Mpumulo Wachinayi: Maziko a Ufulu wa ku America

Demendment ya 14 imakhala imodzi ya zowonjezera zazikulu kwambiri pa Malamulo a United States, kukonzanso unansi pakati pa boma la boma, maboma, ndi nzika. Kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa July 9, 1868, pamapeto a Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni, kukonza kumeneku kunalinganizidwa kusungitsa ufulu wa anthu omasulidwa kumene mu ukapolo ndi malamulo a chilungamo ku chikalata chokhazikitsidwa cha dziko. Kwa Revota lerolino, kumvetsa Kusintha kwa Zaka 14 sikuli njira yamaphunziro chabe; kumapereka chidziŵitso chofunika ponena za chitetezo chalamulo, zoyenera kusanthula, ndi malamulo amene amalamulira moyo wa anthu a ku America.

Pambuyo pa chigamulo cha 144 Demendment, Konsichushoni sinapereke mafotokozedwe omveka bwino a unzika, kusiya maboma kuti adziŵe amene ali woyenerera kukhala nzika. Kulephera kumeneku kunalola kuti adziwike kuti ndi anthu a mbiri yoipa Did Scott v. Sandford adatchulidwa m'nkhondo zosaŵerengeka zalamulo pa 1857, pamene Khoti Lapamwamba la Amerika silingakhale nzika za Africa. Mpambo wa 1448 unakana mwachindunji kuti lamulo ndi kukhazikitsa muyezo wofanana wa unziko umene ulipo lerolino. Malamulo apereka malamulo ambiri pa nkhondo zachivoti, kulowa, ndi kupatsidwa machiritso, ndi kuchitidwa kofanana pansi pa lamulo.

Kwa ovota, chitsimikizo cha kusintha kwa njira yoyenerera, chitetezo cholingana, ndi chilungamo chachikulu si mfundo zopanda pake. Zimapanga maziko alamulo kaamba ka malamulo otsutsa osankha, kutsimikizira kuimira kwachilungamo, ndi kutetezera umphumphu wa dongosolo la osankhidwa. Wotsogolera wokulira ameneyu adzapyola m'makonzedwe aakulu alionse, kulongosola mmene kusinthako kumagwira ntchito ku voti ndi unzika, ndi kupereka chidziŵitso chogwira ntchito kaamba ka kugwiritsira ntchito zoyenera zanu pabokosi la osankhidwa.

Mbiri Yakale ndi Kufotokoza Zinthu Mwachidule

Demetrition ya 14th Confect inayamba ndi kukhazikitsanso kogwirizana ndi nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni. Pakati pa 1865 ndi 1866, Maboma a Kum’mwera adakhazikitsa "Malamulo Akuda" amene analetsa kwambiri ufulu wa Aafirika, kukhazikitsa njira yogonjetsera mwalamulo ngakhale kuti anachotsedwa pa Kachimbitsirano wa 13 ndi 13. Congress anavomera mwa kudutsa Civil Rights Act ya 1866, yomwe inalengeza kuti anthu onse obadwa ku United States (kusiyapo Eni America) anali nzika za dzikolo ndipo anali ndi ufulu wolingana. Komabe, anadera nkhaŵa kuti lamulo limeneli lingapangidwe kapena kuchotsedwa ndi kuchotsedwa pa kukonzanso kopeka kwa Commeterration ya 145 kuti aitle chitetezo chakutha kutha kutetezera kotheratu malamulo a malamulo a boma.

Kukonzanso kunakonzedwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo mu June 1866 ndi kukonzedwa kwa malo kumalizidwa mu July 1868. Chofunika kwambiri nchakuti, Nyumba ya Malamulo inafuna kuti boma la Kum’mwera libwezeretse kukonzanso ku bungwe la Union, kupangitsa kuti likhale mzati wa mapangano a kukonzanso. Kusinthaku kuli ndi mbali zisanu, iliyonse ikumalongosola mbali zosiyanasiyana za unzika, kuimira, ndi kulamulira.

