Boma la kumaloko limakhudza pafupifupi mbali iliyonse ya moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, kuyambira pa misewu imene mumayendetsa kupita ku madzi amene mumamwa, kulimba kwa masukulu amene ana anu amapitako, ndi liŵiro limene anthu opereka chithandizo chamwadzidzidzi amafika pamene muitana 911. Ngakhale kuti limakhudzana ndi mavuto ake, ntchito ya zoyang'anira, madera, malokishi, ndi madera ena apadera nthaŵi zambiri sizioneka kwa anthu amene amatumikira. Nkhaniyi imachotsa chitseko cha mmene tauni yanu imachitira zinthu, kupereka zitsanzo zenizeni za boma lakumasamalira ntchito. Mwa kumvetsa ntchito zimenezi ndi anthu kumbuyo kwawo, mungakhale munthu wodziŵa zambiri ndi wodalirana ndi nzika.

Kodi Boma Lakumeneko Nchiyani?

Boma lakumaloko ndilo likulu la maulamuliro a anthu. Limaphatikizapo mabungwe osankhidwa ndi oikidwa amene amalamulira dera linalake la malo monga tauni, chigawo, kapena chigawo chapadera. Ku United States kokha, kuli mabungwe a boma oposa 90,000, malinga ndi bungwe la Census Bureaual . Mabungwewa amapeza ulamuliro wawo kuchokera ku malamulo a boma ndi malamulo, ndipo amagwira ntchito ndi magawo osiyanasiyana a ufulu, malinga ndi lamulo la boma.

Makonzedwe a boma lakumaloko angasiyane kwambiri. Matauni ena amagwira ntchito pansi pa dongosolo lamphamvu [[FLT: 0], kumene meya amatumikira monga mkulu wamkulu wokhala ndi mphamvu pa msonkhano wa mzinda. Ena amagwiritsa ntchito kapangidwe ka ka kaundula wa [[FLT:] kainjiniya], kumene manijala woikidwa amayendetsa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku pamene bungwe losankhidwa likhazikitsa malamulo. Nthaŵi zambiri maOrigilamu amakhala ndi ntchito kapena komiti ya oyang’anira, ndi zigawo zapadera (monga mabodipoti a sukulu, mabwana a madzi, kapena malaibulale) amayang'anira ntchito imodzi. Mosasamala kanthu za ntchito zazikulu, ntchito zofunika: kuyendetsa ntchito, ntchito zofunika, ndi kuvomereza.

Kuzindikira kusiyana kumeneku nkofunika chifukwa chakuti kumakhudza mmene zosankha zimapangira ndi mmene nzika zingawasonkhezerere. Kupenda mozama mitundu ya boma la tauni, National League of Cities [[FLT: 1] kumapereka kufupi kwabwino kwambiri.

Ntchito Yapadera ya Boma Lakumene Tikukhala

Ngakhale kuti anthu a m’madera osiyanasiyana amachita zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimene zimakhudza moyo wa anthu, maboma ambiri a m’maderawa ali ndi udindo wosamalira mbali zotsatirazi:

  • Ubwino wa ku polisi , moto, mautumiki a zachipatala, ndi kusungitsa malamulo.
  • Kuphunzitsa [1] - K-12 sukulu za boma, makoleji a chitaganya, ndi maprogramu a ubwana (kaŵiri zoyang'anira ndi mabodi a sukulu odziimira okha).
  • Thanzi lachipuwa ndi mautumiki a anthu – madipatimenti a zaumoyo, zipatala, ndawala za katemera, ndi mautumiki a anthu osavuta kusamala.
  • Kusintha ndi zoyendera [[FL:1] – misewu, milatho, njira, magetsi a m'misewu, zizindikiro za pamsewu, misewu, kudutsa kwa anthu onse, ndi madzi ndi zinyalala.
  • [[MLET:0] Kulinganiza ndi kumanga [[FL:1] – ndandanda ya nthaka, zilolezo zomangira, kusungidwa kwa mbiri, ndi kulinganiza kochuluka.
  • Mapark ndi zosangulutsa [1] – mapaki a onse, mabwalo, mabwalo a maseŵera, malo a chitaganya, ndi maprogramu a miyambo.
  • Mautumiki a zachikhalidwe – zotayidwa, kukonzedwanso, kuyang'anira madzi otentha, ndi kuyang'anira madzi abwino.
  • [[FUL:0] Ukulu ndi uyang'aniro – kulinganiza, kusonkhetsa msonkho, kugula, ndi kusunga zolemba.

