Makonzedwe opanga zinthu ndi ogwirizana. Ku United States, kupangidwa kwa zinthu sikumayendera limodzi kwa boma. M’malo mwake, kumadalira kugwirizana kwa boma, boma, ndi mayiko, ndi mayiko ena, kubweretsa chuma, ulamuliro, ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana. Kumvetsa mmene zimenezi zimagwirira ntchito pamodzi n’kofunika kwa opanga malamulo, mapulani, ndi nzika zomwe zikuyendera limodzi. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza njira zosiyanasiyana ndi zochitika zatsopano, ndi zitsanzo zatsatanetsatane, ndi zovuta, ndi zimene zimachitira chitsanzo bwino lomwe zinthu zofunika kwambiri koma zoyendetsera boma.

Chitsanzo 1: Kupereka Ndalama Zothandizira Ntchito za Boma

Imodzi ya njira zofala kwambiri ndi zanthaŵi yaitali za kugwirizana kwa boma imaphatikizapo boma la boma lopereka chuma ku maboma a zinthu zofunika kwambiri. Mabungwe a Federal amapereka maprogramu, zopereka, ndi mipata ya kupikisana ndi ndalama zimene zimayendera limodzi ndi zolinga za dziko, monga kuwongolera chitetezo cha mayendedwe, kuchepetsa kutulutsa carbon, kapena kuwonjezera njira zopezera madzi oyera. Maboma, potero, amagwiritsira ntchito ndalama zimenezi kulinganiza, ndi kumanga maprojekiti amene amakwaniritsa zonse ziŵiri zofunika za boma ndi zofunika za boma.

Chizindikiro: The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA ) imagaŵira mabiliyoni a madola chaka ndi chaka kupyolera ku Highway Trust Fund ya madipatimenti a boma a zoyendera. Pansi pa Bipartisan Infrastruction Law (BIL), boma lalandira ndalama zolembedwa kaamba ka kukonza misewu, kubwezeretsa maulalo, ndi galimoto zamagetsi zoyendetsera. Mwachitsanzo, FHA’S Bridge Repability, Reveration, ndi Program imapereka njira yopangidwira kuti makampani apeze ndalama zothandizira maulalo owonongeka.

ct: Fakitale ya ndalama imeneyi imatheketsa maboma kuchita ntchito zazikulu zimene zingakwaniritsidwe mwa ndalama za boma zokha. Malinga ndi American Society of Civil Engineers , maakaunti a ndalama za ndalama za makampani 25% a zonse a boma opatsira misewu yaikulu. Chotsatirapo n’chakuti makampani a zoyendera amene amathandiza malonda, kuchepetsa nthaŵi zoyendera, ndi kuwonjezera chitetezo. Komabe, mavuto amaphatikizapo zofunika za ndalama zoyendera pamodzi [1] mobwerezabwereza kumapereka chigawo cha ndalama zosakhala za boma zoyendetsera ndi malamulo a malo okhala ndi malo.

FWWA SEXIN :[[FLT :1] Phunzirani zambiri ponena za msewu waukulu wa boma wopereka maprogramu pa webusaiti ya FHA].

Chitsanzo Chachiwiri: Mfundo Zothandiza M’boma ndi Pantchito Zakumene Zimachitika

Pamene kuli kwakuti maboma ndi boma kaŵirikaŵiri amatsogolera ntchito zazikulu za maziko, maboma a kumaloko amadziŵa bwino zosoŵa za chitaganya ndi zofunika zoyambirira . M'zochitika zambiri zogwirizana, akuluakulu a boma amapereka chitsogozo chofunika kupyolera mwa ndandanda za anthu, mapulani, ndi mapangano a boma. Kumasulira kwa pansi pa kampani kumathandizira kuti ntchito zikhale zosamalira mikhalidwe yeniyeni ya dziko . Zonga ngati kuchuluka kwa magalimoto, maupandu a m’magalimoto, kapena madera osungidwa pansi pa dala.