Kumvetsa nkhani za mbiri yakale imeneyi chifukwa chakuti chinenero cha kukonza chinali chotakata ndi choyang'anira. Okonza mafomuwo anafuna kukhazikitsa maziko alamulo amene angagwirizane ndi kusintha kwa mikhalidwe ndi kukonza kupanda chilungamo kwa mtsogolo, osati kungothetsa mavuto a panthaŵi yomweyo a kukonzanso. Kusintha kumeneku kwalola Kusintha kwa 145 kukhala koyenerera kwa zaka zoposa 150, kutumikira monga maziko a malamulo osinthasintha zinthu pa sukulu, kulingana kwa ukwati, ndi ufulu wosankha.

Chigawo 1: Kukhala Nzika, Kutsatira Zomwe Zikuchitika, ndi Kutetezedwa Kofanana

Chigawo 1 cha Mpambo wa 14th Amendment chili ndi zigawo zitatu zofunika kwambiri m’lamulo lalamulo la America: Chinucanshicism Claus, Six Procesme, ndi Accole Procement Claus. Onse pamodzi, amakhazikitsa malo a ufulu wa munthu aliyense amene boma silingawononge.

Ufulu wa Unyinji

Chigawo cha French chimapereka: " Anthu onse obadwa kapena obadwa ku United States, ndi ogonjera ku ulamuliro wake, ndi nzika za United States ndi Boma kumene amakhala. Chinenerochi chinakhazikitsa ufulu waufulu monga kuyenera kwa lamulo, kutanthauza kuti aliyense wobadwa m’dziko la America amakhala U.S. mosasamala kanthu za malo a makolo awo osamukira. Lamulo limeneli, lodziŵika monga sos , lakhala mbali yogwirizana ya lamulo la ku America kuyambira pa kupangidwa kwa mapangano, ngakhale kuti nthaŵi zinakhala lotsutsana ndi andale zadziko.

Chiganizocho chinathetsa chigamulo cha Scott [1] ndi kutsimikizira kuti Aafirika, ndi magulu ena, sakanamanidwa kukhala nzika chifukwa cha fuko kapena fuko. Chinavumbulanso kuti unzika pamlingo wa boma umachokera ku unzika wa boma, kuletsa maboma kupanga gawo lawo la unzika kuti achotse magulu ena.

Mmene Claus Amayendera

The System Claus ikunena kuti palibe boma limene lidzatulutsa munthu aliyense wa moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, popanda njira yoyenerera ya lamulo. Mawuwa amasuliridwa ndi Khoti Lalikulu kuphatikiza mitundu iŵiri yosiyana ya chitetezo: njira zofunikira ndi njira yoyenerera.

Kulinganiza koyenera kwa boma kumafuna kuti zochita za anthu ena zikhale zolondola, kuphatikizapo chidziŵitso, mwaŵi wakumva, ndi Wopanga zosankha wopanda tsankho. M'nkhani yosankha, izi zikutanthauza kuti boma silingachotse ovota m'mabuku olembetsa popanda chidziŵitso cholondola ndi mwaŵi wa kutsutsa kuchotsedwa. Kumafunikiranso kuti oweruza atsatire malamulo ndi malamulo okhazikitsidwa.

Njira yoyenerera yodzitetezera imatetezera ku kuloŵerera kwa boma, ngakhale ngati njira zabwino zatsatiridwa. Khoti Lapamwamba lagwiritsira ntchito njira zoyenerera kutetezera ufulu wonga ngati kuvota, ukwati, umbuli, ndi ufulu wathupi. Pamene kuli kwakuti mawu akuti " njira yoyenerera" akhala akutsutsana, kuvomerezedwa kwake ku zoyenera zosankha kwachirikizidwa nthaŵi zonse.

