Malamulo Okhazikitsidwa a Khoti Lalikulu Atsutsa Mlandu

Chigawo 2 chimapereka mphamvu zachiweruzo zonse zimene zimabuka pansi pa malamulo a boma, malamulo a boma, ndi mapangano. Chikuphatikizanso milandu yokhudzana ndi malamulo a m'mayiko, mikangano pakati pa mayiko, ndi mikangano pakati pa nzika za mayiko osiyanasiyana.

Malamulo alamulo ameneŵa amatumikira chifuno chogwira ntchito: amatsimikizira kuti nkhani zofunika za mtundu zimaikidwa m’dongosolo lofanana m’malo mwa kukhala pansi pa matanthauzo a khoti 50 osiyanasiyana. Pamene mlanduwo ukhudza lamulo la boma, boma, kapena zipani za maiko ambiri, makhoti a boma amapereka mtokoma wogwirizana ndi oweruza amene amatumikira kuudindo kwa moyo wonse ndipo amasungidwa ku chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko.

Kuzindikira maziko ameneŵa kumathandiza nzika kuzindikira kuti ulamuliro wa boma sumatanthauza kuweruza khoti la "abwinopo" koma kugonjetsa mlandu ku dongosolo loyenera lachiweruzo lozikidwa pa mtundu wa mkanganowo.

Mitundu ya Chilango cha Khoti Lalikulu

Mlandu wa Nkhani

Kulamulira nkhani ndiko ulamuliro wa bwalo lamilandu la boma kumva mtundu wina wa mlandu. Popanda ilo, khoti silingapereke chiweruzo chovomerezeka, mosasamala kanthu kuti mfundozo nzomveka motani. Mtundu umenewu wa ulamuliro ukuloŵa m’magulu aŵiri aakulu: phederal jikulu la funso [ ndi chigawo cha ulamuliro .

Upo wa mafunso wa boma [[FLT: 1] umabuka pamene chinenezo cha mtsogoleri chichokera ku Lamulo la U.S., lamulo la boma, kapena pangano. Mwachitsanzo, kuweruza kuti lamulo la boma likuswa Lamulo Loyamba Lachisinthiko kukhoza kukhala ndi chinenezo cha boma chifukwa chakuti chinenezocho chimadalira pa kumasulira Malamulo.

Kulamulira kwa chigawo cha dziko kulipo pamene zipani zili nzika za maboma osiyanasiyana ndi unyinji wa mkangano woposa $75,000. Cholinga ndicho kuletsa chiŵeruzo cha boma kuchotsa mapwando a chigawo. Wokhalamo Texas akuzenga bungwe la California pa zowonongedwa zokwana $10,0000,000, mwachitsanzo, angakhoze ku bwalo lamilandu la boma pansi pa ulamuliro wamitundu yosiyanasiyana.

Chilango Chaumwini

Ulamuliro wa munthuwe ndi wa khoti pa mabwalowo, makamaka woimbidwa mlandu. Khoti la boma liyenera kukhala ndi ulamuliro waumwini pa woimbidwa mlandu, umene kaŵirikaŵiri umadalira pa kugwirizana kwa woimbidwa mlanduyo ndi boma limene khoti limakhala. Chifuniro chimenechi n’chochokera mu Cends Proces Claus wa Madenderline achisanu ndi 145.

Khoti Lapamwamba la United States lakhazikitsa kuti woimbidwa mlandu ayenera kukhala ndi "unansi wochepera" ndi boma kotero kuti mlandu sumatsutsa malingaliro amwambo a kuseŵera kwabwino ndi chiweruzo chotsimikizirika. Ngati woimbidwa mlandu akukhala ku Oregon ndipo sanachitepo malonda ku Florida, bwalo la boma la Florida mwachiwonekere silingakhoze kulamulira mwaumwini pa woimbidwa mlanduyo, ngakhale ngati mlanduwo uphatikizapo funso la boma.

