Jury imaimira chimodzi cha mbali zapadera kwambiri za mwambo walamulo wa Anglo - America. Zimagwira ntchito monga kufufuza ulamuliro wa boma, njira yochitira nawo zinthu mwachilungamo, ndi chitetezo kwa oimbidwa mlandu woyang’anizana ndi milandu ya upandu. Nkhani ino ikupenda ntchito ya milandu ya ajuli m'milandu, ikumapereka kuyang'ana kwatsatanetsatane mmene amachitira, chifukwa chake iwo ali osamala, ndi mavuto amene amayang'anizana nawo m’madongosolo amakono a zamalamulo.

Maziko a Malamulo a Ziyeso za Chikole

Kuyenera kwa mlandu wa oweruza kwaikidwa mu United States Constitution, kusonyeza kutsimikiza kwa Woyambitsa kutetezera nzika ku mlandu wodziimira. Gawo III, Gawo 2 limapereka kuti "Kuzenga mlandu kwa Upandu wonse, kusiyapo m'Makhoti a Impeachment, kudzakhala ndi Jury," ndi Constration imatsimikizira kuyenera kwa "mlandu ndi mlandu wapoyera, ndi juli yopanda tsankho" chinjirizo la malamulo alamulo limeneli limagogomezera malo apakati a oweruza aupandu ku America.

Magwero a Mbiri Yakale

Oweruza amakono apeza chiyambi chake ku England wa m'zaka zapakati, kumene Asgna Carta wa Clarendon mu 1166 anakhazikitsa dongosolo la amuna akumaloko amene akasimba za upandu ndipo pambuyo pake kukhala opereka zenizeni. Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, oweruza anachoka m’gulu la mboni kukhala gulu lauchete limene limapenda umboni woperekedwa m’khoti. Magna Carta wa 1215, amene analonjeza chiweruzo kwa amsinkhu wake, anayala maziko oyambirira kaamba ka ufulu wa ajuli umene pambuyo pake ukasonkhezera madongosolo alamulo a dziko la America.

Malo a Kumanja

Si mlandu uliwonse waupandu umene umayenerera kuzenga mlandu wa ajuli. Khoti Lapamwamba lagamula kuti ufulu wa Chisanu ndi chimodzi wa Kusintha umagwira ntchito kokha ku " kuwopsa" milandu [1] [1] awo amene ali ndi chilango chothekera cha kumangidwa kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Milandu yochepera, yonga ngati olakwa aang'ono, ingaikidwe pamaso pa woweruza yekha. Kusiyanitsa kumeneku kumalinganiza zopereka zopereka mlandu wa ajuli potsutsana ndi chiwongofuna kubwerera kwa ausinkhuni.

Ngati mukufuna kudziŵa zambiri pa maziko a malamulo, fufuzani Cornell Legal Information Institute'Standath Amendment secure securence .

Ntchito Yaikulu ya Malamulo: Kupeza Zoona ndi Kuimira chitaganya

Juries amatumikira zifuno ziŵiri zogwirizana m'milandu yaupandu. Choyamba, iwo amachita monga opeza zenizeni, kupenda umboni woperekedwa kumbali zonse ziŵiri. Chachiŵiri, amaimira chikumbumtima cha chitaganya, kugwiritsa ntchito miyezo ya chitaganya ku mafunso a liwongo kapena kupanda liwongo.

Zimene Zimachitika

M'kuzenga mlandu, woweruza amasankha mafunso a lamulo, pamene ajuli amapanga mafunso a chenicheni. Magawo ameneŵa a ntchito amatsimikizira kuti malamulo alamulo amagwiritsiridwa ntchito mosasintha pamene mikangano yeniyeni imathetsedwa ndi nzika wamba. Oweruza akumva umboni, kupenda umboni weniweni, ndi kutsimikizira kukhulupirika kwa mboni iliyonse. Ayenera kusankha ngati mlanduwo watsimikizira mbali iriyonse ya upandu kupyola kukaikira koyenera [[, muyezo wapamwamba koposa wa umboni m'lamulo la ku America.

Zithunzi za M’mudzi

Juries amatengera ulamuliro wawo ku lingaliro lakuti woimbidwa mlandu ayenera kuweruzidwa ndi mbali ya chitaganya, osati ndi akuluakulu a boma. Lamulo limeneli limapereka kulemera kwa makhalidwe: chiweruzo cha nzika khumi ndi ziŵiri chimakhala chovomerezeka kwambiri kuposa chigamulo choperekedwa ndi woweruza mmodzi. Kuimira anthu kumabweretsanso malingaliro osiyanasiyana m’chipinda chofufuzira, kuchepetsa ngozi imene lingaliro lirilonse limalamulira chotulukapo.