Kuteteza Claus Kofanana

Kutetezera Claus kolingana ndi kumalamula kuti palibe boma limene lidzachitira dala munthu aliyense m’manja mwake kutetezeredwa kofanana kwa malamulo. Ichi mwinamwake chiri chiŵiya champhamvu koposa kaamba ka malamulo ndi zochita zotsutsa. Chiganizocho chimafuna kuti anthu okhala m’malo ofananawo achitidwe mofananamo ndi boma, pokhapo ngati pali chifukwa chomveka cha kuchitiridwa mosiyana.

M'nkhani ya ufulu wosankha, Sucture Protection Claus yagwiritsiridwa ntchito kutsutsa malamulo amene amasankhana pamaziko a fuko, ukazi, chuma, kapena magawo ena. Mwachitsanzo, mu Bush v. Gore [2000], Bwalo Lapamwamba linatchula chitetezo chofanana kuletsa kuŵerengera kwa Florida, kupeza kuti miyezo yosiyana ya mndandanda ya kuŵerengera imaswa malamulo a kuchiritsa kogwirizana. Posachedwapa, mfundo zotetezera zofanana zadzutsidwa ku malamulo a ovoti, gerryderman, ndi ziletso pa kuvota.

Kufufuza lamulo kumadalira pa kusanthula kumene limagwira ntchito. Malamulo amene amasankhana chifukwa cha fuko kapena mtundu amalandira "kufufuza kwapadera," muyezo wapamwamba kwambiri, kufunikira boma kusonyeza chikondwerero chokakamiza ndi njira zosonkhanira. Malamulo ozikidwa pa magawo ena angapendedwe mopitimya kapena mwanzeru, kupanga kuti zitetezero zofanana zikhale zovuta kwambiri kuzitsimikizira koma zothekera.

Chigawo 2: Kuimira ndi Kupereka Ufulu Wopereka

Chigawo 2 chikufotokoza kugwirizana pakati pa ufulu wosankha ndi kuimira bungwe. Chimapereka kuti pamene boma lakana kapena kuletsa kuvotera amuna a zaka zoposa 21 (chiyeneretso cha msinkhu panthaŵiyo), kuimira kwa boma kumeneko m'Nyumba ya Oimira kuyenera kuchepetsedwa molingana. Ngakhale kuti makonzedwe ameneŵa sanatsatiridwe, anasonyeza cholinga cha olemba madesikiwo kugwirizanitsa mwachindunji ndi fano.

Chigawo chimenechi chinaloŵedwa mmalo molondola masinthidwe pambuyo pake, kuphatikizapo Demendment ya 15 (kusankhana mafuko kozikidwa pa kusankha), Demetrie (kutsimikizira tsankho lachikhumi ndi chiwiri la kukondera kwa kugonana), Dementi ya 20- Fourth Amendment (misonkho yonena za kusanthula), ndi Malamulo 20 (kuchepetsa nyengo yosankha kukhala 18). Komabe, gawo 2 limasunga kufunika kophiphiritsira monga kuvomereza koyambirira kwa lamulo kuti kuvota kuli kuyenera kwa kuimira.

Kulephera kusungitsa Chigawo 2 kwasulizidwa ndi akatswiri amene amatsutsa kuti chingakhale choletsa champhamvu pa kutsendereza ovota. Ngati maboma anayang’anizana ndi chilango chotsimikizirika chochepetsedwa cha kutsutsidwa kwa ovota, iwo angakhale osalandira mothekera kwenikweni kuvomereza malamulo oletsa kuvota. Othirira ndemanga ena amakono apereka lingaliro la kubwezeretsa kapena kubwezera Chigawo 2 kuti athetse zitokoso za ufulu wosankha wamakono.

Chigawo 3: Kusokoneza Kusintha

Chigawo 3 cha Lamulo la 14 la Lamulo la Malamulo chimapereka kuti palibe munthu amene walumbira kuti adzachirikiza Lamulo la Malamulo ndipo pambuyo pake n’kugalukira United States angakhale ndi udindo wa boma kapena wankhondo.

