matendawo kuchititsa kuti vutolingirire.

Kulankhulana Kwabwino

Pamene gulu lapangidwa, kulankhulana kogwira mtima ndi akuluakulu a boma nkofunika. Kupezeka pa misonkhano ya bungwe la tauni ndi maseŵero a anthu onse kuti mulankhule panthaŵi yoyankha. Idzani ndi mapepala, zithunzi, ndi nkhani zaumwini. Kugonjera, mapempho, ndi ma email a kusankha akuluakulu a boma ndi madipatimenti kulimbikitsa uthengawo. Nkofunikanso kumvetsetsa kayendedwe a bajeti: Oyang'anira misewu ambiri amaika ndalama pa maziko a chaka ndi chaka kapena zaka zambiri, ndipo mfundo zimasonkhezera kwambiri pamene bajeti ikulembedwa, osati pambuyo pa kuvomerezedwa. tsatirani ndi akuluakulu a boma pambuyo pa misonkhano kuti musunge ndi kusonyeza kuti ndandanda ya ndandandayo idakali yokhudzana.

Kugwirizana ndi Boma Lakumene Tikukhala

Advocacy safunikira kukhala oŵerengera. Madipatimenti ambiri a anthu amalandira zothandizira anthu chifukwa chakuti amawathandiza kuika zinthu zochepera. Adzipereka kutengamo mbali m'mayeso a msewu, kudzipereka ku kuyeretsa masiku, kapena kutumikira pa makomiti a okonza. Anthu ena atengera njira zosonyezera zinthu monga [[FLT: 0] kumene anthu amathandiza kusanthula malo ndi kuika zinthu zofunika patsogolo. Kumanga unansi wogwirizana ndi antchito a onse ndi osankhidwa ndi akuluakulu a boma kungatsogolera ku kachitidwe kamphamvu, kogwira mtima kwambiri. Pamene nzika ndi boma zigwirira ntchito pamodzi, misewu ya kumaloko imawongowongosintha mofulumira ndi kuchirikiza.

Luso la Zaluso ndi Kulemba

Zida zamakono zimapanga kukhala kosavuta kulemba mikhalidwe ya msewu ndi kuchirikiza kuwongolera. Ma apulogalamu a Smartphone onga ngati Street Bump ndi Road Lab amalola nzika za ku tauni kuti zipereke mabowo, magubo, ndi ngozi zina mwachindunji ku madipatimenti a ntchito za onse ndi GPS gwirizanitsa ndi zithunzi. Makampani a za makampani a zapam'tsogolo akunja ogwiritsa ntchito Hathtags monga [[FLD: 0]#Fix Ourrads Foads [mads ] [mayeso] Amaitana ntchito. Kutsegulira makompyuta osungidwa ndi magalimoto a mizinda yambiri ndi mapulogalamu a misewu, mapulogalamu, matchati, kapena malipoti osavuta kupereka lipoti a anthu odziŵa bwino. Anthu ambiri angalankhule bwino ndi kulongosola bwino la katchulidwe kawirikawo.

Kuzindikira Kukongola kwa Ndalama

Nthawi zambiri, mitsinje imene imathandizira kusamalira ndi kumanga nyumba imakhala yovuta kwambiri, ndipo ndalama zimene anthu amalandira n’zosafanana ndi zofunika.

Kumene Zimachokera Ndalama Zogulira

Kusamalira misewu yambiri yakumaloko kumayendetsedwa ndi misonkho ya katundu, misonkho ya makampani, ndi misonkho ya galimoto za kumaloko. Misonkho ya katundu ndi imene imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, koma kaŵirikaŵiri imachepa chifukwa cha kupikisana kwa sukulu, chitetezo cha anthu, ndi ntchito zina. Mamudzi ena apereka malamulo operekedwa omwe akupereka ndalama zoyendetsera ndalama zosasintha, zotetezedwa. Ena amadalira misonkho ya malonda a kumaloko, imene ingakhale yosasinthika. Anthu ambiri koma yomawonjezereka akufunafuna galimoto zoyendera kapena zotsala monga njira zothandizira kulipira msonkho wa gasi, zimene zikuchepetsa mphamvu ya kukwera kwa ndalama ndi kukwera kwa galimoto. Kuzindikira zimenezi kumathandiza anthu kudziŵa kumene ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito za magetsi kapena malo enieni a boma a