Ntchito iliyonse ya m’tauniyi imachirikizidwa ndi ndalama zimene anthu a m’deralo amapeza (misonkho ya boma, misonkho yogulitsa, ndalama zolipirira ndalama) ndi ndalama zogulitsira boma.

Zitsanzo za Boma la M’deralo Zikugwira Ntchito

Mndandanda wa zinthu zongochitika zokha ndi wothandiza, koma zitsanzo zenizeni za dziko zimathandiza boma la kumaloko kuugwira ntchito. M’munsimu muli madera asanu amene mungathe kuona boma lakwanu likugwira ntchito tsiku lililonse.

1. Chitetezo cha Anthu Onse

Madipatimenti a apolisi, malo ozimira moto, ndi mautumiki a zachipatala ndizo mbali zowonekera kwambiri za boma lakumaloko. Dipatimenti ya apolisi ya mzinda imachitapo kanthu pa avareji ya mafoni 911, olonda, kufufuza milandu, ndi kugwira ntchito ndi magulu a anthu kuti adalire.

Matauni ambiri atenga ma Office [[FLT: 0] a polisi ya U.S. yapereka maprogramu a polisi m'dziko lonse, kumene apolisi amagaŵiridwa kumadera ena ndi kulimbikitsidwa kumanga maunansi ndi anthu okhalamo. Mwachitsanzo, COPS Office Office ya Komiti ya Chilungamo ya U.S yathandiza kuchepetsa upandu ndi kukulitsa chidaliro cha anthu. M’mizinda ina, madipatimenti apolisi amayendetsanso magulu aupandu amene ali ndi akatswiri a zaumoyo kuti ayankhe mafunso okhudza zaumoyo amene apeza mphamvu ya kuchotsa ntchito ya kachitidwe kachitidwe ka machitachita kaundula anthu pa kachitidwe ka chilungamo m'dziko lonse.

Madipatimenti a moto amapereka osati kokha kuletsa moto komanso maphunziro oletsa kutentha, kufufuza malamulo, ndi zinthu zowopsa. Madipatimenti ambiri a moto asintha n'kukhala ndi yankho la la zonse , kutanthauza kuti iwo ali okonzeka kaamba ka zonse kuyambira pa moto wa mpangidwe ku kutayidwa kwa makemikolo ku masoka achilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, mzinda wa Arbor posachedwapa akhazikitsa programu ya anthu opereka chithandizo cha chithandizo chimene chimatumiza kwa opereka chithandizo kwa opereka chithandizo chamwambowo kwa nthaŵi zonse 911 kuti atsatire, kuchepetsa maulendo amwayi ndi zoyendera zamwayi zamwaŵitsa.

Zitsanzo zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti kutetezeka kwa anthu sikulinso kogwirizana, kogwirizana, ndi kogwirizana. Maboma a m’dziko amapenda njira zawo mwa kugwiritsa ntchito milingo, kufufuza kwa chitaganya, ndi machitachita abwino koposa a dziko amene mabungwe monga Mzinda wa Internationalpoted/Coverty Management Association (ICMA).

Mabungwe a Maphunziro ndi Sukulu

Maphunziro a boma ndiwo ndalama zazikulu koposa za maboma ambiri a kumaloko, ndipo amalamulidwa ndi bungwe la sukulu losankhidwa. Mabungwe ameneŵa amakhazikitsa malamulo, amavomereza bajeti, olemba ntchito, ndi kugamula miyezo ya maphunziro m'zitsogozo za boma. Zosankha zopangidwa pa stedi ya sukulu zimaumba zokumana nazo za maphunziro za ana mamiliyoni ambiri.