Chigawo 3 chalandira chisamaliro chatsopano m'zaka zaposachedwapa chifukwa cha mafunso alamulo onena za kuyenerera kwa ntchito pambuyo pa January 6, 2021, kuukira kwa Capitol. Akatswiri ena a zamalamulo ndi magulu a auphunzitsi atsutsa kuti Chigawo 3 cha opatutsa amene anachitapo kapena kuchirikiza zoyesayesa za kuchotsa chisankho cha 2020. Zigomeko zimenezi zatsogolera ku milandu ya khoti m’zigawo zambiri, ngakhale kuti Khoti Lapamwambalo lili ndi poperekabe chitsogozo chotsimikizirika pa mmene Chigawo 3 chikugwirira ntchito m'nkhani zamakono.

Kwa ovota, Chigawo 3 chimadzutsa mafunso ofunika ponena za ziyeneretso za obatizidwa ndi njira yopezera ufulu wovuta.

Chigawo 4: Ngongole ya Anthu Onse

Chigawo 4 chitsimikizira ngongole ya anthu onse ya United States ndipo chimaletsa boma kapena boma kulipira ngongole zochitika pochirikiza kupanduka kapena kutumiza akapolo akale kutayikiridwa kwa anthu akapolo. Gawo limeneli linatsimikizira kuti ngongole ya bungwe la Union of the National War ilandire pamene ngongole za kusudzulidwa zinachotsedwa.

Ngakhale kuti kuli kosayenerera kwenikweni kuyenera kwa kuvota, Chigawo 4 chatchulidwa m'mikangano yokhudza lamulo la ngongole ndi la boma. Mu 2023, akatswiri ena a zamalamulo ananena kuti Chigawo 4 chingapose malire a ngongole, ngakhale kuti kumasulira kumeneku sikunayesedwe m’khoti. Kwa ovota, Chigawo 4 chomvetsa nkhani za nkhani za kutsutsana kwa ndalama ndi malamulo.

Chigawo 5: Mphamvu Yokakamiza

Chigawo 5 chimapereka mphamvu ya kusungitsa makonzedwe a Kusintha kwa Zamphumphu kwa 14 kupyolera m’lamulo loyenerera. mphamvu yosungitsa imeneyi yagwiritsiridwa ntchito kukhazikitsa malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe, kuphatikizapo Chikalata cha Chigawo cha ufulu wachibadwidwe cha 1964, Voting Rights Act ya 1965, ndi Fair Hosley Act ya 1968.

Chigawo 5 chakhala chogonjera ku kumasulira kwapadera kwa Khoti Lapamwamba. Dorowa la Boerne v. Flores (1997), khoti linakhulupirira kuti kusungitsa kwa Congress kuli ndi mphamvu yokhazikitsira kuletsa kapena kuwongolera kuswa malamulo a boma, osati kubwezeretsa ufulu wa munthu. Posachedwapa, mu Shelby County v. Raker , Khoti linagamula njira yoperekera nkhani yogwiritsidwa ntchito pogamula zimene zinafunikira kukhazikitsa malamulo pa Zoyenera za Volct , kukwaniritsa ntchito ya chigawo cha 5 m'mavota.

Ngakhale kuti pali zolephera zimenezi, Chigawo 5 chidakali chida chofunika kwambiri kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo ateteze ufulu wovota. Chikalata cha John Lewis Voting Rights Advance Act, chomwe chinalingaliridwa m'magawo angapo a Congress, chikakonza njira yosonyezera kuti avomereze Shelby County . Mavoter ayenera kuzindikira kuti kachitidwe ka lamulo pansi pa Chigawo 5 ndi imodzi mwa njira zazikulu zimene malonjezo a Genetic Amendment amatembenuzidwira ku zitetezero zovomerezeka.

