Malamulo a boma amaphatikizapo malamulo ndi malamulo opangidwa ndi maboma a boma lililonse m’dziko la United States. Pamene kuli kwakuti lamulo la boma limakhazikitsa malo apamwamba a dzikolo, maboma ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu wolamulira m’malire awo, kukhazikitsa malamulo osiyanasiyana amene amaumba kwambiri moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, ntchito za malonda, ndi malamulo a anthu. Kumvetsa mmene malamulo a boma amagwiritsidwira ntchito, zimene amabisa, ndi mmene kusinthika kwake kuliri kofunika kwa nzika, ogulitsa malonda, ochirikiza, ndi aliyense amene akufuna kutenga mbali mwachipambano m’moyo wa anthu. Nkhaniyi imapereka kupenda mwatsatanetsatane njira zazikulu za malamulo a boma, ziyambukiro zawo zenizeni za dziko, ndi njira zothandiza kuti apitirize kukhalabe odziŵa ndi otomerana.

Malamulo a Maboma

Ulendo wa lamulo la boma umasonyeza chifanizo cha boma koma umagwira ntchito mkati mwa chiŵiya chotsendereza ndi kaŵirikaŵiri ndi malamulo ochepa. Boma lirilonse (kusiyapo Nebraska, limene liri ndi nyumba yoyamulidwa yachifumu) liri ndi dongosolo la bimeral lopangidwa ndi nyumba yaing'ono, yotchedwa Nyumba ya Oimira, Msonkhano, kapena Nyumba ya Oimira, ndi nyumba yapamwamba, Khoti. Kachitidweko kangasiyane pang'ono ndi boma, koma mbali yake yaikulu imakhala yogwirizana.

Kuyamba Kuphunzira ndi Kusiyidwa

Chiŵalo chilichonse cha bungwe la boma la malamulo chingayambitse lamulo. Kaŵirikaŵiri, mapepala amachokera ku malingaliro a wopanga malamulo, nkhaŵa za gulu, kapena ngakhale malamulo achitsanzo oikidwa ndi mabungwe a dziko. Lamulolo limagawiridwa nambala ndi kuŵerengedwa m'nkhani ya anthu onse. Pa siteshoni imeneyi, wochirikiza angasonkhanitsa pamodzi ndi oimira chilikizo lokulira. Lamulolo limapita kwa oyang'anira chipinda, amene amalitchula ku komiti yoyenera yozikidwa pa nkhani.

Kupenda ndi Kumva kwa Komiti

Makomiti ndi kumene kuli kusanthula kwatsatanetsatane kwambiri. Makomiti a disiki . Monga ngati Maphunziro, Thandizo, Judicary, kapena Apropriations . Makomitiwo angapereke umboni wapoyera kwa anthu okhala ndi chiwopsezo, akatswiri, ndi nzika. Komiti ingasinthe chikalatacho, kuvota kuti chiipititse, chotsepo, ikhale nthaŵi yonse. Mphamvu yosunga zipata imeneyi imapanga makomiti kukhala ofunika. Lamulo limene lidakalipobe lopita kunsi kwa komiti ya chipinda chake choyambirapo kaamba ka mkangano.

Ntchito Yabwino ndi Yabwino

Pansi, nkhani yonse yotsutsana ndi lamulolo, kaŵirikaŵiri yokhala ndi nthaŵi yochepa pa wolankhula mmodzi. Kusintha zinthu kungaperekedwe ndi chiŵalo chilichonse. Pambuyo pa mkangano, mavoti a chipinda. Ambiri a iwo (50% +1) amafunikira kudutsa, ngakhale kuti njira zina zamwadzidzidzi zingafunikire kukhala zamphamvu kwambiri. Ngati ndalamazo zipita, zimatumizidwa ku chipinda china, kumene njira yonseyo imabwereza: komiti authoral, makutu, makambitsirano, ndi voti.

Makomiti a Msonkhano ndi Kugwirizananso

Ngati zipinda ziŵirizo zipambana mpangidwe wosiyana wa lamulo, iwo angaike komiti ya msonkhano . Yolumikizidwa ya ziŵalo kuchokera ku zipinda zonsezo. Kulolerana kwa lamulo kuyenera kuvomerezedwa ndi zipinda zonse ziŵiri monga momwe zilembedwera. Izi zingakhale kukambitsirana kwapamwamba, pamene kulephera kubwezera chikalata ku tchati chojambula kapena kuchipha kaamba ka programu imeneyo.