Kutsutsa Nkhani Mozama

Federal Question Jurisdicion (28 U.S.C. נ 1331)

Lamulo lalikulu lolamulira ulamuliro wa boma ndilo 28 .S. נ 1331, limene limati: "Makhoti a chigawo adzakhala ndi ulamuliro woyambirira wa zochita zonse za boma zopangidwa pansi pa malamulo, malamulo, kapena mapangano a United States. Imeneyi ndi chinenero chachikulu, koma makhoti apanga mayeso a kugamula kuti aone pamene mlanduwo uyenera kuchitikadi pansi pa" lamulo la boma.

Lamulo lachisawawa nlakuti funso la boma liyenera kuwonekera pankhope ya chidandaulo cha mtsogoleri wachipembedzo. Sikokwanira kuti woimbidwa mlanduyo adzutse chitetezo cha boma. Mwachitsanzo, ngati wozengedwa mlandu wa kuswa pangano pansi pa lamulo la boma, ndipo woimbidwa mlanduyo akutsutsa panganolo kukhala lopanda lamulo la boma, limene silimayambitsa malire a boma. Zonena za wotsutsayo ziyenera kudalira pa lamulo la boma.

Zitsanzo zofala za milandu ya boma zimaphatikizapo izi:

  • Zonenedwa pansi pa malamulo a boma a ufulu wachibadwidwe (m’njira ya, 42 U.S.C. . . 1983)
  • Milandu yokhudza malamulo a boma oletsa kumanga nyumba
  • Kupondereza ndi kuletsa zolembedwa
  • Kuwononga Ndalama
  • Milandu Pansi pa Lamulo la Federal Tort

Mitengo Yosiyanasiyana Jurisdiction (28 U.S.C. נ 1332)

Kulamulira kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana pansi pa 28 U.S.C. נ 1332 kumafuna mbali ziŵiri: kusiyana kotheratu kwa unzika ndi unyinji wa chitsutso choposa $75,000.

Kusiyanasiyana kotheratu kumatanthauza kuti palibe mtsogoleri wa boma mmodzi ndi woimbidwa mlandu aliyense. Ngati mtsogoleri wa New York asunge woimbidwa mlandu wa New York ndi woimbidwa mlandu wa Connecticut, kusiyana kumawonongedwa chifukwa chakuti anthu a mdani ndi mmodzi woimbidwa mlandu ali ndi unzika wa New York. Maguluwo satha kusinthasinthasinthana mwa kugwirizana kapena kuchotsa magulu a anthu kuti apange kapena kuwononga malo a New York.

Kugwirizana kogwirizana [[FLT :1] kuli phindu la zonena za pamtengo. Kumaphatikizapo zowononga, kupumula kwa m'thupi, ndi mitundu ina ya kukonza. Kuneneza kwa chikhulupiriro chabwino kwa m’Plato kumavomerezedwa mwambiri kusiyapo ngati kuli kotsimikizirika mwalamulo kuti chinenezocho nchochepera $75,000. M’milandu yofuna chithandizo choperekedwa, makhoti amapima mtengo wa m'kangano ndi phindu la chinthu cha chigamulocho kwa chigamulo chimodzi.

Chilango Chowonjezera

, , , yogwirizanitsidwa pa 28 U.S.C. 31: 1367, imalola makhoti a boma kumva mawu alamulo a boma akuti ali mbali ya mlandu umodzimodziwo kapena mkangano monga lamulo la boma. Zimenezi zimaletsa kuwonjezera kwa masuntratu osafunikira. Mwachitsanzo, ngati woweruza wasuta pansi pa lamulo la boma losankha ntchito ndipo abweretsanso lamulo la boma la kuchotsa zinthu zolakwika zozikidwa pa mfundo zimodzimodzizo, khoti la boma lingawonjezere ulamuliro pa chinenezo cha boma.

Komabe, khoti lingaletse ulamuliro wowonjezereka ngati:

  • Lamulo la boma limabutsa nkhani yachilendo kapena yovuta ya lamulo la boma
  • Lamulo la boma limalamulira kwambiri chinenezo cha boma
  • Khoti la m’chigawocho latsutsa zinenezo zonse za boma

Ulamuliro wapamwamba wa dziko ndi wanzeru, osati wodzifunira.