Chiyambukiro pa Kusintha Ufulu Wakulandira: Kuyang’ana Kozama Koposa

Chiyambukiro cha 14 Demendment cha kuyenera kwa kuvota chakhala chachikulu ndi chamitundumitundu. Pamene kuli kwakuti kusintha sikumapatsa mwachindunji kuyenera kwa kuvota, Chitetezo Chake Cholingana ndi Chitetezo ndi Ault Procession Clauss zakhala maziko a zigamulo zambiri za khoti zotetezera kujambula.

Kupenda Koyenera Ziletso Zoletsa Kupereka

Khoti Lapamwamba lanena kuti kuvota kuli kuyenera kofunika kotetezeredwa ndi Auncial Protection Claus. Izi zikutanthauza kuti lamulo lililonse loletsa kuvota liyenera kukhutiritsa kupenda kosamalitsa: boma liyenera kusonyeza chikondwerero chokakamiza ndi kusonyeza kuti lamulolo nlolinganizidwa mopepuka kuti lipeze chikondwerero chimenecho. M’kulondola, muyezo umenewu wapangitsa kukhala wovuta kwambiri ku maboma kulungamitsa ziletso zosankha zimene mopambanitsa zimayambukira osankhidwa a anthu ochepa kapena kutsendereza ufulu wa kuvota.

Komabe, Khotilo lachirikizanso ziletso zina za kuvota, zonga ngati malamulo a wovota, pamene alingaliridwa kukhala olemetsa pang’ono ndi ochilikizidwa ndi zikondwerero za boma zovomerezedwa ndi lamulo monga kuletsa chinyengo. Funso lalikulu m’nkhani zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri nlakuti kaya mtolo wa ovota umaposa chilungamitso cha boma, kupanga kuyesa koyenera kumene kungatulutse zotulukapo zosagwirizana.

Malamulo Otsutsa Upo

Magulu a anthu opanga mapepala ndi oletsa kugamula milandu agwiritsira ntchito Demendment ya 149 kutsutsa njira zosiyanasiyana zolowera, kuphatikizapo misonkho yofunsira kuvota, mayeso ofufuza kulemba ndi kuŵerenga, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mtundu wina. Nkhani yosonyeza zinthu Baker v. Carr (1962) anakhazikitsa kuti makhoti a boma angamve mavuto a kugawa malamulo pansi pa bungwe la Externetic Protection Claine , kutsogolera ku "munthu mmodzi, chivoti chimodzi" mu [[FLT:] Reynolds v. SS

Posachedwapa, zitsutso zotetezera zofanana zakhala maziko a kutokosa ku kutsutsa ogaŵanitsa, ngakhale kuti Khoti Lapamwamba lamilandu lanena kuti makhoti a boma sangamve zinenezo zoterozo, kusiya nkhaniyo kumakhoti a boma ndi makhoti okhazikitsa malamulo. Mlandu wa 2019 Rucolo v. Common Chast inagamula kuti kutsutsana ndi makhoti a boma kumapereka nkhani ya ndale zadziko yosafikirika, ngakhale kuti makhoti a boma angagwire ntchito pansi pa malamulo awo a boma.

Kusiyana kwa Ufulu Wopereka Ufulu

Chikalata cha Voting Rights Act cha 1965, chokhazikitsidwa pa Gawo 5 la Demendment ya 14th Confection ndi Gawo 2 la Demendment la 15th Amendment, chidakali chida champhamvu koposa cha boma chotetezera ufulu wosankha. Chikalatacho chimaletsa tsankho la fuko m’kuvota, chimafuna maulamuliro ena kuti apeze chivomerezo cha boma asanasinthe malamulo ovomereza kuvota, ndipo chimagaŵira openyerera pa malo ochitira masankhoti.

Pambuyo pa Chigamulo cha Shelby County chinagwetsa njira ya kudziŵikitsa, ikunena kale kuti inakhazikitsa ziletso zoikidwa pasadakhale, kuphatikizapo malamulo a ovota otsimikiza, kuchepetsa nyengo zoyambirira zovota, ndi kuchotsa mipukutu ya ovota. Zochitika zimenezi zasonkhezera kugogomezeranso kutsutsa kwa Gemetic Reformation monga njira yotokosa malamulo oterowo pa malo otetezera ofanana.

