Malamulo osankhidwa amapanga malo oonekera bwino a ulamuliro wa demokrase, kupatsa nzika njira yolinganizidwira kulongosola zosankha zawo zandale ndi kuchititsa atsogoleri awo kuŵerengera. Kukhulupirika kwa njira imeneyi kumaikidwa pa dongosolo la malamulo lolimba lomwe limalongosola malamulo a masewerawo. Popanda malamulo omveka bwino, masankho atha kuloŵa m’vuto, chinyengo, kapena kuyendetsa zinthu, kuchotsa chidaliro cha anthu onse m'dongosolo lonse landale. Malamulo olinganizidwa amathandiza kuti pakhale malire a mpikisano wabwino, kuteteza ufulu wa kusankhidwa ndi oyembekezera, ndipo amatsimikizira kuti zotsatira zake zomaliza zisonyezedi chifuniro cha anthu. Nkhaniyi ikupereka kufufuza kokwanira kwa maluso a malamulo amene amachititsa kuti ayendere bwino ndi kuonekera bwino, kuteteza kwake, kuteteza kwake, ndi kuvuta kwake kopitirizabe, kuyang'anizana ndi kuyang'anirana kwandale.

Kumvetsa Chisamaliro cha Malamulo cha Zisankho

Malamulo amene amalamulira masankho ndi njira ya malamulo, malamulo, ndi malamulo auyang'aniro. Sichikalata chimodzi koma ndi dongosolo logwirizana la makonzedwe amene amachokera ku magwero osiyanasiyana a lamulo. Pamene kuli kwakuti kakonzedwe kapadera kamasiyana ndi dziko, ma democracy ambiri amamanga malamulo awo osankhidwa pa mizati itatu yaikulu: makonzedwe a malamulo a malamulo a zosankha, ndi malangizo a malamulo a malamulo oyendetsera, operekedwa ndi mabungwe a osankha okha. Ndiponso, zitsanzo zachiweruzo ndi mapangano a mayiko ambiri kaŵirikaŵiri amaumba kumasulira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwa malamulo ameneŵa.

Pamlingo waukulu kwambiri, makonzedwe a lamulo amagwirizanitsa malamulo aakulu a kachitidwe ka voti. Malamulo ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuyenera kwa kuvota (unyinji), kumasulira ziyeneretso za unzika, kukhazikitsa ziyeneretso za kuyenerera kwa oyembekezera, tchula kuchuluka kwa masankho, ndi kutchula mphamvu za mabungwe oyang'anira osankhidwa. Mwachitsanzo, United States Constitution imapatsa ulamuliro wakusankha "nthaŵi, malo, ndi njira" pamene kulinga kuyang'anira mafuko ena. Mofananamo, Constitution ya India ikhazikitsa Bungwe la Ecostation la India monga ulamuliro woyang'anira boma ndi masankhoti.

Malamulo osankhidwa, okhazikitsidwa ndi malamulo okhazikitsa malamulo, amapereka malamulo atsatanetsatane amene amalamulira mbali iliyonse ya chisankho. Malamulo ameneŵa amaphatikiza njira zovomerezeka za ovota, khalidwe la zipani za ndale zadziko ndi oyembekezera, malamulo a ndawala, njira zovotera, mapulani, mavoti, ndi chigamulo cha mikangano. M'mayiko ambiri, malamulo ameneŵa amaikidwa kukhala "Ulolezo" kapena "kusankha zochita. Mwachitsanzo, kuimira kwa People Act ndi Canada’s Eunives Act ndi zitsanzo zazikulu.

Zitsogozo ndi malamulo auyang'aniro amadzaza mipata yosiyidwa ndi malamulo aakulu. Mabungwe a akulu oyang'anira a boma, monga Federal Evotion Commission (FEC) ku United States kapena Electoral Commission ku United Kingdom, amafalitsa malangizo atsatanetsatane a zonse kuchokera ku mafashoni a mapepala osonyeza kujambula ndi kuyesa makina osankha. Malamulo ameneŵa ayenera kukhala osinthika mokwanira kusinthira ku maluso a zamakono ndi mikhalidwe ya kakhalidwe pamene akusunga malamulo otsati.