Zilembo zowonjezera. Concur Juricion

Chilango Chokwanira

Milandu ina ingamvedwe m’khoti la boma. Iyi ndi mphamvu yogawira [1]. Msonkhano wasankha malo ena a nkhani kukhala audindo okha chifukwa cha kufunika kwa kufanana, ukatswiri wapadera, kapena chikondwerero cha dziko.

Madera a ulamuliro wa boma wokha amaphatikizapo:

  • Milandu ya Paten ndi ya kulembetsa
  • Kuwononga Ndalama
  • Malonda a oyendetsa sitima zapanyanja
  • Milandu yotsutsana ndi boma la United States
  • Zonena za kutsutsa chikhulupiriro cha Federal
  • Upandu wa boma wochuluka

Ngati nzika yaika mlandu wokha m’khoti, khoti liyenera kuuchotsa chifukwa cha kusoŵa ulamuliro wa munthu, ngakhale ngati mlanduwo wakhala ukusungidwa kwa zaka zambiri.

Kukhoterera Kwanthaŵi Zonse

Milandu yambiri imagwera pakati pa mphamvu ya nthaŵi zonse , kutanthauza makhoti onse a boma ndi a boma ali ndi ulamuliro wa kuzimva. Mtsogoleri wachipembedzo angasankhe kaya m'nkhani zapadera. Zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimachitika ndi milandu ya kugawana ndi nkhani zina za boma zimene Nyumba za Ufumu sizinapereke ulamuliro wokha.

Mwachitsanzo, mlandu pansi pa Fair Labor Standard Act (FLSA) ungaikidwe m'khoti la boma kapena la boma. Kusankhidwa kwa chigawo kungayambukire kwambiri zotsatira. Oweruza a Federal ndizo Gawo III lotumikira kuikidwa kwa moyo wonse, pamene oweruza a boma angasankhidwe kapena kutumikira malamulo oikidwa. Makhoti a Boma alinso ndi malamulo a malamulo osiyana, malire a kutulukira, ndi njira za milandu.

Pamene ulamuliro wa nthaŵi imodzi ukhalapo, woyang’anira kaŵirikaŵiri amalamulira chosankha cha m’bwalo mwa kulinganiza choyamba.

Kuchotsa Malamulo

Kuchotsa mlandu kumachititsa woimbidwa mlandu kusamutsira mlandu ku khoti la boma, malinga ngati khoti la boma likanakhala ndi ulamuliro woyamba. Njirayo imalamulidwa ndi 28 C.U.

Malamulo ofunika kwambiri ochotserapo zinthu ndi awa:

  • Oimbidwa mlandu okha ndiwo angachotse; ofufuza sangachotse mlandu umene anasankha kulembetsa m’khoti
  • Kuchotsa kuyenera kuchitika mkati mwa masiku 30 pamene woimbidwa mlanduyo analandira chipembedzo choyamba
  • Oimbidwa mlandu onse ayenera kuvomereza kuchotsedwa ("lamulo la kusayenera kwa nyama)
  • Milandu yochotsedwa pa maziko osiyanasiyana singathe kuchotsedwa ngati woimbidwa mlandu aliyense ali nzika ya boma la la la lam’menemo (“lamulo la kuimbidwa mlandu laforum))
  • Mlandu sungachotsedwe patapita chaka chimodzi kuchokera pamene unaperekedwa ngati kuchotsedwako kunazikidwa pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu

Kuchotsa kuli chida chapadera chimene chimalola oimbidwa mlandu kupeŵa malo a boma osayenera, kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo a boma, kapena kuweruzidwa pamaso pa woweruza wa boma.