Malangizo Othandiza kwa Olemba Matambula

Kuzindikira chitetezo cha 14 Demendment kuli kokha sitepe loyamba. Olemba mabuku ayeneranso kudziŵa mmene angagwiritsire ntchito zoyenera zawo ndi chimene ayenera kuchita ngati akumana ndi mavuto.

Dziŵani Ufulu Wanu

  • Muli ndi kuyenera kwa kuvotera ku tsankho. Palibe boma kapena boma lakwanuko limene lingakukanizeni kuyenera kwa kuvotera kozikidwa pa fuko, fuko, mtundu, kapena ukazi. Ngati mukhulupirira kuti mwapatulidwa, mungalembe chidandaulo ndi Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo kapena gulu loyenerera anthu.
  • Muli ndi kuyenera kwa kuyendetsa masankho. Ngati kulembetsa kwanu kwatsutsidwa kapena ngati mwachotsedwa m’mipukutu, muyenera kulandira chidziŵitso ndi mwaŵi wakupikisana ndi kachitidwe. Mulinso ndi kuyenera kuponya pepala la opereka ngati muali oyenerera.
  • Muli ndi kuyenera kwa kuchiritsa kolingana. Njira zopangira, kuphatikizapo malo oonera, zipangizo, ndi malo ofikira, ziyenera kukhala zofanana pakati pa chigawo. Ngati muwona kusiyana, zilembeni ndi kuzisimba kwa akuluakulu a masankho.

Muzimvetsa Kuti Dziko Linasintha

Ngakhale kuti chikalata cha 14 Demendment chimakhazikitsa malo a dzikolo otetezedwa, malamulo ovota amasiyana kwambiri ndi boma. Mayiko ena akhazikitsa njira zambiri zovotera, monga kulembetsa modzifunira, kulembetsa kwa tsiku limodzi, ndi kusasankha makalata. Ena akhazikitsa zofunika kwambiri, kusanthula koyamba, kapena kuchepetsa chiŵerengero cha malo oonera. Malamulo saletsa kuti kuvota kukhale kosavuta, koma malamulo ayenera kugwirizana ndi malamulo a boma ndi malamulo a boma.

Kuti adziŵe bwino kusintha kumeneku, ovota ayenera kufunsa pawebusaiti ya chisankho ya boma lawo kapena pakhoma lopanda gawo monga National Conference of State Legislatures's database ya malamulo ovota. Kumvetsetsa malamulo a boma lanu a kulembetsa, kudziŵidwa, kuvota, ndi malo ofunsira kungakuthandizeni kupeŵa mavuto patsiku la chisankho.

Thandizani Kuthana ndi Mavuto

  • Ngati simunapite pa mavotiwo, pemphani pepala lolemberatu malangizo otsatira.
  • Ngati mukuona kuwopseza kapena kuvutitsa pamalo ena ofufuzira, perekani lipoti kwa akuluakulu a chisankho ndi ku Dipatimenti ya Zopereka Zolungama Chigawo.
  • Ngati mumakhulupirira lamulo la voti loswa Lamulo la 14 la Kusintha, funsani bungwe loona za ufulu wachibadwidwe monga American Civil Liberties Union, Brennan Center for Justice, kapena Komiti ya Lawyers ya Chivomezi pa Lamulo.
  • Lembani zonse, kuphatikizapo nthaŵi, malo, maina a akuluakulu okhudzidwa, ndi mboni iliyonse.