Ntchito ya Kazembe

Malo onse aŵiri atapereka malamulo ofanana, lamulolo limapita kwa bwanamkubwa. Kazembeyo ali ndi njira zingapo: kusaina lamulo, kulola kuti likhale lamulo popanda kusaina (m’mayiko ambiri), kapena, m'mayiko ena, pulogalamu-chithunzi yapadera m'malamulo. Ngati adalemba, lamulolo limabwerera ku nyumba ya malamulo, limene lingapose mavoti apamwamba kwambiri (makamakaŵiri - tatu a chipinda chilichonse). Kuyesayesa kwa pulogalamu ya malamulo n’kovuta ndipo kumasonyeza mphamvu ya kuyang'anira nthambi ya akuluakulu.

“ Njira ya boma yokhazikitsa malamulo ingaoneke ngati yosayenerera, koma ndiyo malo aakulu kumene malamulo amachitikira anthu tsiku ndi tsiku, kuyambira pa malipiro ochepa kufika pa madzi amene mumamwa.”

Malamulo Aakulu a Boma

Nyumba za malamulo za boma zikufotokoza nkhani zambiri. Pamene kuli kwakuti lamulo la boma limabisa malonda a m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, chitetezo cha dziko, ndi ufulu wachibadwidwe, likusunga “mphamvu za boma” ("ulamuliro wa kulamulira thanzi, chisungiko, ndi ubwino wa nzika zawo. Pansipa pali magulu aakulu a malamulo a boma, limodzi ndi zitsanzo za malamulo enieni.

Malamulo a Manda ndi Opereka Malamulo

Boma lililonse liyenera kugwiritsa ntchito bajeti yoyenerera chaka chilichonse kapena zaka zambiri. Masheya otsatsa ndalama ameneŵa amaika ndalama pa maphunziro, za dongosolo la zinthu, zaumoyo, zachitetezo, za anthu onse, ndi mabungwe a boma. Ndalama za msonkho . Kuphatikiza pa ndalama zimene anthu amalipira, msonkho wa msonkho, ndi ngongole za makampani za msonkho, ndi malamulo a msonkho. Chifukwa chakuti bajeti zili ndi ziyambukiro zazikulu, kaŵirikaŵiri ndizo zimene zimatsutsana kwambiri za pulogalamu.

Chilungamo Chaupandu ndi Chisungiko cha Anthu

Malamulo amalongosola upandu wochuluka (kusiyapo milandu ya boma monga kuzembetsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo m'dziko). Malamulo amakhazikitsa zilango, amakhazikitsa zitsogozo, amalamulira mfuti, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a lamulo. Mafaindi apamwamba aposachedwapa afotokoza za kusintha kwa apolisi, kukonzanso zikalata, ndi kuchotsa upandu m'malamulo. Maboma amalamuliranso malamulo a pamsewu, kuphatikizapo malire a liŵiro ndi mipata ya DUI.

Lamulo la Maphunziro

Maphunziro a boma ndi udindo wa boma.

Kusamalira Thanzi ndi Thanzi la Anthu Onse

Maboma amayang'anira misika ya inshuwalansi, maprogramu a Medicaid, kugulitsa m’chipatala, ndi kutsatsa madokotala ndi manesi aukatswiri. Amakhazikitsanso malamulo pa zofunika za katemera, thanzi lakubala, mautumiki a zaumoyo, ndi mankhwala operekedwa ndi dokotala. Kuwonjezereka kwa Medicaid Act kwa Medicaid kunachitidwa mwa kachitidwe ka boma m’maiko ambiri.

Kuteteza Malo ndi Mphamvu Zake

Mwachitsanzo, malamulo a boma amathandiza pa nkhani ya mpweya ndi madzi, kugwiritsa ntchito zinyalala, kukonzanso mphamvu zamagetsi ndi malo.

Ntchito

Maboma angakhazikitse malipiro otsika kuposa a boma, angapereke lamulo lolipiridwa kudwala, kuyendetsa maovataimu, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a chisungiko cha kuntchito opitirira miyezo ya boma ya Osha.

Zoyendera Ndiponso Zinthu Zowonongeka

Madipatimenti a boma a boma akhazikitsa malamulo amene amaika ndalama za misewu, milatho, za misewu, za pabwalo la ndege.

Luso, Malo Okhala Wekha, ndi Malonda

Pamene luso la zopangapanga likusintha, maboma ayamba kuyendera malo amene ntchito ya boma imakhala yochedwa. The California Consumerkhoal Act (CPA) inakhazikitsa chitsanzo cha dziko lonse cha ufulu wa kudziŵa zinthu. Mayiko ena akhazikitsa malamulo a malamulo a zachinsinsi pa makompyuta, kutsimikizira kwa zaka za pa Intaneti, ndi kuyesa galimoto kodziimira. Malamulo a ntchito (LLC, mabungwe) amalepheranso pansi pa lamulo la boma.