Ntchito ya oweruza monga woimira chitaganya iri ndi zotulukapo zothandiza. Oweruza angagwiritsire ntchito [[FLT: 0] chilolezo cha kutha kwa oweruza, mmene amamasula woimbidwa mlandu amene ali ndi liwongo lalamulo ngati amakhulupirira kuti lamulolo nlopanda chilungamo kapena nlogwiritsidwa ntchito molakwa. Pamene kuli kwakuti oweruza saphunzitsa ajuli ponena za mphamvu imeneyi, limakhalabe chitetezo kwa oweruza oukira mlandu.

Kumanga Jury: Njira Yosankha

Ntchito yosonkhanitsa juli inayamba kale kwambiri mlandu usanaimbidwe ndipo imaphatikizapo masitepe angapo olinganizidwa bwino olinganizidwa kupanga gulu lolungama ndi lopanda tsankho.

Kufotokoza Mwachidule Ndiponso Moyenerera

Oweruza ena amasankhidwa kuchokera ku magwero onga mavoti olembetsa, mapepala a laisensi ya oyendetsa galimoto, kapena mapepala a msonkho wa boma. Makhoti amaitana anthu kuti aonekere pa madeti aupo a ajuli. Kuti ayenerere, munthu ayenera kukhala nzika ya United States, pafupifupi zaka 18, wokhala m’chigawo chachiweruzo, ndi wokhoza kumva Chingelezi. Anthu okhala ndi zikhululukiro za maganizo kapena kupunduka kwa thupi angaloledwe kulakwa kapena kutsutsidwa.

Kuphonya: Kufunsa Magulu

Pambuyo pake oitanidwa, okhoza kukhala a jumpers akumana ndi kuopsa kwa [[FLT: 0], liwu lachifrenchi limatanthauza "kulankhula chowonadi". Pambali imeneyi, woweruza ndi maloya amafunsa mafunso ponena za chiyambi chawo, zikhulupiriro, ndi malingaliro othekera. Njirayo ikufuna kuvumbula tsankhu limene lingayambukire kukhoza kwa juror kugamula bwino. Mwachitsanzo, woweruza amene wakhala mkhole wa upandu wofananawo kapena amene ali ndi malingaliro amphamvu ponena za kusungidwa kwa lamulo ingatsutsidwe.

Mavuto: Zochititsa ndi Zoyesa

Mitundu iŵiri ya zitokoso za lamulo imalola maloya kukhazikitsa juli yomaliza. [[FLT: 0] Chalcenges zopangitsa zimalola mbali zonse kuchotsa jaji amene amasonyeza kukondera kapena kulephera kukhala wopanda tsankho. Palibe malire pa mavuto ameneŵa, koma woweruza ayenera kuvomereza kuti pali chochititsa. [[FLT:] Mayeso a kulola maloya kuchotsa chiŵerengero chochepa cha oweruza popanda kutchula chifukwa. Komabe, Khoti Lapamwamba lakhala ndi mavuto amene sangagwiritsiridwe ntchito kuchotsa zitsutso zozikidwa pa fuko kapena kugonana, monga kuswa Chitetezero cha Claus Claus ([FLT:]]]] [FLT]]]]

Mitundu ya Majuri: Petit ndi Wamkulu

Milandu ya apandu imaphatikizapo mitundu iŵiri ya majuli. yunitit [1] imagamula mlandu kapena kupanda liwongo kwa woimbidwa mlandu pa mlandu. Mlandu wa apandu wa boma uli ndi mamembala khumi ndi aŵiri, ngakhale kuti maboma ena amagwiritsira ntchito makhonde aang'ono pa milandu yocheperapo. Chiweruzo chawo chiyenera kugwirizana. [FLT:] Agogo [maukwati] [[FLT: 3], posiyana, osagamula mlandu. Mmalomwake, amapenda umboni woperekedwa ndi ozenga mlanduwo kuti aone ngati pali chifukwa chothekera kutsutsa mlandu ndi kupitiriza ndi mlandu. Bungwe laukulu lili ndi ziŵalo makumi asanu ndi aŵiri asanu ndi aŵiri, ndipo mayeso awo ndi atatu.