Chizindikiro: [[FLT :1] Pamene boma lifuna kufutukula khomo lalikulu la msewu, ilo limafuna njira ya kumvetsera kwa anthu monga mbali ya National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). Mabungwe a mizinda ndi mabungwe a boma angapereke zigamulo zovomerezeka, ndi kulinganiza antchito limodzi ndi akatswiri a boma kuti asinthe mapangidwe a zinthu motsatira mfundo za malowo. M’zochitika zina, maakampani amagwiritsa ntchito malo awoawo kuyendetsa misewu yatsopano kapena masiteshoni a magetsi a magetsi.

[[FLT: 0] Ict: Chitsogozo chatanthauzo cha kumaloko chingachepetse chitsutso cha anthu, kupeŵa zilembo zofiira zokwera mtengo pambuyo pake, ndi kupanga ziwiya zimene zimatumikira bwino anthu. 2022 kuchokera ku kampani yofufuza za Transation Research Board inapeza kuti maprojekiti amene anthu anali ndi pangano lolimba kwambiri anachititsa kuti zinthu zichedwe pang'onopang'ono ndi kukonzedwa. Komabe, kugwirizana kothandiza kumafuna njira zolankhulirana ndi kukhulupirirana ndi makampani [1] Maboma akwawo ayenera kuonadi nkhaŵa zawo kukhala zolingaliridwa moonadi, osati kungodziŵika. Pamene achita bwino, amapanga laisensi ya za zoyendetsera ndalama zoyendetsera ndalama.

Kugwirizana :[[FLT :1] Dipatimenti ya Zoyendera ya U.S. imapereka chotsogolera pa pangano la chitaganya [[[FLT: 3] m'maprojekiti a zoyendera.

Chitsanzo 3: Anthu Ogwirizana Anayamba Kuthandiza

Nyumba zina zimavuta kudutsa malire a boma ndipo zimafuna kuphatikiza ndalama kuchokera ku mlingo wa boma. Zopereka za ndalama zaunyinji zimagwirizanitsa boma, boma, ndi malo akwawo. Nthaŵi zina pamodzi ndi anthu a m’banjamo kapena anthu osapeza phindu. Makonzedwe ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amaphatikizapo mapangano a kuzindikira, owonongetsa ndalama, ndi nyumba zogwirizana za za zachuma.

Programu: Malo aakulu angapange dongosolo latsopano la njanji younikira limene limafunikira ndalama za boma zoyendera (m' lekuatiso, kuchokera ku Federal Transit Administration’s Capital Investicement Grants), zikalata za boma, ndalama za msonkho za kumaloko, ndi zopereka kuchokera ku makampani oyandikana omwe adzapindula ndi njira. Portland, Oregon system Transmacration ndi Los Metrol ndi zitsanzo zazikulu za ndalama za kampani ya chigawo chapamwamba.

ct: Malo a ndalama amodzi amathandizira mlingo uliwonse kulinganiza mlingo uliwonse . Mabungwe a zachuma angapereke kulowa m'miyambo yaikulu, maboma angapereke malamulo ogwirizana pamiyeso yabwino, ndipo malo angapange mitsinje yopatulidwa ya msonkho kapena kutengamo mbali m'zochitika za mtengo. Nthaŵi zambiri zimenezi zimatulukapo zothetsera zowonjezereka, monga ngati kayendedwe, malo ogwiritsira ntchito, ndi mapulani a zachuma. Komabe, kulinganiza, malamulo a zamalonda, ndi madera a ndale angachedwe kukwaniritsa ntchito. Mabungwe otsogolera ndi maprojekiti opatulidwa ndi ofunika.

Kugwirizana :[[FLT :1] Federal Transit Administration ndandanda ya [[FT:2] Capital Investivement Grant programu zimene zimachirikiza ndalama zothandizira.