Pomalizira, kupenda kwachiweruzo kumachita mbali yaikulu m'kumasulira ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo. Makhoti kaŵirikaŵiri amagamula za kuikidwa kwa malamulo a chisankho, zifuno za chilolezo, ndi kukhazikitsa zitsanzo za ufulu wa wovota, kukonza, ndi za ndawala. Zigamulo, zonga ngati Khoti Lapamwamba la U.S. m'Malamulo [FLD:] mu [FLT] Bush v. Gore [2] [2] ndi County . Haker . Halmark . , zakhalanso ndi zosankha zamphamvu za lamulo losankhidwa.

Magwero a Lamulo la Ufulu

Malamulo a osankhidwa ndi osankhidwa ali osiyanasiyana, ndipo kuphatikizapo kwawo kumathandiza kuyendetsa zinthu. M'mayiko ambiri malamulo a boma, malamulo osankhidwa bwino amalamulira mbali zonse, pamene kuli kwakuti mayiko wamba amadalira kwambiri malamulo ndi malamulo a boma. Zida zamitundu yonse, monga International Pangano la International Paramente on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) ndi Ufulu wa Anthu, amakhazikitsanso miyezo yochepera ya demokrase. Mabungwe achigawo onga Bungwe la Chisungiko ndi mgwirizano wa Cone ku Ulaya (OCE) amapereka mabuku a tsatanetsatane a masankho oyendera zinthu zoyendera ufulu wa anthu ovomerezeka mwalamulo.

Kuyerekezera Malingaliro

Kufufuza maiko osiyanasiyana kumavumbula zonse ziŵiri kusiyanitsa ndi kuswa lamulo. Mwachitsanzo, Australia imakakamiza kuvota kokakamiza, kochirikizidwa ndi zilango zalamulo kwa osakhala ndi mbali, pamene United States imadalira pa kutembenuka kwaufulu. Dongosolo la sankho la Germany limaphatikizapo chitsanzo cha masamu osanganikirana, pamene United Kingdom imagwiritsira ntchito kwambiri kulembedwa koyamba kwa pepala. Kusiyana kumeneku kumayambitsidwa m'miyambo yalamulo ya dziko lirilonse, miyambo ya ndale, ndi zochitika za m'mbiri. Kuzindikira zimenezi nkofunika popanga masinthidwe ogwirizana ndi zochitika za kumaloko.

Kutsimikizira Kulondola m’Zisankho

Kulondola m'masankho sikuli kokha chinthu choyenerera; kuli chiyeneretso chalamulo chimene chiyenera kuchitidwa kupyolera mwa mabungwe ndi njira zolowera. Chisankho choyenera chimapereka mlingo woseŵera kwa onse otengamo mbali, chimaletsa kugwiritsira ntchito molakwa ulamuliro, ndipo chimatsimikizira kuti wosankha aliyense woyenerera ali ndi mwaŵi wofanana wa kuponya chisankho popanda mantha kapena kukakamiza. Chiyeneretso chalamulo chimakwaniritsa zimenezi kupyolera mwa uyang'aniro wa osankhidwa ndi osankhidwa, kupenda kowonekera bwino, ndi machiritso opezeka alamulo.

Ntchito Zodziimira pa Mtengo wa Maseŵera

Chimodzi cha zotetezera zofunika kwambiri za chilungamo ndicho bungwe la osankhidwa lodzisankhira lokhala ndi ulamuliro (EMB) lokhala lopanda kuloŵerera m'ndale. Kapangidwe ndi mphamvu za EMB zimasiyana kwambiri, koma machitidwe abwino kwambiri amagogomezera kupanda tsankho, ntchito, ndi ufulu wa zachuma ndi ulamuliro. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe la India's Commotion limasangalala ndi ufulu walamulo ndi ulamuliro wolangiza akuluakulu a boma olakwa, pamene U.S. amatengera chitsanzo chapamwamba chimene maboma amasamaliramo ntchito zambiri zosandutsa. Mu kutulutsa ma Democracyism, monga aja a ku Africa ndi Latin America, kulimbikitsa EMBs akhala kuthandizira kwa mayiko onse ndi kukonzanso zinthu.

Udindo wa EMB yodziimira payokha umaphatikizapo kuyang'anira kulembetsa kwa voti, kutsimikizira osankhidwa, ophunzitsa opanga mavoti, kuyang'anira ndi kusunga zipangizo zovota, kuyang'anira kutsogolo ndi kulephera kuvota, kuŵerengera mavoti, ndi kulengeza zotsatira. Kusunga chidaliro, EMBs ayenera kukhala owonekera bwino popanga zosankha zawo ndi poyang'anira anthu. EMBs ambiri amafalitsa mabuku a ntchito, kufalitsa zigamulo pa madandaulo, ndi kuchititsa misonkhano poyera kumene osungitsa mitengo angadzutse nkhaŵa.