Mmene Malamulo a Boma Amakhudzira Malonda

Kwa makampani, kugwirizana ndi malamulo a boma kuli thayo lovuta ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri lovuta. Mosiyana ndi malamulo a boma amene amagwiritsira ntchito mogwirizana, malamulo a boma amasiyana kwambiri, kutanthauza kampani imene ikugwira ntchito m'maiko ambiri iyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Ziyambukiro zake zimaphatikizapo:

  • Kusintha: Ndalama za boma zolipira msonkho wa makampani, malamulo a msonkho wa malonda, ndi misonkho ya katundu imayambukira mwachindunji phindu. Malamulo aposachedwapa awonjezera zofunika za msonkho wa malonda kwa ogulitsa pa Intaneti.
  • Lamulo lakuletsa: malipiro ochepera, olipidwa, mapangano osagwirizana, ndi zitetezero zoletsa kusagwirizana zosiyana ndi boma. Lamulo la ku Texas lingakhale lopanda mu California.
  • Licens and Rebles: Ntchito zambiri . kuyambira pa opanga magetsi mpaka ometa ndi malensi a boma. Malamulo angapange zofunika zatsopano zosintha kapena kuchepetsa kuyendayenda kwa magawo a boma.
  • Kampani ya zachikhalidwe: malo opangira zinthu ayenera kuyenderana ndi chilolezo cha mphepo ya boma ndi madzi. Miyezo ya California yamphamvu kwambiri imakhudza kupangidwa kwa zinthu m'dziko lonselo.
  • Malamulo achinsinsi: Malamulo onga CCPA amakhazikitsa mathayo pa mmene mabizinesi akusonkhanitsa ndi kuyendetsa chidziŵitso chaumwini. Kusagwirizana kungatulukemo ndalama zazikulu.

Chifukwa chakuti magawo a boma akukhala afupi (kaŵirikaŵiri 30-90 masiku), makampani ayenera kuyang'anira ngongole m'nthaŵi yeniyeni kukonzekera kaamba ka chigwirizano kapena kuchirikiza zotulukapo zabwino. Msonkhano wa National Conference of State Legislatures (NCS) [1] amapereka magwero aakulu kaamba ka zikhoterero m'maiko osiyanasiyana.

Mmene Malamulo a Boma Amakhudzira Anthu

Kwa nzika, malamulo a boma ndiwo mtundu wa boma wapafupi kwambiri ndi wowoneka bwino koposa.

  • Ufulu wanu: njira zotchulira mawu, malamulo a kukhala ndi mfuti, malamulo a ukwati, ndi zoyenera za mwini malo ndizo nkhani za lamulo la boma.
  • Chikwama chanu cha ndalama: msonkho wa boma, msonkho wa malonda, msonkho wa katundu, ndi ndalama zolipirira kulembetsa galimoto, laisensi ya dalaivala, ndi malaisensi a ntchito zonse zimachokera ku malamulo a boma.
  • Thanzi lanu: Kukhoza, mautumiki a zaumoyo, zifuno za inshuwalansi, ndi malamulo a zaumoyo wa anthu (kuphatikizapo mayankhidwe a miliri) amaikidwa ndi lamulo la boma.
  • Maphunziro anu: [[FLT :1] malire a chigawo cha sukulu, zophatikizidwa m'madesiki, ndi malamulo a zamaphunziro a pa yunivesite amagamulidwa ndi malamulo a boma ndi mabodi a boma amene amayambitsa.
  • Ubwino wanu: Malamulo a pamsewu, kumanga malamulo, kufufuza za chakudya, ndi chilango cha upandu zonse zochokera ku malamulo a boma.

Magawo a boma amaperekanso mwaŵi wanthaŵi zonse kwa nzika kupereka umboni pa makutu, kulankhula ndi oimira awo, kapena kuvota pa zoyambira za ofunsira (m’mawu amene amawalola). Chitomerezo chachindunji chimenechi chiri maziko a demokrase ya kugawana.

Kulondola Malamulo a Boma

Ngakhale kuti pamakhala ndalama zambiri zogulira zinthu zimene zimafunika pa chigawo chilichonse, kukhalabe wodziŵa bwino kukhoza kuchititsa kuti zinthu zosiyanasiyana zithe kuzigwiritsa ntchito bwino:

Kwa anthu amene akufuna kukhazikitsa malamulo, njira yabwino kwambiri ndiyo kumanga ubwenzi ndi oimira anu ndi antchito awo, kupereka umboni wolembedwa pa nkhani za m’komiti, ndi kulinganiza zinthu ndi nzika za mtima wofanana ndi wanu.