Kuzenga Mlandu wa Mpandu

Kumvetsa mmene mlandu umayambira kumathandiza kufotokoza bwino ntchito ya oweruza pa nthawi iliyonse.

Mawu Otsegulira

Kuzenga mlandu kumayamba ndi mawu otsegulira kuchokera kwa ponse paŵiri mlandu ndi chidziwitso. Woweruzayo amalankhula choyamba, akumafotokoza umboni umene akufuna kupereka ndi kuuza oweruza zimene akufuna kutsimikizira. Kudzichinjiriza kungapereke mawu ake oyamba mwamsanga pambuyo pake kapena kudikira kufikira atakhala ndi mlandu wake. Mawu otsegulira sali umboni koma si mapepala a msewu amene amathandiza oweruza kumvetsa zimene zikubwera.

Umboni Wosonyeza

Chinsinsi cha mlanduwo chiri m'kuperekedwa kwa umboni. Chiweruzo chimakhala ndi mtolo wa umboni, chotero chimapereka mlandu wake choyamba. Umboni umakhala ndi mitundu iŵiri yaikulu: umboni waumboni kuchokera kwa mboni ndi umboni wolembedwa kapena wonga zida, mapangano, kapena malipoti.

Mboni zimafufuzidwa kupyolera mu kusanthula mwachindunji [[FLT :1] ndi chipani chimene chinazitcha izo, chikutsatiridwa ndi kusanthula kotsatizana ndi gulu lotsutsa. Mtanda uli chiŵiya chofunika kwambiri choyesera kudalirika ndi kulondola kwa umboni. Woweruza amagamula pa kutsutsa kodzutsidwa ndi mbali zonse ziŵiri, kutsimikizira kuti umboni umagwirizana ndi miyezo yalamulo kaamba ka phindu ndi kudalirika.

Woimbidwa mlanduyo ali ndi ufulu walamulo wosapereka umboni, ndipo oweruzawo sanganene kuti mlanduwo waperekedwa motsutsana ndi zimene wanena.

Kutseka Malire

Maloya akangopereka umboni wonse, maloya akupereka zigomeko zomaliza. Awa ndi mwayi womaliza wa aloya kukopa ajuli. Iwo amalongosola mwachidule umboni, kutsimikizira kusagwirizana kwa mlandu wotsutsanawo, ndi kutsutsa chifukwa chake ajuli ayenera kugamulapo mwapadera. Mosiyana ndi mawu oyamba, ziganizo zotsegulira zingaphatikizepo mawu omveka bwino omveka bwino a umboni ndi kuchonderera kwa ajuli. Komabe, maloya amaletsedwa kunyalanyaza umboni kapena kupereka ndemanga zotsutsa.

Malangizo a Pasukulu

Oweruza asanayambe kukambirana, woweruza amaŵerenga malangizo auchimo . Malangizo ameneŵa amafotokoza lamulo limene limagwira ntchito pa mlanduwo, kuphatikizapo mbali za upandu ndi mtolo wa umboni. Woweruza amamasuliranso mawu alamulo monga "kukayikira kosalakwika" ndi kulongosola mmene oweruza ayenera kuonera umboni ndi umboni wachidule. Malangizowo ngosuliza chifukwa chakuti oweruza ayenera kugwiritsira ntchito lamulolo monga momwe wanenera woweruzayo, mosasamala kanthu za malingaliro awo ponena za zimene lamulolo liyenera kukhala.

Kulephera ndi Kutsutsa

Ntchito ya ajuli imakhala yaikulu kwambiri woweruza atapereka malangizo ndi kuwatumiza ku chipinda chofufuzira. Apa mpamene ajuli amasintha kuchoka kwa openyerera osagwira ntchito kukhala opanga zigamulo.

Njira Yodzisankhira

Oweruza amasankha kapitawo kuti atsogolere kukambitsirana ndi kulankhulana ndi khoti. Iwo amapenda umboniwo, kukambitsirana malingaliro awo a umboni, ndi kutsutsana za kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa lamulo ku nsonga. Malamulo angatenge maola kapena masiku, kudalira pa kucholoŵana kwa mlanduwo ndi ukulu wa kusagwirizana pakati pa oweruza. Woweruza angapereke malangizo owonjezereka ngati ajuli afunsa mafunso, koma thayo lalikulu limakhala ndi oweruza okha.