Kuyang’anira ndi Kuyang’anira

Kuyang'anira kwa m'mabungwe onse aŵiri a m'nyumba ndi a m'mayiko onse ndi kuyang'anira kofunika kwambiri pa kukhulupirika kwa masankho. Mauthenga a padziko lonse, monga aja ochitidwa ndi OSCE’s Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) kapena European Union, amapereka mayeso osakondera a malamulo ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake. Ofufuza amapenda ngati masankhoti a mayiko onse a ufulu, chilungamo, ndi kuonekera, ndipo malipoti awo kaŵirikaŵiri ali ndi zivomerezo za kusintha.

Kufufuza kwapanyumba, kochitidwa ndi magulu a anthu, mabungwe oulutsa nkhani, ndi oimira zipani za ndale zadziko, kumathandiza. M'maiko ambiri, malamulo ovomerezedwa amatsimikizira kuti openyerera angapeze malo ofufuza, malo oŵerengera, ndi zolembedwa ndi osankhidwa. Kupezeka kwa openyerera kungaletse chinyengo ndi kutsimikizira anthu. Mwachitsanzo, ntchito ya Ghana Coalition of Precial Evolution Observers (MbelaO) yathandizira kusankhota zamtendere ndi zodalirika m’dzikolo.

Kuyankha Mwalamulo ndi Kutsutsa

Maboma ambiri amalola opita ku makhoti, zipani zandale, ndi ovota kukonza mapempho a makhoti, makhoti apamwamba, kapena makhoti. M'mayiko ena, makhoti apadera amasamalira mwamsanga milandu ya anthu otsutsa ovota.

Zitsanzo za chigamulo chothandiza kwambiri chotsutsana zimaphatikizapo chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba la Kenya mu 2017 chimene chinachotsa chisankho cha pulezidenti chifukwa cha kusagwirizana, kuchititsa kuti abwezere . Pamene kuli kwakuti anthu otsutsana, chigamulocho chinasonyeza kuti malamulo angachititse akuluakulu a boma kukhala ndi mlandu. Koma, kutsutsana kochepa kapena kopanda pake kungafooketse chidaliro ndipo kungayambitse chipwirikiti.

Kulimbikitsa Kuonana Koyenera m’Zisankho

Kuona padera ndi magwero aŵiri a chilungamo. Nzika ziyenera kukhala zokhoza kuona ndi kuzindikira mmene zichitidwe kuti zikhale ndi chikhulupiriro m’chitulukapo. Njira yowonekera imaphatikizapo kupezeka kwa chidziŵitso, kutengamo mbali kwapoyera m'kupanga zosankha, ndi kulankhulana komvekera bwino kwa malamulo. Malamulo amachirikiza kuwonekera mwa malamulo kuti atulutse chidziŵitso, kutsegulira misonkhano, ndi kuulutsa zofunika kaamba ka makampani osankhidwiratu.

Kudziŵa Zinthu Zokhudza Anthu Onse

Maboma amakono opanga masankho amapanga ndandanda yaikulu ya zinthu, kuyambira pa kulembetsa kwa voti mpaka zotsatira zenizeni zofufuza. Malamulo amene amafuna kufalitsidwa kwa mfundo zimenezi m'mafaelo opezeka amatheketsa atolankhani ndi magulu oyendera kutsimikizira ndi kupenda. Mwachitsanzo, kampani ya kampani ya ku United States yodzifunira Yotsogolera ndi miyezo inanso m’mayiko ena imalimbikitsa kuyesa njira zovota. Maboma ambiri tsopano amafalitsa zotsatira za malo a pa Intaneti, kulola atolankhani ndi magulu oyang'anira ntchito za masamu kugwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu a pulogalamu.

Ndandanda ya kulembetsa Voter, itaperekedwa pansi pa chitetezo cha ndandanda, imalola anthu ndi oonerera kupenda zolakwa kapena kuyesa kuvota kaŵiri. Kuvumbula ndalama za Campaign, ngati kuli kwatsatanetsatane ndi kwapanthaŵi yake, kulola anthu kuona amene akuchirikiza ndawala za ndawala za ndale zadziko. Mwachitsanzo, United Kingdom’s Electoral Commission imasunga nyuzimeshoni yofufuzira ya zopereka ku zipani za ndale zadziko.