Mmene Kuzengedwa Chilango Kwaunyinji Kumayambukirira Nzika

Kodi Mungaike Kuti Nkhani Yanu

Funso loyamba lothandiza kwa nzika iliyonse yokhala ndi mkangano wa lamulo ndi ili: ndi khoti liti limene lili ndi ulamuliro? Kupitira m'khoti lolakwika kungatulukemo kuchotsedwa, kutaya nthaŵi, ndi kutayikiridwa kwa lamulo. M'nkhani zina, lamulo la kulephera lingathe mlanduwo usanaikidwenso m’khoti lolondola.

Nzika ziyenera kuganizira mfundo zotsatirazi posankha malo:

  • Khoti lapansipansi [1]: Imapereka malamulo amtundu umodzi, oweruza ozoloŵera, ndi chigamulo cha mwamsanga. Malamulo otulukira ndi olinganizidwa bwino, ndipo chiweruzo chachidule nchofala kwambiri.
  • Khoti ladziko : kukhoza kukhala kozoloŵerana kwambiri ndi malamulo a kumaloko, ndipo khoti kaŵirikaŵiri limakhala pafupi. Makhoti a boma amasamalira malamulo a banja, probate, kuvulala, ndi kupangana mikangano pokhapo ngati pali kusiyana kapena ulamuliro wa boma.

Ngati simukudziŵa ngati mlandu wanu uli m’khoti la boma, funsani makhoti a U.S. audindo ku ulamuliro wa boma [[FLT: 1] kaamba ka chidziŵitso chodalirika.

Chiyambukiro pa Kachitidwe ka Malamulo

Malamulo a boma amasintha njira iliyonse yoperekera milandu. M’khoti la boma, maloya ayenera kutsatira mfundo za bungwe la Federal Palment of Civil Procediture, lomwe limasiyana ndi malamulo a boma m’madera monga kuchonderera, kutulukira malire, ndi kachitidwe ka zinthu.

Makhoti a Federal agwiritsiranso ntchito Chiphunzitso cha California , chimene chimafuna makhoti a boma okhala m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana kuti agwiritsire ntchito lamulo la boma koma lamulo la boma. Izi zikutanthauza khoti la boma ku California lomva mlandu wosiyanasiyana liyenera kugwiritsira ntchito lamulo la California koma kutsatira Federal Magest of Civil Procedure. Chiphunzitso cha Erie chimatsimikizira kuti zotulukapo za mlandu wamitundu yosiyanasiyana sizisiyana kokha chifukwa chakuti uli m'boma mmalo mwa bwalo lamilandu la boma.

Kwa nzika, zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti kusankha khoti la boma kaamba ka mlandu wosiyana sikumasintha lamulo logwira ntchito, koma limasintha malamulo a m’malamulo ndi woweruza.

Mmene Zinthu Zimayendera

Milandu imene inaperekedwa m’khoti la boma la United States inapita ku khoti la apilo, lomwe limagawidwa m’madera 13. Zipilo zimamvedwa ndi oweruza atatu, ndipo m’nkhani zachilendo, anthu onse angamve mlanduwo m'nkhani yoletsa. Khoti Lapamwamba limapendanso zigamulo za makhoti a apilo kudzera m’njira ya certiorari, imene ili yachiweruzo.

Milandu ya khoti yokhudza mafunso a boma ingafikirenso Khoti Lapamwamba. Pambuyo pa malamulo apamwamba koposa a khoti, chipani chingapemphe khoti Lapamwamba kupempha chitsutso cha certiorari ngati mlanduwo uphatikizapo funso lotsimikizirika la boma.

Kusiyana kwakukulu n’kwakuti zigamulo za khoti pa nkhani za lamulo la boma lokha n’zomaliza pamlingo wa boma ndipo sizingaikidwe kukhoti la boma, ngakhale ngati zigamulozo zili za m’maiko osiyana.

Zolingalira Zolakwika Zofala Ponena za Khoti Lalikulu la Maboma Zilango

Anthu ndiponso maloya ena akupitirizabe kusemphana maganizo pa nkhani ya ulamuliro wa boma.