Kupanda Chilungamo ndi Majeri a Hung

M'milandu ya boma ndi m’milandu yambiri ya upandu, chigamulo chiyenera kugwirizana. Oweruza onse khumi ndi aŵiri ayenera kuvomereza kuti woimbidwa mlanduyo ali ndi liwongo mosakaikira kwenikweni kaamba ka chitsimikizo. Ngati ajuli sangafikire chigamulo chimodzi pambuyo pokambirana kwa utali, woweruza angalengeze [[FLT: 0]] TSP ] chifukwa cha "hulou loweruza. Mlandu, mlandu ungasankhe kuyesa mlanduwo pamaso pa oweruza atsopano. Ena amalola kuti zigamulo zosaimira pa zochitika zina, koma Bwalo Lapamwamba lafunikira kusamva milandu yaikulu ya boma ([FLT:]]] Ronas. v.

Zotsatirapo Zake

Oweruza amabweza chimodzi cha zotsatira zitatu. Chigamulo [[FLT: 0] chimatanthauza ajuli kuti mlanduwo utsimikizire mlandu wawo mosakaikira. wopanda liwongo [ chimatanthauza kuti ajuli sanatsimikizike kwambiri; zotsatira zake za kumasula, ndipo woimbidwa mlandu sangabwezedwe mlandu womwewo pansi pa mlandu wa Wosiyana. A [[FLT:] jamp] ligamu la jaji yoweruza imakhala ndi zotsatirapo zolakwika, kusiya kuthekera kwa mlandu watsopano pamaso pa oweruza osiyana.

Mphamvu ndi Zofooka za Dongosolo la Chikole

Kumvetsa mbali zonse ziŵiri za mkanganowo kumamveketsa bwino mbali ya komiti ya ajuli yopitirizabe yoweruza milandu yaupandu, kwachititsa ochirikiza otsutsa amphamvu ndi otsutsa ochenjera kutero.

Mphamvu: Kuthandizana ndi Kuthandizana

Jury imachirikiza [[FLT: 0] kufalikira kwa nzika za ulamuliro mwa kubweretsa chiweruzo m’kawonedwe ka anthu. Nzika zimene zimatumikira pa majuli zimapeza chidziŵitso chaumwini ndi dongosolo la zamalamulo, kulimbikitsa kukhulupirira ntchito zake. Dongosololo nzika za nzika za ulamuliro , kukwaniritsa lingaliro la democracy lakuti anthu wamba ayenera kutengamo mbali m’kugwiritsira ntchito ulamuliro wa boma. Kuwonjezerapo, chofunika chimene chimapangitsa anthu khumi ndi aŵiri opalamula mlanduwo kupereka mayeso amphamvu polimbana ndi kusadziŵa kanthu kapena kutsutsana kwa njiru.

Zofooka: Kuvuta Kumvetsa

Osuliza amanena kuti oweruza angabweretse tsankhu losazindikira m'chipinda chofufuzira chozikidwa pa fuko, m'kalasi, kapena zokumana nazo zaumwini. Mosasamala kanthu za chitetezo cha chivoir, tsankhu lopeŵeka. Nkhaŵa ina ndiyo [[FLT:] kusokonezeka kwa maganizo [[FLT:] [[FLT]]]: milandu yamakono kaŵirikaŵiri imaphatikizapo umboni wodabwitsa, zolembedwa zachuma, kapena malingaliro alamulo omwe angasokoneze kapena kutsendereza. Upandu wolakwika kapena malangizo auchigamulo.

Makhoti amafotokoza zimenezi mwangozi, kusintha malo, kapena kufunsira ajuli panthaŵi ya mlandu, koma vuto lidakalipobe pa milandu yotchuka.

Kaamba ka kupenda koyenera kwa nyonga ndi zofooka za dongosolo la oweruza, onani [[FLT: 0] American Bar Association's pendeketsa mu Journal ya Oweruza.

Kuyerekezera: Mayeso a Jury m’Malamulo Ena

Miyambo yosiyanasiyana ya zamalamulo imakhudza nkhani ya kutengamo mbali m’chiweruzo cha upandu m’njira zosiyanasiyana.