Boma ndi Opereka Malamulo

Maprogramu a boma ndi a boma amapereka ndalama zowonjezera pa misewu yakumaloko, ngakhale kuti ndalamazo zimasiyana kwambiri ndi boma ndi chaka. Surface Transportation Block Grant Program ndi Transport Alternative ndi masitepe ena akuluakulu aŵiri. Mabungwe opereka ndalama ndi Jobs Actal Act adapereka ndalama za ndalama za ndalama zopezeka mu 2021 zothandizira misewu, mabuloni, ndi nyumba zina, koma maboma ambiri a m'maderawo ayenera kudziŵa mmene angagwiritsire ntchito ndi kupikisana. Maboma ambiri alibe antchito kapena luso la kulondola ndalama zimenezi, kusiya ndalama patebulo. Okhala ndi boma lawo kuti apereke kwa olemba mabuku kapena anzawo ndalama zothandizira. Mabungwe a boma a boma alinso ndi mapulogalamu a misewu a misewu a m'dzikolo, monga Programme of California kapena ku California.

Mawotchi Opereka Malo Opangira Zinthu Atsopano

Magulu ena akufufuza njira zopezera ndalama zokwaniritsira zinthu. Mabungwe a anthu angabweretse mabizinesi aumwini a misewu amene amakonzanso zinthu zachuma, monga kukonza misewu yatsopano. Ndawala zopereka ndalama zathandiza kuwongolera zinthu monga kukonzanso misewu, kukhazikitsa bata, kapena kuwoloka anthu pa galimoto, makamaka ngati akugwirizana ndi boma lakwawo. Mapulatifomu oikapo anthu paokha monga ioby ndi Patronic agwiritsidwa ntchito pa ntchito pa ntchito zapamwamba mpikisano m'mizinda yambiri. Ndalama zoyendetsera zoyendetsera zoyendetsera zoyendetsera galimoto zopangidwa ndi ntchito zatsopano zingaperekenso ndalama zoperekedwa kuti abwezeretse misewu. Pamene zitsanzo zimenezi sizikuthandiza kuti ndalama zambiri za anthu ziyendetsedwe bwino, iwo angapite patsogolo pa ntchito zapamwamba zapamalo opanga mabizinesi.

Kulinganiza Malamulo ndi Kulinganiza

Ngakhale ngati ndalama zaperekedwa, maboma a kumaloko ayenera kusankha misewu yokonza choyamba. Ambiri amagwiritsira ntchito chosonyezera cha mzera wa zapamsewu kuti apeze misewu pamlingo wabwino kulephera. Magalimoto abwino amaikidwa chifukwa chakuti kuchedwa kukonza kumawonjezera ndalama. Njira yabwino imakhala yokwera mtengo kwambiri. Okhala ndi ndalama zothandizira kukonza zinthu zowonongeka pachaka, m’malo mwa kutsekedwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira zothandizira kuwonongeka. Akawononga ndalama zoyendera pamsewu ndi kuwonjezera ndalama zapansi pa misewu. Kukwera kwa mtengo kumeneku kumatanthauza kuti mapulogalamu osamalira zinthu zapangika kumakwera mtengo kwambiri. Okhala akumvetsa mphamvu imeneyi angachirikize ndalama zotetezera pa ngoziyo m’malo mwa kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zowonongeka. Kuyang'anira nthaŵi zonse ndi kusunga ndalama za msonkho.

Mikhalidwe Yomakulakula ndi Mtsogolo

Tsogolo la misewu ya kumaloko lidzaoneka losiyana ndi lakale. Umisiri, kukhazikika, ndi kusintha kwa kayendedwe kukusintha mmene misewu imapangidwira, kumangidwa, ndi kusungidwira. Anthu amene akuyembekezera mikhalidwe imeneyi angapange ndalama zabwino kwambiri lerolino.

Kuphunzitsa Kwanzeru ndi Kusamalira Zinthu

Makompyuta oikidwa m'misewu atha kuyang'anira magalimoto, kutentha, kutentha, ndi kulimba kwa malo. Nkhanizi zithandiza madipatimenti a anthu kugwira ntchito bwino pokonza zinthu, mmalo mogwiritsa ntchito kalendala yosasintha. Zizindikiro za magalimoto a m’misewu ya m’deralo zingasinthe nthawi yoyenderana ndi kayendedwe a galimoto, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zimene zimatuluka. Matauni ena akugwiritsa ntchito nzeru zopanga zinthu pofufuza zithunzi zapamsewu zimene zagwidwa ndi makamera oyendera galimoto, kuzindikira mwangozi, mabowonde, ndi zina zolakwika kwambiri. Zipangizo zimenezi zimalonjeza kuti zikhoza kuwonjezera ndalama zoyendera zinthu mwa kuyang'anira zinthu zimene zimakhudza kwambiri. Anthu oyambirira monga Pittsburgs ndi Chatleat akuona zotsatira kuchokera ku kuyendetsa makompyuta a msewera a msewu.