Zomwe Zachitika Posachedwapa m’Malamulo a Boma

Malo angapo osungitsa malamulo aona ntchito yaikulu ya malamulo m’zaka zaposachedwapa, akumasonyeza malingaliro a anthu osinthasintha ndi a boma:

Kudziŵa Zinthu Zachinsinsi Ndiponso Luso Lopanga

Kutsatira chitsogozo cha California, mayiko ambiri kuphatikizapo Virginia, Colorado, ndi Connecticut akhazikitsa malamulo achinsinsi. Maboma ambiri tsopano akulingalira za malamulo okhudza kupanga zigamulo za malamulo, kuzama kwa zinthu, ndi kuŵerengera AI. Tsogololani chikhoterero chimenechi chikukula pamene luso la zopangapanga likuposa njira za boma.

Kulembetsa Mwalamulo

Maboma oposa theka alola kuloledwa ndi boma la zamankhwala chamba, ndipo chiŵerengero chomakulakula (oposa 20) chagwiritsira ntchito zosangulutsa mwalamulo. Malamulo a boma akupitirizabe kukonza zogulitsa, msonkho, ndi mayanjano. Kukonzanso cannabis kungasonkhezere masinthidwe a mlingo wapamwamba wa boma.

Kuwonjezeka Kochepa

Maboma ambiri akweza malipiro awo ocheperapo kuposa $7.25 pa ola limodzi. Ena asankha kukwera kwa kukwera kwa mtengo kwa mtsogolo. Ena atengera milongo ya malipiro a antchito otsatizana kapena antchito a m'nyengo. Mabungwe a ntchito akupitiriza kukakamiza kaamba ka $15 kapena kuposapo m'maiko ambiri.

Mphamvu ya Mphamvu Yothandiza Kusintha ndi Kusintha kwa Nyengo

Malamulo a boma akukhazikitsa miyezo yapamwamba ya kukonzanso (m., 100% ya mphamvu yoyera pofika 2050), kupereka zikopa za dzuŵa ndi mphepo, ndi kulamulira kutulutsa carbon kuchokera ku mafakitale a mphamvu. Malo a boma operekera msonkho wa Reduction Act asonkhezera maboma kukhazikitsa malamulo ogwirizanitsa kuti akope opanga mphamvu zamagetsi.

Thanzi Lobalanso ndi Kutaya Mimba

Pambuyo pa chigamulo cha Dobbs ya Khoti Lalikulu la United States, mabwalo a malamulo a boma akhala malo ankhondo. Maboma ena akhazikitsa chiletso cha pafupifupi cha maperesenti, pamene kuli kwakuti ena akhazikitsa malamulo otetezera kulowa ndi kupereka ndalama kaamba ka mautumiki a kuchotsa mimba. Kusintha kwa mwamsanga kumeneku kudzakhalabe chinthu chachikulu chalamulo.

Maphunziro ndi Ufulu wa Makolo

Mantha a maphunziro, mabuku a laibulale, ziphunzitso za mafuko osuliza, ndi malamulo a ophunzira a mtundu wa munthu ayambitsa mazana ambiri a ngongole za boma. Mayiko ena akhazikitsa malamulo ofuna chidziŵitso kapena kuvomereza zinthu zina za m’kalasi, pamene kuli kwakuti ena atetezera masukulu onse. Chizoloŵezichi sichisonyeza chizindikiro cha kuchedwa.

Kumaliza

Malamulo a boma sali kutali, ndi njira yapamwamba ya kusintha kwa malamulo mu United States. Kaya ndinu mwini wa bizinesi woyesa kutsatira malamulo atsopano, nzika yodera nkhaŵa za ufulu wanu, kapena wochirikiza kusinthira kwa kakhalidwe, kuzindikira mmene malamulo a boma amapangidwa ndi mmene angawalondole ndi mmene angawadziŵire n’kofunika kwambiri. Kusiyanasiyana kwa mayankhidwe a boma pa mavuto a dziko kumapangitsa malabotaleshoni a boma a demokrase, komanso ntchito yokonza malo osungira malamulo ofunidwa kukhala ochenjera. Mwa kukhala ndi chidziŵitso, kutengamo mbali m'mavoti, kusantala m'boma, ndi kugawa ndi osankhidwa ndi oimira, mungathandize kukonza malamulo amene amakhudza moyo wanu ndi chitaganya chanu mwachindunji.