Talingalirani chitsanzo cha [[FLT: 0] Sukulu za Public Schools . Mofananamo, [FLT: 1] mu 2021 inatengera maphunziro atsopano a sukulu yasekondale amene amagogomezera kuthetsa mavuto enieni a dziko ndi kukonzekera ntchito. Kuyesayesa kunali chotulukapo cha miyezi ya misonkhano yapoyera, zothandizira aphunzitsi, ndi kugwirizana ndi olemba ntchito a kumaloko. Fairfax County School Board [ ku Virginia yagwiritsira ntchito kwambiri maprogramu oyambirira a kuŵerenga ndi kuwonjezera maluso a kuphunzira. Ntchito zimenezi zimayendetsedwa ndi chidziŵitso chapamalowo pa ntchito ndi kuvomereza kwa anthu.

Makomiti a sukulu amalimbananso ndi mavuto monga kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zothandizira sukulu, kutetezeka, mautumiki a zamaganizo, ndi luso la zopangapanga. Mliri wa Covid-19 unasonyeza kufunika kwa mabungwe a sukulu zakumaloko popanga zosankha za mwamsanga zokhudza maphunziro akutali, malamulo a kubisa nkhope, ndi zipatala zothandizira akatemera. M'madera ambiri, misonkhano ya mamembala a sukulu inakhala malo ofunika kwambiri kuti anthu agwirizane.

Ngati mukufuna kumvetsa mmene komiti ya sukulu ya kwanuko imagwirira ntchito, pezekani pa msonkhano kapena pitani pa webusaiti ya chigawo. Mabodi ambiri amalemba nkhani ndi mphindi pa Intaneti, ndi ambiri akukhala m'madera ena. Kuti aone ndandanda ya sukulu kukhala yoyang’anira, bungwe la National Boards School Association [1]

Mautumiki a Zaumoyo wa Anthu Onse

Madipatimenti a zaumoyo a m’deralo ndiwo amathandiza kwambiri pa zaumoyo wa anthu. Amayang’anira matenda, amaika machipatala, amapereka mankhwala, malesitilanti, ndi kuyendetsa ntchito zaumoyo. Mliri wa COVID-19, madipatimenti ameneŵa anakhala ndi maina a panyumba pamene anali kuyesa malo, kugaŵira katemera, ndi kulankhulana kwa anthu.

Chitsanzo chosiyana ndicho Department ya Zaumoyo ku Arizona, imene inagwirizana ndi mabungwe a anthu kukhazikitsa magulu a katemera wa m’magawo osungidwa. Kuyesayesa kunadalira pa chidziŵitso cha kudziŵikitsa madera ndi katemera wotsika, kenaka kutumiza maveni ku matchalitchi, malo a chitaganya, ndi nyumba za anthu. Oposa 100,000 anaperekedwa ku pulogalamu imeneyi, kuchepetsa kwambiri kupezeka kwa katemera.

Pambuyo pa kuyankha kwa mliri, madipatimenti a zaumoyo akumasamalira nkhani zosatha monga kunenepa kwambiri, kumwerekera ndi chakudya, ndi kutetezereka kwa chakudya. Ambiri amagwiritsira ntchito akazi, makanda, ndi Ana (Wic) maprogramu opereka chakudya chopatsa thanzi kwa mabanja ochepera opeza. Ena amagwirizana ndi masukulu kupereka mautumiki athanzi amaganizo. Mwachitsanzo, King County ku Washington imasamalira nyumba za zaumoyo zothandizira anthu okhoza kudwala, kupereka uphungu wa zamakhalidwe abwino, ndi mautumiki a mano kwa ophunzira pasukulu.

Maboma a m’derali amapulumutsa anthu ndiponso kuchepetsa ndalama zimene amawononga posamalira matenda.

4. Kuthandiza Anthu Kusamalira ndi Kuthandizana

Maboma a m’derali ndi amene ali ndi udindo wokonza, kumanga, ndi kukonza zinthu zimenezi. Ngati chiboo chadzaza, chizindikiro cha galimoto chikukonzedwa, kapena kutsekeka kwa madzi, ndiye kuti boma la m’deralo likugwira ntchito.