Chitsanzo 4: Kuyang’anira Ntchito Zakumene Akugwira

Maboma a kumaloko kaŵirikaŵiri amachita ntchito zachikwanekwane zaching'ang'aang'ono . Zonga kukonza misewu, kubwezeretsa madzi, kapena kuwongolera paki . zimene zingachirikizidwe ndi ndalama za boma kapena za boma. M’nkhani zimenezi, mabungwe a boma amapereka uyang'aniro kutsimikizira kuti mapangidwe ndi kumanga zifikire miyezo ya chisungiko, malamulo a malo okhala, ndi kuŵerengera kwa mlandu. Kuyang'anira kumeneku kungasiyane ndi kupenda kwaluso kuvomereza mwachindunji mapulani ndi malongosoledwe.

Chizindikiro: [[FLT :1] Katauni kang'ono kakufuna kulowa mmalo mwa mlatho wosalimba pa msewu wa dera. Ngakhale ngati ntchitoyo ili yogwirizana ndi malo akwawo, boma liyenera kuvomereza kuti mlatho ukhale wogwirizana ndi misewu ya boma ndipo uyenera kukwaniritsa miyezo yonyamula katundu wa boma. Mofananamo, mabungwe a boma akupenda mapulani a misewu akwawo kuti agwirizane ndi malamulo a Cean Water Act.

Act: [[FLT ] Uyang'aniro wa boma uteteza chitaganya ndi kuletsa zosankha za kumaloko zimene zingapangitse kulephera kapena kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala. Imatsimikiziranso kusasintha kwa magawo [1] alabu omangidwa m’chigawo chimodzi idzakhala ndi mlingo wofanana wotetezera monga wina m'chigawo chapafupi. Komabe, kachitidweko kangakhale kanthaŵi yogwirizana, makamaka ya maboma akwawo okhozedwa. Kupenda nthaŵi, kupereka miyezo yovomerezeka, ndi kupereka chithandizo cha maluso ndi njira zimene zawongolera kugwirizana kumeneku.

Chitsanzo 5: Maprogramu Ophunzitsa a Padera

Kuphatikiza pa ndalama zimene munthu aliyense amapereka, boma la boma nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi limapanga maprogramu aakulu a zamaziko amene amakonza njira zonse za dzikolo. Maprogramu ameneŵa amaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama, malangizo a za malamulo, ndi makompyuta amene amafunika kugwirizana ndi boma ndi mayiko akwawo kuti akwaniritse zolinga za dziko. Zitsanzo zaposachedwapa zimaphatikizapo Infracustre Invementment and Jobs Act (IJA) ya 2021 ndi American Replation Act ndi ndalama zothandizira kukonza.

Chitsanzo: programu ya II [1] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ISct: Programu za Federal zingagwiritsiridwe ntchito m'malo amene kulibe zinthu zambiri, monga ngati kumidzi, kuchulukitsitsa kwa nyengo, ndi kutumiza anthu kwamakono. Kugogomezera kwa II sunga, chilungamo, ndi kuyambika kwa ntchito kumasonkhezera boma ndi olandira a kumaloko kutenga machitachita ambiri ophatikizapo. Komabe unyinji wa maprogramu atsopano angachepetse kukhoza kukwaniritsa kukwaniritsa kuchedwa kwa boma, kuchititsa mgwirizano woperekedwa, kugaŵana mowonetsera zinthu, ndi kupitiriza kulankhulana pakati pa mapologalamu a boma ndi mapolojekita a dziko ndi mapulogalamu a malo a malo a dzikolo.

Kugwirizanitsa: Nyumba Yoyera imapereka tsatanetsatane [[FULT:2] Kumanganso Chitsogozo Chabwino Chakuya ndi boma 76by6tate state progatections.

Chitsanzo 6: Kulabadira Kofulumira

Masoka achilengedwe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chizindikiro: Maria atawononga mphepo yamkuntho mu 2017, makampani akwawo anayesa kuwonongeka kwa misewu ndi madzi, pamene boma la Puerto Rico linagwirizanitsa mapempho a zinthu. FEMA inapereka mapangano ochotsa zinyalala, nyumba zokhalitsa, ndi ndalama zothandizira kukonza zinthu. Gulu la asilikali la Enginers la Puerto Rico Georgian Power Authority kubwezeretsa chigawo cha chisumbu. . . . .I.I.I.kuphatikizana ndi boma la boma la projekiti zopiti za kulimba kwa magetsi a BiL.