Miscception 1: Makhoti a Federal nthaŵi zonse amakhala ndi ulamuliro pa milandu ya boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti makhoti a boma amaweruza milandu ya upandu wa boma, milandu ina ya boma ingaikidwenso mlandu m’khoti la boma ngati mchitidwewo uswanso lamulo la boma. Chiphunzitso cha ulamuliro cha ulamuliro chimalola makhoti onse aŵiri a boma ndi a boma kuweruza mlanduwo popanda kuswa ngozi ziŵiri.

Miscrect 2: Kulamulira kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana kumatanthauza mkhalidwe uliwonse pakati pa nzika za maiko osiyanasiyana. Ndalama zimene zikutsutsana ziyenera kupitirira $75,000 ndi kusiyanasiyana konse kwakhala. Nkhani ya pakati pa New York flactff ndi woimbidwa mlandu wa California pa $50,000 siiyeneretsedwa.

Makhoti a Misccensis 3: Nthaŵi zonse amakhala abwinopo. [[FULT:1] Makhoti a Federal ali ndi ulamuliro wochepa ndipo sangathe kumva nkhani zimene zimagwera m’maulamuliro a boma okha, monga chisudzulo, kusunga ana, ndi nkhani zambiri. M’nkhani zimenezo, khoti ndilo chosankha chokha.

Misclect 4: Woimbidwa mlanduyo angatulutse mlandu nthaŵi zonse ku khoti la boma. Kuvomeredwa kumafuna maziko a kudziimira kwa boma. Ngati kudandaula kwa mtsogoleri sikudzutsa funso la boma ndipo kusiyana kwakhala kosoŵa, kuchotsedwako sikulipo.

Kuswa malamulo onsewa, gwiritsani ntchito Cornell Legal Information Institute's jistance tract , zimene zimafotokoza miyezo yalamulo m’chinenero chofeŵa.

Njira Zothandiza kwa Nzika

Ngati mumakhulupirira kuti mlandu wanu ungakhale wokhudzana ndi ulamuliro wa boma, tengani njira zotsatirazi:

  1. sonyezani maziko a zimene munena. Dzifunseni kuti: Kodi mlandu wanga umaphatikizapo lamulo la boma, Konsichushoni, kapena malamulo a boma? Kodi zigamulozo ndizo za m'maboma osiyanasiyana? Ngati yankho lake ndi inde ku ziwirizo, ulamuliro wa boma ungakhalepo.
  2. Seŵetsani unyinji wa mkangano . Kulamulira kwamitundumitundu, tsimikizirani kuti chivomerezo chanu chimaposa $75,000 okha ya chiwongola dzanja ndi mtengo. Ngati zowononga zanu ziri zongodalira kapena zothekera kukhala pansi pa ndandanda, kusintha kwa mitundu sikulipo.
  3. Dermine ngati ulamuliro uli wokha kapena wa nthaŵi imodzi . Fufuzani ngati makhoti a boma ali ndi ulamuliro wokha pa mtundu wanu wa mlandu. Milandu ya kulephera ndi kulephera kulowa ntchito ziyenera kusungidwa m’khoti la boma. Malamulo ena ambiri a boma angasungidwe m'dongosolo lililonse.
  4. Ganizirani tanthauzo lapadera [1]. ganizirani za maubwino ndi zophophonya za khoti la boma lolimbana ndi boma. Ganizirani dziwe loweruza, malamulo a pulogalamu, chikhalidwe cha khoti, ndi kutha kuchotsedwa ndi woimbidwa mlandu.
  5. Khonsati loimira . Mafunso a mlandu angakhale ovuta. Zotsatirapo za kulembetsa m'khoti lolakwa zingakhale zowopsa. Mkulu wa bungwe la boma wodziŵa bwino angaone ngati mlandu wanu uli m’khoti la boma ndi kulangiza za njira yabwino kwambiri.