Zosankha za malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri zimaphatikizapo mfundo zazikulu za anthu. Matauni ambiri amagwiritsira ntchito misonkhano ya m’holo ya tauni [[FLT:] kuti apereke ntchito zofunidwa, kusonkhanitsa chivomerezo, ndi kuyankha mafunso. Mwachitsanzo, mzinda wa Portland, Oregon [FLT] anali ndi mpambo wa nyumba zotseguka kuti afotokozere misewu yaikulu imene ingawonjezere njira zotetezedwa, kuwongolera makwalala oyendera njinga, ndi kuchepetsa liŵiro la galimoto. Anthu anali okhoza kuona masinthidwe, kulankhula kwa mainjiniya, ndi mawu. Makonzedwe omalizira olembedwapo malangizo ambiriwo, kutsogolera ku malo otetezeka ndi opezekapo.

Chida china champhamvu ndicho mapulani a kuwongolera , ndandanda ya zaka zambiri ya ntchito zazikulu za m'mafakitale. Maboma amafalitsa ma CIP awo pa Intaneti ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amapempha anthu kuti awathandize. Mu SAN Antonio, Texas [1] , CIP imaphatikizapo thumba lopatulidwa lothandizira kukonza njira ndi magwirizanidwe atsopano, oyendetsedwa ndi gulu la anthu olembedwa ntchito limene limatchula malo oyamba.

Malamulo ndi oyendetsanso kwambiri zachuma. Misewu yodalirika ndi zipangizo zodalirika zimakopa mabizinesi ndi mapindu a katundu. American Road & Transportaers Association imadziŵitsa kuti ndalama zonse zopitidwa mu misewu yaikulu zimachirikiza ntchito za magetsi pafupifupi 27,000. Malo a boma a boma, ngakhale pamlingo waung'ono, amapanga ntchito za kumaloko ndi kusonkhezera chuma.

Kulinganiza, Kudzikongoletsa, ndi Kukonzanso Dziko Kukugwiritsira Ntchito

Kulinganiza ndi kumanga malo amasankha kumene kungamangidwe, mmene chitukuko chachikulu chingakhalire, ndi mmene mudzi udzakhalire mtsogolo. Maboma akumalo amagwiritsira ntchito mapulani okhutiritsa, malamulo omanga, ndi malamulo a magawo kuti atsogolere kukula kwa chitaganya ndi chuma chachilengedwe.

Chitsanzo chooneka bwino chimachokera ku laudole, Colorado , yomwe yagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthaŵi yaitali kutetezera malo otseguka ndi kuchepetsa. Lamulo la greenbelt la mzindawo limaletsa kupangidwa kwa maluŵa ndi zidutswa. Lamulo limeneli lathandiza kuti moyo wa Boulder ukhale wabwino kwambiri ndi chuma cholimba, ngakhale kuti limaletsanso kumanga nyumba tauni, kuchititsa kuti anthu ambiri azikhala ndi mavuto.

Mabungwe omanga mapulani ndi ntchito zokonzekera ndi kumene anthu akakhala ndi chiyambukiro chachindunji. Anthu oikidwa kapena osankhidwa a bungwe la makampani amapenda malingaliro a magawo atsopano, zitukuko za malonda, ndi kusintha kwa nyumba zomwe zilipo. Mu Chapel Hill, North Carolina [1], bungwe lokonzekera posachedwapa linakambirana za kuyambitsa ntchito yosagwirizana pafupi ndi malo a kampani. Anthu a m'deralo analongosola nkhaŵa za magalimoto ndi kutalika kwa ntchito, pamene mabizinesi a kumaloko anatsutsana ndi nyumba zothandizira antchito. Bungwe linavomereza kuti pakhale makampani okongola a nyumba ndi kuima kwa mabasi opangika.

Zosankha za pa mtunda zimagwirizananso ndi zolinga za malo okhala. Maboma ambiri tsopano amaphatikizapo misewu yosatha [1] malamulo, ofuna kuti misewu yatsopano ikhale ndi anthu oyenda pansi, oyendetsa njinga, ndi ogwiritsa ntchito apaulendo. Ena atenga malamulo opangira zinthu zachibadwidwe [ omwe amathandiza kuti mphamvu ziyende bwino ndi kuyendetsa madzi a mkuntho. American Planning Association [ imapereka ziwiro zothandiza anthu kulondola zomanga zomanga zomanga zobiriwira pamene akusamalira ufulu wa katundu.