Misonkhano Yotseguka ndi Kudziloŵetsamo Pagulu

Mabungwe a bungwe la osankhidwa ayenera kuchititsa malonda awo poyera. Malamulo amene amafunika kudziŵitsidwa ndi anthu onse za misonkhano, kufalitsa nkhani, ndi kuvomereza ndemanga za anthu onse a ku Scandinavia amalimbikitsa kuŵerengera. M'mayiko ambiri a ku Scandinavia, misonkhano ya masankho imatsatizana pa Intaneti, ndipo nzika zimafunsa mafunso kapena nkhaŵa. Kumvetsera kwa anthu pa nkhani ya kusintha kwa voti sikumapangidwa m’nyumba zotsekedwa.

Ku Australia, bungwe la Australia lotchedwa Australian Electoral Commission limagwira ntchito yokonza masukulu ndi magulu a anthu, ndipo lamulo lokhudza mavoti limathandiza nzika kumvetsa mmene zingasankhire, ufulu wawo, ndiponso mmene dongosolo lawo limagwirira ntchito.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zoulutsira Nkhani ndi Zipangizo Zamakono Posonyeza Kuyera kwa Malo

Oulutsa nkhani amachita mbali yofunika kwambiri pounikira ku kayendedwe ka voti. Malamulo amene amateteza ufulu wosindikiza, amakhazikitsa kupezeka kwa masiteshoni ofufuza, ndi kuletsa ziletso zosayenerera pa kusimba n’zofunika. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, tekinoloji yayambitsa zipangizo zatsopano zothandizira kuonekera, monga ngati makompyuta oyendera ma blockchain kapena maboardboard amene amapanga masankhoti m’nthaŵi yeniyeni. Komabe, luso la zopangapanga zinthu limadzetsanso mavuto, kuphatikizapo kuphwanya ndi kuchotsa pulogalamu.

Mavuto a Kumanga Nyumba ya Malamulo

Ngakhale kuti pali zoyesayesa zabwino koposa zomanga nyumba zalamulo zolimba, masankho amayang’anizana ndi ziwopsezo zosalekeza ndi zomangitsa. Kutsendereza kwa magetsi, kuyendetsa ndalama, ndi ndawala zotsutsa nkhani za boma zili zina za mavuto aakulu koposa.

Njira Zotsendereza Maso

Kutsendereza kwa Voter kudakali vuto lapadziko lonse, kaŵirikaŵiri kumalimbana ndi anthu ochepa, anthu olandira ndalama zochepa, ndi otsutsa andale. Njira zambiri zimaphatikizapo malamulo otsimikizirika osankha popanda njira zopezeka, kuchotsa mapepala a voti ozikidwa pa chidziŵitso cholakwika, kuchepetsa chiŵerengero cha malo ofunsira, kukhazikitsa malire achidule olembetsa, ndi kufalitsa chidziŵitso chabodza ponena za kuvota. Mwachitsanzo, ku United States, maboma angapo akhazikitsa malamulo ofuna kujambula zithunzi, zimene zimayambukira kwambiri anthu ochepa ndi okalamba. Makhoti nthaŵi zina awononga malamulo ameneŵa monga osagwirizana ndi malamulo kapena oswa malamulo a ufulu wa anthu.

Malamulo angathetse kutsenderezedwa mwa kufuna njira zina zodziŵikitsira ovota, kulembetsa tsiku limodzi, kutsimikizira kulowa koyamba m'voti, ndi kuletsa kuopseza. Khoti Lapamwamba la Indian, mwachitsanzo, lagamula kuti ovota sangabwezedwe chifukwa cha kusoŵa kwa tchati ngati ali kale pa ndandanda. Mofananamo, maiko ambiri amaletsa kugwirizana kulikonse pakati pa magulu andale zadziko ndi osankha pakati pa mtunda wakutiwakuti wa masiteshoni opanga makampani.