Khalani Odziŵa Bwino Kuti Muloŵetsemo

Mpando wa 14 wa Kusintha wa Malamulo sumadzikakamiza; chitetezo chake chimadalira pa kukhala nzika yokangalika ndi kuyang’anira kwatcheru. Oyang’anira angadziŵitse kuti:

  • Pambuyo pa chisankho chosakhala chapartisan chochokera ku magwero onga [[FLT: 0] Msonkhano wa Dziko wa Legislatures [[FLT: 1].
  • Kupenda [[FLT: 0] Deti la Chigawo cha Zopereka Zachilungamo [1] kaamba ka chidziŵitso cha zoyesayesa za boma za kusungitsa.
  • Mabungwe amene amathandiza kuti ufulu wovota usamapezeke komanso amathandiza anthu amene asankha kuti apeze ufulu wovota.

Milandu Yaikulu ya Khoti Lalikulu Yokhudza Lamulo la 14 la Kusintha ndi Kutulutsa Mabuku

Zigamulo zingapo za m’khoti Lalikulu zasintha mmene Lamulo la 14 la Mlanduwo limakhudzira ufulu wosankha.

Reynolds ndi Sims (1964)

Chigamulo chimenechi chinakhazikitsa "munthu mmodzi, voti imodzi" lamulo, lofuna kuti zigawo za malamulo zikhale zofanana mwachidziŵikire mu anthu. Khotilo linagamula kuti Aumelt Protection Claus amafuna kuti nyumba zonse ziŵiri za nyumba yotetezera ya boma ya bimeral zigawidwe mwa kudalira pa anthu, kukana mikangano yakuti chipinda chimodzi chingakhale chozikidwa pa malo enieni okha. Mlanduwu unasintha kwambiri kuimira ndale zadziko ndipo ukupitiriza kusonkhezera nkhondo zamakono.

Gore (2000)

M’chigamulo chotsutsana kwambiri chimenechi, Khoti Lalikulu la Florida linamaliza nkhani ya pulezidenti mu chisankho cha 2000, likumagamula mokhutiritsa zotsatira za George W. Bush. Khotilo linatsutsa kuti kusoŵa kwa miyezo yofanana m’madera onse a Florida kuswa Komiti ya Kuteteza Claus. Pamene kuli kwakuti chigamulocho chinali cholunjika ku mikhalidwe ya chisankhocho, chidakali chitsanzo chachikulu kaamba ka zitseko za chitetezo zofanana kwa oyang’anira masankho.

Shelby County v. Hoker (203)

Khotili linaona kuti lamulo limeneli linachokera pa mfundo zakale za ulamuliro wa boma ndipo linaphwanya mfundo za ulamuliro wa boma lofanana. Chigamulochi chinafooketsa kwambiri lamulo loletsa kuvota ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo atsopano m’mayiko amene kale anali ovomerezeka.

Brnovich Komiti ya Democratic National National Komiti (2021)

Chigamulo chimenechi chinachirikiza malamulo aŵiri ovota amene analetsa kuvota ndi kututa kochitidwa ndi ofufuza, kupeza kuti sanaswe Chigawo 2 cha Chikalata cha Zopereka Ufulu wa Anthu. Khotilo linakhazikitsa njira yatsopano yoyang'anira ziletso zosankhira, kugogomezera chikondwerero cha boma m'kusankha ndi kufuna umboni wa mtolo waukulu pa osankha. Chigamulocho chatsutsidwa ndi ovomereza ufulu wa kusanthula chifukwa cha kupangitsa kuvuta kutsutsa malamulo oletsa kusanthula.

Mavuto Amakono ndi Kutsutsana Kopitirizabe

Mpambo wa 14 Demendment ukupitirizabe kukhala likulu la mkangano wonena za ufulu wosankha, unzika, ndi chitetezo chofanana. Nkhani zingapo zamakono zikusonyeza kufunika kwa kukonzanso kwa nthaŵi zonse.