Nzika zimene zikulingalira kudziimira zokha kukhala zolondola m'khoti la boma ziyenera kukhala zosamala kwambiri. Makhoti a Federal ali ndi zofunika za malamulo okhwima, ndipo lamulo la zaukulu nlovuta kwambiri. Webusaiti ya U.S. imapereka chitsogozo kwa odziimira okha [1], koma kuimira kwa lamulo kumavomerezedwa mwamphamvu pa nkhani iliyonse yokhudza malamulo ovuta.

Kuzengedwa Chilango m’Nyengo Yamakono

Luso lamakono layambitsa mafunso atsopano okhudza malamulo a khoti la boma. pamene mikangano ibuka chifukwa cha malonda a pa Intaneti, kuswa makompyuta, kapena ntchito za bizinesi za pa intaneti, kudziŵira kumene angapereke mlanduwo nthaŵi zonse si komveka.

Makhoti ayambitsa kufufuza "olankhulana ang'onoang'ono" makamaka pa intaneti. Mawebusaiti a mapasiti amene nthaŵi zambiri sakhazikitsa ulamuliro wa munthu, pamene kuli kwakuti mawebusaiti otsagana nawo amene amachititsa malonda ndi anthu okhala pa ganyu angatero. Khoti Lapamwamba la U.S. silinathetse mokwanira mafunso onse okhudza uyang'aniro wa Intaneti, chotero makhoti aang'ono akupitirizabe kuyambitsa lamulo pa mlandu ndi chigawo chimodzi.

Anthu amene ayamba kukangana pa Intaneti ayenera kudziwa kuti milandu ya makhoti ikuwonjezereka:

  • Kudzibisa ndi kutchula zinthu zachinsinsi
  • Dera lokhalamo matanthwe
  • Kusokoneza zikalata za m’Baibulo ndi chizindikiro cha dzina la Mulungu pa Intaneti
  • Kuonetsetsa kuti ntchito ya pakompyuta yachitika
  • Malonda a pa Intaneti

Nyumba ya malamulo yakhazikitsanso malamulo a boma amene amakhazikitsa ulamuliro wa boma pa nkhani zina zokhudza intaneti, monga bungwe la Computer Frigne and Abuse Act ndi Anti - Cybersquating Consumer Protection Act.

Kumaliza

Ulamuliro wa khoti la frederal ndi lingaliro la maziko m'dongosolo la zamalamulo la U.S. Ilo limasankha khoti limene lingamve mlandu, lamulo limene lingagwire ntchito, ndi malamulo amtundu wotani amene amalamulira. Kwa nzika, kuzindikira maziko a ulamuliro wa boma sikuli kokha maphunziro. Imakhudza zigamulo zalamulo za tsiku ndi tsiku, kuyambira kuweruza mlandu kufikira kuyankha kwa wina.

Othaŵa nzika ndi awa: makhoti a boma amamva milandu imene imaphatikizapo lamulo la boma, Konsichushoni, kapena mikangano pakati pa nzika za maiko osiyanasiyana kumene kuli paupandu woposa $75,000. Milandu ina, monga ngati kuloledwa ndi kulephera kwa ndalama, iyenera kupita ku khoti la boma. Ina ingamvedwe m’dongosolo lirilonse, ndipo wotsutsayo kaŵirikaŵiri ali ndi chosankha choyamba.

Ngati mukukayikira, fufuzani zinthu zodalirika. Mawu onse a malamulo a boma akupezeka kudzera mu Lamulo la U.S., ndipo webusaiti ya khoti imapereka zitsogozo zomveka za zinenero ku bwalo lamilandu ndi ulamuliro. Uphungu wa lamulo kuchokera kwa loya woyenerera nthaŵi zonse ndiwo njira yotetezereka pamene ufulu wanu ndi zopinga zili paupandu.

Mwakumvetsetsa ulamuliro wa khoti la boma, nzika zingayendetse dongosolo la zamalamulo mogwira mtima kwambiri, kupanga zosankha zodziŵidwa ponena za kumene kuyenera kuikidwa, ndi kupeŵa kuphophonya kokwera mtengo kwa kulembetsa m’khoti lolakwa.