ct: [Kuyankha kwadzidzidzi kogwirizana kwambiri] kumachepetsa kwambiri nthaŵi zochira. Malinga ndi FEMA, kuika zinthu ndi kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo ogwirizana kungafupikitse nyengo zobwezeretsa ndi 30% kapena kuposa. Komabe, mavuto amaphatikizapo kusemphana maganizo pakati pa dziko, boma, ndi mabungwe a boma, zinthu zofunika, ndi kuchepa kwa ndalama zobwezeretsera ndalama. Mapangano, kulinganiza kwa prekhrasister kusokoneza, ndi maproject a kugwirizanitsa.

Kugwirizanitsa: FEMA’System yokonzekera ya m'dziko imandandal' magawo a milingo yonse ya boma.

Chitsanzo 7: Ubwenzi wa Anthu Onse

Maboma athandizana paokha kuti agwirizane ndi anthu monga likulu la chigawo, ukatswiri, ndi luso lakumanga. Pamene kuli kwakuti ma PPP si a boma lokha, iwo amafuna kuti boma, boma, ndi maboma akwane kuti agwiritsirire ntchito pamodzi kukhazikitsa pangano, kugawira maupandu, ndi kupereka chilolezo. Ma PPP amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka popanga katundu wamkulu, wopereka ndalama monga misewu ya ndalama, mabwalo a ndege, ndi mafakitale opangira mankhwala.

Chizindikiro: Boma lingaloŵe m'pangano lopanga ndi bungwe logwira ntchito (DBFOM) ndi comnium yokha kupanga msewu watsopano. Boma limapereka njira yachikwanekwane ndi zilolezo za malo, boma lingapereke ngongole kupyolera mwa Infrastructuraturature Memocation ndi Innovation Act (TIA), ndipo boma la kumaloko lingapereke chivomerezo ndi magetsi.

ct: PPPS zingafulumizitse kuperekedwa kwa ntchito, kutumiza ndi kuwonongeka kwa ndalama ku chigawo chaumwini, ndi kuyambitsa njira zatsopano zomanga. Komabe, zimafuna mphamvu za boma kuti zigwirizane ndi njira zoyenerera, kuyang'anira, ndi kuteteza zokomera anthu. Kugwirizana kwa boma kumafuna kulinganiza malamulo a boma ndi malamulo a boma ndi malamulo a dziko lokhalamo. Bungwe la National Council for Public-Private Prinegany systenat limapereka machitachita abwino kwambiri othandizira ntchito zimenezi.

[[MTL: 0] Kugwirizana : Kuchezera [[FT:2] Msonkhano wa Dziko wa Unduna wa Zombo za Anthu Ogwirizana [[[FULT: 3] kaamba ka kufufuza ndi chuma.

Chitsanzo 8: Kusinthasintha kwa Magulu a Anthu a M’dera Lonse

Malo ambiri otsekereza zinthu amavuta monga kuchuluka kwa magalimoto, kuchuluka kwa mpweya, kuchuluka kwa madzi, ndi kulimba kwa madzi , ndi kuchepetsa madera ena alionse. Njira za kugwirizana kwachigawo, monga Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOS) ndi Councils of Genet (COGS), kusonkhanitsa pamodzi maboma, mabungwe a boma, ndi oimira boma kuti alinganize ndi kuyendetsa zinthu m'dera lolongosoledwa.

Chizindikiro: [[FLT :1] Act ya Chicago Metropolitan yolinganiza (CMAP) imagwirizanitsa zoyendera ndi malo kugwiritsira ntchito kulinganiza magawo asanu ndi aŵiri ndi oposa 280 madera. CMAP imayang'anira ntchito ya boma yokonzekera zoyendera pansi pa Fix America’s Surface Transportation (FAST), Act yoperekera malamulo a boma ku ntchito za kumaloko. Boma DOTS limatenga nawo mbali m'programungwe wa zowongolera zoyendera (TIP), ndi maboma akupikisana kaamba ka ntchito ya zoyendetsa galimoto zapatulapo ntchito kupyola pa projekiti yoyendera .