Gerrymandering

Gerrymandering — kusintha kwa malire a chigawo cha masankho kuti athandize chipani china kapena gulu — kumasokoneza kuimira ndi kuchititsa mphamvu zandale. Pamene kuli kwakuti mlingo wina wa kujambula mapu nkofunika, kuphwanya lamulo la masankho abwino. Malamulo angapereke zimenezi kudzera m'mabungwe odziimira okha, malamulo omveka opangira malire (monga ngati kugwirizana, kulemekeza malire achilengedwe, ndi kulinganiza kwa anthu) ndi kupendanso za chiweruzo. Mayiko onga Canada ndi United Kingdom amagwiritsa ntchito malire apadera, pamene kuli kwakuti maboma angapo asunthauzira ku mafomu ofananawo kupyolera ku makhoti kapena malamulo.

Mkupiti Woletsedwa Ululu ndi Chiphuphu

Ndalama m'ndale zimawopsya kwambiri kusanthula chilungamo. Malamulo amene amachepetsa zopereka, amafuna kuvumbulidwa kwa opereka, ndi kukakamiza kugwiritsa ntchito zipewa zachuma zalinganizidwa kuletsa zisonkhezero zosatsatizana. Komabe, kutsekereza, ndalama zodekha (zofuna ndalama zandale zadziko), ndi ziphuphu zosaloledwa mwachiwembu zingafooketse malamulo ameneŵa. Kukakamiza kuli chitokoso chachikulu. Khoti Lapamwamba la U.S. ndilonjezo [[FLT: 0] Limatsegula chitseko cha United kuti agwiritsire ntchito ndalama zandale mosalekeka, kutsogolera kuwonjezereka m'malamulo a . Mosiyana ndi , maiko okhala ndi masewero aakulu ndi uyang'aniro, monga Germany ndi Sweden, amasunga chidaliro chachikulu m'zochitika za ndawala za .

Kusokoneza Nkhani ndi Kufalitsa Nkhani

Kukula kwa manyuzi a zachikhalidwe kwayambitsa njira yatsopano yosinthira. Akanema aupandu angafalitse chidziŵitso chabodza ponena za njira zovota, oyembekezera, kapena zigamulo za masankho, kufikira mamiliyoni ambiri. Kuyankha kwalamulo kudakali kosintha. Maiko ena apereka malamulo ofuna kuti mapulatifomu atchule malonda andale, kuchotsa zolembedwa zonama, kapena kupereka kuwonekera bwino kwa kukwezedwa koperekedwa. Ena apanga mitundu ina ya masankhoti ochotsa mawu. Komabe, akuswa kulinganiza kwabwino pakati pa kulimbana ndi kuchotsa ndi kutetezera kulankhula kwaufulu. Zitso zapadziko lonse, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi malamulo a European Codence of Distion, amapereka zikalata zimene zimaphatikizapo kuchirikiza kutembenuzatsa kwa malamulo.

Kulimbitsa Malamulo a M’tsogolo

Malamulo a chisankho ayenera kusinthira ku mikhalidwe yosintha. Monga momwe luso la zopangapanga limasinthira, momwemonso mwaŵi wa kuvota kwa pakompyuta, kutengamo mbali kwakutali, ndi kutumiza chidziŵitso. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, maupandu atsopano, kuphatikizapo kuukira kwa pa Intaneti pa zipinda zosankhidwa, mabodza a algamenti, ndi mabodza ozama. Malamulo ayenera kupendedwa nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi kuti atenge maluso abwino ndi macheresi. Mgwirizano wamitundu yonse, wonga kudzera mwa International Institute for Democcialism ndi Electoral Implation ndi [FLT:] ACEALC]

Chidaliro cha anthu onse ndicho mlingo wotheratu wa chipambano cha lamulo. Ngakhale malamulo atsatanetsatane kwambiri sangatsimikizire umphumphu ngati anthu aona kuti iwo ndi atsankho kapena osatsatirika bwino. Chifukwa chake, kudalirana kumafuna osati kulinganiza kwalamulo kokha komanso kutsata, kukambitsirana, ndi machitidwe oonekeratu. Independent gog, chitaganya, ndi manyuzipepala omasuka zonse zimachita mbali zofunika.

Mwakumvetsetsa kuvuta kwa malamulo a chisankho , zitetezero zake, ndi zofooka zake , zingafunikire ndi kutetezera chilungamo ndi kuonekera kumene demokrase imafuna. Kuŵerenganso za madongosolo a osankhidwa ndi njira zokonzanso, kuyang'ana ku ziwiya za Brennan Center for Justice [FLT , [FLT:], [FLT] OF] OFSCE for Democratic Institutions ndi Unionts , ndi [FT:] Stromate for Elctor Systems .