Zinthu ndi Zochita Zothandiza

Kusungika kwa magalimoto kukukhala nkhaŵa yaikulu m'makonzedwe ndi kusamaliridwa. Kutentha kwa madzi, kumene kumapangidwa pa kutentha kochepa, kumachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kutulutsa mpweya. Magulu ena akuyesa misewu ya dzuŵa yomwe imapanga magetsi, ngakhale kuti luso la zopangapangali lidakali lamtengo wapatali ndi kuyesa. Kusanthula kwa moyo wa zamoyo kumafuna ndalama zambiri, zimene zimalingalira za mtengo wa malo okhala ndi ndalama za msewu, zikukhala chiwiya choyendera bwino kwambiri pa kupanga zosankha. Misewu ina ikuchepetsa madzi oyenda pansi ndi kutulutsa madzi amagetsi.

Misewu Yathunthu Ndiponso Zopangidwa Mosiyanasiyana

Malingaliro a misewu yosatha akusintha mapulani a msewu wakwanuko. M’malo mwa kuyendetsa galimoto paokha, misewu yonse inapangidwa kuti ikhale yotetezeka ndi yosavuta kwa ogwiritsa ntchito onse, kuphatikizapo oyenda pansi, okwera pa njinga, ndi anthu opunduka. Magulu onga ngati misewu yozungulira, misewu yotetezedwa ndi njinga, yokwezedwa, yokwezedwa ndi mabasi ikukhala yoyenerera m’madera ambiri. Maphunziro amasonyeza kuti misewu yonse imathandiza oyendetsa galimoto kukhala ndi chitetezo popanda kuwonjezereka kwa oyendetsa galimoto. Imathandiziranso mabizinesi a kumalo akumalo a malonda mwa kupanga magalimoto oitanira kuti ayendere bwino ndi njinga. Maboma oposa 1,500 mu United States amatsatira malamulo a misewu, ndi chiŵerengero cha anthu ambiri kuwonjezera kuchuluka.

Kusintha kwa Nyengo

Kusintha kwa nyengo kukuwonjezereka ndi kukulira kwa nyengo, ndipo misewu ya kumaloko ili patsogolo. Kusefukira, magetsi, ndi zungulire madera ozizira zikuwononga misewu ndi kugwetsa misewu. Magulu a m’mphepete mwa nyanja akuyang'anizana ndi chiwopsezo china cha kukwera kwa nyanja. Makwalala apafupi amaphatikizapo kutulutsa madzi otentha kwambiri, zipangizo zopangiramo misewu, ndi nyumba zolimbitsa kwambiri zimene zingapirire mikhalidwe yoipa. Magulu ena akumanga misewu omwe amapanga mowirikiza kawiri monga mpanda madzi a mkuntho kapena kuphatikiza zinthu zobiriwira zonga ziŵiritsira zonga ziŵiritsira madzi a m’mphepete mwa misewu. Kukonza zinthu m'njira sikulipiri; nkofunika kutetezera mabiliyoni a madola oikidwa kale m’misewu. Mabungwe a Highrateagean Apanga ndi zithandiza kukonza mapulone ndi kukonza a boma awo.

Kumaliza

Misewu ya kumaloko ndi yosathandiza pa moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Amagwirizanitsa nyumba, mabizinesi, masukulu, ndi mautumiki, kukonza kayendedwe, kutetezeka kwa chuma, ndi kudziŵika kwa anthu. Pamene misewu ya kumaloko isungidwa bwino ndi kukonzedwa bwino, imalimbikitsa moyo wa munthu aliyense. Pamene yanyalanyazidwa, ndalama, chisungiko, ndi ubwino wa nzikazo.

Nkhani yabwino njakuti anthu ali ndi mphamvu pa misewu yawo. Mwakumvetsetsa mmene misewu imeneyi imachirikizidwa, kusungidwa, ndi kuikidwa patsogolo, nzika zikhoza kukhala ochirikiza kuwongolera. Mwa kulinganiza kwa maluso, kugwiritsira ntchito bwino chidziŵitso, kugwirizana ndi boma, ndi kusamala kwambiri ndi kutulukira, anthu angatsimikizire kuti misewu yawo ya kumaloko ithane ndi zofunika za lero ndi maŵa. Kuyesayesa kofunikira n’kowonadi, koma kulinso kopindulitsa: makwalala abwinopo, chuma champhamvu, anthu abwino, ndi madera amene anthu amanyadira kubwerera kwawo. Ulendo uliwonse umayamba ndi msewu wa kumaloko, ndipo misewu iliyonse iyenera kutengera kumene kufunikira kupitako.