ct: [[FLT :1] kugwirizana kwa chigawo kumaletsa kulinganiza, kusokonezedwa kwa zoikizira ndi kutsimikizira kuti madongosolo a zinthu zamagetsi amagwira ntchito monga ndandanda. Mwachitsanzo, kulinganiza kwa kuunika kwa magalimoto ku madera osiyanasiyana kumachepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa zinthu. MPOS imagwirizanitsanso kulinganiza kwa mpweya (kusintha) kolamulidwa ndi Deoc Air Act . Mavuto amaphatikizapo kulinganiza malowo ndi zinthu zofunika m'dera, kuyang'anira mipata yosiyana ya maluso, ndi kusungitsa ndalama zosungidwa kaamba ka makampani olinganiza okha.

Zochitika 9: Kupendanso Malo Okhala ndi Malamulo Oti Atheke Kugwirizana

Makonzedwe ambiri a kukonza malo ayenera kugwirizana ndi malamulo a malo okhala, kuphatikizapo National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), Secto Act ya Zakudya Zamchere, ndi Kachitidwe ka Endangered Species. Kupenda kumeneku kaŵirikaŵiri kumafunikira chiyambukiro kuchokera ku mabungwe ambiri a boma (mwachitsanzo, EPA, UFWS, Army), madipatimenti a boma, ndi mabungwe olinganiza malo okhala. Kupenda malo okhala kochititsa kulinganiza njira yolola ndi kusunga miyezo yotetezera.

Chizindikiro : [[FLT :1] Paaundi ya msewu yofutukulidwa kuti madera otentha adzafunikira Chigawo 404 chilolezo kuchokera ku gulu la asilikali a Engines a U.S., chikalata cha madzi kuchokera ku bungwe la boma lopanga chilengedwe, ndi chitukuko cha kumaloko chosonyeza kuti madzi akusefukira. Pansi pa NEPA, mawu ogwirizana okhudza malo okhala (EIS) angakonzedwe ndi boma DOT monga bungwe lotsogolera lolamulira dziko ndi boma lakwanulirapo. Kugwirizana koyamba ndi misonkhano yapo kuchepetsa mphamvu ya dziko.

'Ict: [[FLT ] [1] Pamene achita bwino, kupenda malo okhala mogwirizana kungachepetse nthaŵi yolola ndi miyezi 18 mpaka 24 pamene akuwongolera zotsatira za malo okhala. Council on Environmental Secrectemental Council face imagwirizanitsa mgwirizano pa maprojekiti aakulu a zamaziko. Komabe, kusagwirizana pa miyezo ya kuchepetsa, kusiyana kwa boma ndi chitetezo cha mtundu wa anthu, ndi zotsala za chuma zingachedwe pang’onopang'ono. Kuthetsa mgwirizano wa malo ndi mbali yachitatu ya Faciliat kumathandiza kuthetsa mikangano.

Kumaliza

Zochitika zofotokozedwa pamwambapa zikusonyeza kugwirizana kwa madongosolo a boma. Kuyambira pa kuthandizira kwa boma mpaka kuthandizira anthu a m’deralo, kuchitapo kanthu mwamsanga, zochitika zonse zimafuna malo osiyanasiyana, njira zolankhulirana, ndi kukhulupirirana. Pamene zinthu zamakono zikukula / kusintha kwa nyengo, kusintha kwa anthu, ndi kusintha kwa luso la zasayansi. Kukhoza kwa boma, boma, ndi maboma a m'deralo kugwira ntchito pamodzi mothandizana kwambiri. Opanga masitejiji onse ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito pophunzitsa maofesi a boma, kugawana mapulatifomu, ndi kukonzanso njira zina zothandizira kuti pakhale panthaŵi yake, yosanja, ndiponso yopanga zinthu. Mwa kuphunzira kuchokera ku zochitika zosiyanasiyana, anthu otchuka, makampani athanga kukulitsa chikhalidwe cha anthu otchukawo.