Kugwirizana ndi Boma Lakumene Mumakhala

Boma lakumaloko limagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri ngati nzika zikugwira ntchito. Kugawana si kuvota pa chisankho cha boma (chimene kaŵirikaŵiri chimakhala chotsika). Nazi njira zambiri zochitira nawo mbali ndi kumvetsa mawu anu:

  • Misonkhano yapoyera yochitidwa pasadakhale – bungwe la Mzinda, bungwe la sukulu, mabungwe okonzekera, ndi ma pulatifomu ena amachititsa misonkhano yapoyera yokhazikika. Ambiri tsopano amapereka zosankha za opezekapo. Oyang'anira mapu a pasadakhale ndi kukonzekera kulankhula mkati mwa nyengo zopereka ndemanga poyera.
  • Kutumikira pa pulatifomu kapena komiti [1] - maofesi ambiri ali ndi nzika za nzika za mapaki, kulinganiza, kusungidwa kwa mbiri, maunansi a anthu, ndi zina zambiri. Mapangano kaŵirikaŵiri amalengezedwa ndi kutsegulidwa kwa nzika zonse. Ili njira yachindunji ya kusonkhezera malamulo.
  • Wothandiza pa ntchito za chitaganya [1] - maboma a madera amadalira antchito odzifunira kaamba ka kuyeretsa paki, kubzala mitengo, kuyang'anira malo oyandikana nawo, ndi kukonzekera tsoka. Maprogramu aufulu amamanga likulu la mayanjano ndi ndalama zowonjezera za antchito.
  • Kampani ya mafufuzidwe ndi kulinganiza bajeti yopezeka bwino - tauni zambiri zimagwiritsira ntchito mayeso a pa Intaneti kapena kulinganiza kwa mapulogalamu apadera kuti apeze mfundo zofunikira pa zinthu zofunika. Mwachitsanzo, mu Cambridge, Massachusetts , anthu anavota kuti apereke bwanji ndalama zokwana madola 2 miliyoni pa ntchito zapamudzi, kuchokera ku mitengo kupita ku zojambula za anthu onse.
  • Kukumana ndi akuluakulu anu osankhidwa – Imeli kapena foni yolembedwa bwino kwa chiŵalo cha bungwe kapena konpitanti ya boma ingadzutse kuzindikira nkhani. Akuluakulu a boma amayembekezeredwa kumvetsera kwa oimira, ndipo mauthenga angapo olingaliridwa angasinthe zinthu zofunika.
  • Sankhani kudzera m'manyuzipepala akuno [1] , onerera nyuzipepala zakomweko, ndi kutsatira maakaunti a za mayanjano. Maboma ambiri tsopano amapereka mapepala a email okhala ndi zomasulila pa ntchito ndi zochitika.

Kudziloŵetsa mu ukwati kungakuchititseni mantha, koma musaphonye nkhani imodzi imene ili ndi nkhani yofunika kwa inu, monga kukonza nyumba, kapena kukonza ndalama za kusukulu, ndi kuitsatira m’njira ya kumaloko.

Kumaliza

Boma la kumaloko si gulu lapadera; ndi gulu la akuluakulu osankhidwa, antchito aluso, ndi anthu otomerana amene amapitirizabe kuyendetsa chitaganya chanu. Kuchokera ku kutsimikizira kuti opereka chithandizo chamwadzidzidzi akonzeka patangopita, kachitidwe kalikonse kamasonyeza kulinganiza, kugamula, ndi kupha. Zitsanzo za m’nkhani ino . "kutetezereka kwapoyera, maphunziro, umoyo wa anthu, nyumba, ndi dziko zikugwiritsira ntchito [1]

Kuzindikira ntchito zimenezi ndi sitepe loyamba la kukhala wokangalika m'mudzi mwanu. Mukadziŵa mmene tauni yanu imachitira zinthu, mungachirikize mogwira mtima kwambiri, kuthandizira mopindulitsa, ndi kuthandiza kukonza malo amene mumawatcha kunyumba. Boma la kumaloko siliri ntchito ya munthu wina. Ndilo thayo limodzi ndipo ndi mwaŵi umodzi. Khalani ophatikizidwa, khalani ndi chidwi, ndi kuwona tauni yanu ikukula bwino.