Muzikhala ndi Malamulo a Chikalata

Kufufuza kwasonyeza kuti malamulo a ovota a maoda amakhudza mopambanitsa ochepa, olandira ndalama zochepa, ndi ovota okalamba, amene ali ochepekera kukhala ndi chizindikiritso chofunikira. Pamene kuli kwakuti Khoti Lapamwamba lachirikiza malamulo oterowo m’nkhani zambiri, Kusintha kwa Zamphumphu kwa 14 kwapereka maziko a malamulo otokosa oika mtolo wovuta pa kuyenera kwa kuvota kapena kuchitidwa ndi cholinga cha kuphwanya lamulo.

Kuchotsa Matanthwe a Voter

Maboma ena achotsa makasitomala pa pepala la olembetsa, ndipo nthaŵi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mfundo zolakwika kapena njira zokayikitsa. Makhoti apereka malamulo oyenerera kuti athetse ntchito zina zoyeretsa koma zimenezi zikufalikirabe. Ofufuza mabuku ayenera kuyang’anira nthawi zonse kuti alembetse kuti ndi ovomerezeka, makamaka pasanachitike masankho akuluakulu.

Kugwiritsidwa Mwala

Ambiri amaletsa ufulu wa kuvota kwa anthu okhala ndi ziletso zopanda mlandu, ndi maboma ena oletsa moyo wonse ngakhale pambuyo poti zigamulo zatha. Mpando wa 14th Amendment umalola ziletso zovota kuti zikhalemo ndi phande mu "kubwezera kapena upandu wina," koma ochirikiza atsutsa amanena kuti malamulo opatutsa kwambiri amawononga chitetezo chofanana. Khoti Lapamwamba lachirikiza malamulo oletsa kuphwanya malamulo, koma kusintha kwa boma kwawonjezera ufulu wa kusanthula anthu amene anatsekedwa m’zaka zaposachedwapa.

Gerrymandering

Aŵiri onsewo a fuko ndi ogaŵana amakweza nkhaŵa za chitetezo chofanana. Pamene kuli kwakuti ofufuza aufuko amayang'aniridwa mosamalitsa ndipo aphedwa mobwerezabwereza, Bwalo Lamilandu Lapamwamba lanena kuti zinenezo za osankha siziri zongofunikira m'bwalo la boma. Izi zasintha cholinga cha makhoti a boma ndi zoyesayesa za apolisi, monga momwe zikuwonedwa m'maiko onga Florida, Michigan, ndi Ohio kumene osankha akhazikitsa makomiti a boma odziimira paokha.

Mapeto: Choloŵa Chamoyo cha Lamulo la 14 la Kusintha kwa Zinthu

Mpando wa 14 Supment si nkhani ya mbiri yakale; ndi chikalata chamoyo chimene chikupitirizabe kuumba demokrase ya America. Ovota, kuzindikira makonzedwe ake ndi mbali yofunika kwambiri ya kuphunzira ndi kulemba kwa boma. Kusintha kwa maumboni a ufulu wa ufulu, njira yoyenerera, ndi chitetezo chofanana ndi chimene chimapanga maziko a lamulo kaamba ka ufulu wosankha ndi ufulu wa munthu.

Pamene makambitsirano onena za kuloŵa m’chosankha, kukhulupirika m’chosankha, ndi kuimira, Owonjezera a 14 adzakhalabe malo apakati ankhondo. Odziŵa kumvetsetsa zoyenera zawo za lamulo ali okonzeka bwino kuwagwiritsira ntchito, kutsutsa chisalungamo, ndi kuŵerengera boma lawo. Kaya mukuponya chilolezo kwa nthaŵi yoyamba kapena kwa aganyu, Demendment ya 145 idzakhala chitetezero cha kutengamo mbali kwanu m’dongosolo la democracy.

Kuphunzira zambiri ponena za Kusintha kwa Zakuvota kwa 14 ndi chiyambukiro chake pa kuvota, fufuzani zinthu kuchokera ku Constitution Anitive , Project , ndi [[FLT:] Center ya Chilungamo . Mabuku ameneŵa amapereka kusanthula kwatsatanetsatane kwa nkhani zamakono za lamulo ndi zoyesayesa zowongolera.