United Kingdom

England ndi Wales, malo amene apolisi onse anamangidwa, amasunga milandu ya ajuli pa milandu yoopsa ku Khoti Lalikulu. Komabe, ntchito ya khoti la milandu yatha m’kupita kwa nthawi. Chigamulo cha Criminal Justice Gaze Act 2003 chinalola kuzenga mlandu popanda khoti lovuta ndiponso m’milandu imene ili ndi ngozi ya kusokoneza ajuli. Mayeso a m'bungwe la UK ali ndi mamembala khumi ndi aŵiri ndipo ayenera kugamula mogwirizana, ngakhale kuti khotilo lingavomereze chigamulo chachikulu chikachitika pakatha zaka zina ngati kusagwirizanako kulephera.

Malamulo a Chiŵeniŵeni

Maiko ambiri a ku Ulaya amene amatsatira mwambo wa lamulo lachiŵeniŵeni amagwiritsira ntchito makhoti opimira m'malo mwa makhoti a mwambo. Ku Germany ndi France, oweruza odziŵa bwino akukhala pambali pa oweruza ongogamula kuti asankhe mlandu ndi chilango. Oweruza oweruza akukhala ndi phande m’kufunsa mboni ndi kuvomereza ndi oweruza aukatswiri, kuphatikiza maluso alamulo ndi kuloŵetsedwa kwa chitaganya. Maiko ena, onga ngati Spain ndi Japan, atengera madongosolo a a a a ajuli oweruza osonkhezeredwa ndi chitsanzo cha ku America koma agwirizana ndi miyambo yawoyawo yalamulo.

Makhoti a Apandu a Padziko Lonse

Mabwalo a milandu apadziko lonse, monga ngati International Criminal Court ndi International Criminal Tribunal ya dziko lomwe kale linali Yugoslavia, sagwiritsira ntchito zigamulo za ajuli odziŵa bwino kugamula mlandu ndi chilango.

Kuti apeze masamu otsalira, oŵerenga angaone Enclopedia Britannica's kulowa m'dongosolo la oweruza [[FLT: 1].

Tsogolo la Ziyeso za Jury M’dziko Losinthali

Jury imayang'anizana ndi zitsenderezo za kusintha kwa tekinoloji, kuchuluka kwa maakaunti, ndi kukwaniritsa ziyembekezo za anthu. Mliri wa Covid-19 wofulumira kuyesa ndi kusankhidwa kwa ajuli akutali ndipo ngakhale mayeso enieni, ukubutsa mafunso ngati ngati njira za magetsi zingasungitse mapindu amwambo a kusinkhasinkha.

Kufufuza kwa za chikhalidwe cha anthu kukupitirizabe kupenda khalidwe la ajuli. Maphunziro opeka juli ndi mafunso a pambuyo pa milandu asonyeza mmene oweruza amachitira chidziŵitso, mmene magulu amakhudza kugamula, ndi zimene zimapangitsa kugamula. Kufufuzaku kumadziŵitsa kusintha monga ngati kulola oweruza kulemba manotsi, kufunsa mafunso a mboni zolemba, ndi kupereka malangizo oyambirira mlandu usanayambe.

Chikalata chofunsira chimakhala ndi vuto lalikulu. Malamulo aupandu oposa 95 peresenti ku United States amathetsedwa mwa kuchonderera mmalo mwa kuzenga mlandu. Osuliza amanena kuti kulephera kwa milandu ya ajuli kumafooketsa ntchito yoyang'anira milandu ndi kusumika mphamvu m’manja mwa oweruza. Ochirikiza kuchonderera mfundo za kuyendetsa bwino zinthu ndi kutsimikizira zotsatira. Kulimbana pakati pa chipambano ndi kuyenera kwa mlandu wa ajuli kudzapitirizabe kuwongolera malamulo aupandu.

Kumaliza

Jury imakhalabe maziko a chiweruzo cha upandu ku United States ndi m'maiko ena ofala. Zimatumikira ntchito zofunika: kutsimikizira maumboni, kugwiritsira ntchito miyezo ya chitaganya, kuyang'anira ulamuliro wa boma, ndi kuloŵetsa nzika m'kuyang'anira chiweruzo. Kumvetsetsa mmene milandu ya ajuli imagwirira ntchito mwalamulo mwa kusankha, kuzenga mlandu, ndi kupenda zinthu . Nzika za nzikazo kuyamikira ponse paŵiri nyonga ndi kupereŵera kwa nthaŵi yolemekezeka imeneyi. Pamene dongosolo la malamulo likusintha kuyang'anizana ndi mavuto atsopano, ntchito ya ajuli mosakaikira idzasintha, koma chifuno chake chachikulu cha kutsimikizira chiweruzo cholungama kwa anthu wamba chidzakhalapo.