Mmene Maboma Amathandizira: Kukulitsa Mmene Zinthu Zimayendera Pophunzira

Malo amakono ndi maziko a chitaganya. Malo, maloboti, madongosolo a madzi, magetsi amagetsi, ndi zipangizo zamakono zonsezo zimadalira pa kulinganiza dala, kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama, ndi kupha kwaluso. Koma ndani amapanga madongosolo ameneŵa? Yankho lake si mlingo umodzi wa boma lokha. M’malo mwake, ntchito zamphamvu kwambiri za m'mafakitale zimachokera ku kugwirizanitsa mosamala kwambiri kwa malo, boma, ndi boma. Nkhaniyi imakulitsa kufufuza mofufuza mowonjezereka mmene boma lililonse limapangira mphamvu zapadera .

Malamulo a Boma

Mayiko ambiri amalinganiza maboma awo m'mizere. Ku United States, milongo imeneyo ndi yakwawo (miyalo, madera apadera), boma, ndi boma. Mlingo uliwonse uli ndi ulamuliro walamulo kapena walamulo pa ntchito ya dziko, msonkho, malamulo, ndi ntchito za anthu. Kumvetsa mfundo zimenezi n’kofunika chifukwa chakuti siichedwa kulowa mu ulamuliro umodzi wokha. Pa pulojekiti imodzi ya msewu ingafunike chilolezo cha kumaloko, chilolezo cha boma, ndi ndalama zothandizira.

Boma Lakumeneko: Mzera Wosatsutsika wa Malamulo

Maboma a m’maderawa amayang'anira anthu ndi zinthu zamakono monga: misewu, njira, mapaipi a madzi, mapaki, malo oyendera anthu onse, ndi zotayidwa. Amayandikira kwambiri kwa nzika ndipo amalabadira kwambiri zofuna za anthu, koma amagwiritsiranso ntchito ndalama zotsala kwambiri. Ndalama za m'dziko zimachokera makamaka pa misonkho ya katundu, misonkho ya malonda, ndi ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito zomwe zingasokonezeke pakagwa mavuto a zachuma.

Phunziro la Kupenda 1: Makwalala Onse ku Portland, Oregon

Mzinda wa Portland wakhala mtsogoleri wa dziko lonse kugwiritsa ntchito “Masewera Ozungulira . M’malo mopanga misewu ya galimoto zokha, mzinda umasintha misewu kuti anthu azikhala bwino, oyenda panjinga, ndi oyenda panja. Mu 2018, Portland Bureau of Transportland inayambitsa ntchito yaikulu yoteteza magalimoto ku Southeast Division Street, kuwonjezera njira zotetezedwa za njinga, misewu yozungulira misewu yaikulu, ndi kukonza bwino malo odutsa. Boma la kumaloko linatetezedwa ndi ndalama kudzera m'maboonti a mzinda, maawilo a boma, ndi pulogalamu yapansi yapansi ya zoyendera. Chotsatira chinali kutsika kwa 40% mayendedwe m'misewu m'zaka zitatu. Nkhani imeneyi ikusonyeza mmene atsogoleri a kumaloko angayendetsegule ndi malo otetezeka kwambiri kuti atetezere.

Kufufuza za Kayeso 2: Ku Flint, Michigan, Kumene Kuli Njira Zoyendera Madzi

Vuto la madzi la Flint ndi chikumbutso chochititsa chidwi cha zimene zimachitika pamene dongosolo la malo a boma lakwawo lilephera. Mu 2014, mzindawo unasintha madzi ake n'kukaloŵa mu Mtsinje wa Flint popanda kuyendetsa bwino. Chotulukapo n’chakuti: kutsogolera mapaipi aukalamba ku madzi akumwa. Pamene kuli kwakuti vuto losonyeza kulephera kwa boma ndi milingo ya boma, linagogomezeranso ntchito yofunika ya makampani a m'dzikolo ndi mabungwe a boma. M'mbuyo mwake, mzindawo unayambitsa programu yosintha mapine, yoyendetsera ndi ndalama za boma ndiponso ndalama zothandizira. Pofika 2023, mizere yautumiki yoposa 30,000 inasintha. Flint ikugogomezera kuti maboma a m'dzikololeni ayenera kukhala ndi uyang'aniro wodalirika, komanso kuti athe kupambana popanda ntchito yapamwamba pamene ntchito ya boma yapangika

Kuphunzira Kachitatu: Zilembo Zochenjera Zosonyeza Magalimoto Athu ku Austin, Texas

Austin akukula mofulumira kwambiri. Dipatimenti ya zoyendera ya mzindawu inayamba ntchito yodziŵitsa anthu zaluso mu 2021, kukhazikitsa njira zoyendetsera magalimoto pa makwalala 500. Makompyutawa amagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zenizeni zapamsewu posintha nthawi ya zizindikiro, kuchepetsa kuchuluka ndi kutulutsa zinthu. Ndalama zinachokera ku mgwirizano wa kumaloko wovomerezeka ndi anthu osankhidwa ndi boma lopatsa madongosolo a zoyendera aluso. M’zaka ziwiri zokha, maulendo a pa makosipo ofunikira otsika ndi 12%. Boma lakwanulo linachita ntchito ngati intaneti, kutsimikizira kuti kuyendetsa zinthu zamakono kungabweretse mwamsanga ngakhale popanda zopereka zazikulu kapena zopereka za boma.

Boma: Wogwirizanitsa Maboma

Boma limayang'anira misewu ya m'mayiko osiyanasiyana ndi m'boma. Iwo amayang'anira misewu ya m'mayiko, zipilala za boma, madoko, mabwalo a ndege, ndi ntchito za madzi zazikulu zimene zimadutsa madera. Maboma amayang'aniranso kupenda malo okhala, malamulo omanga, ndi zilolezo zambiri. Makampani awo akupereka ndalama monga misonkho ya zokongoletsera mafuta, ndalama zolembera galimoto, ndi ndalama zoyendetsera ndalama za boma, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri zowonjezera pa ndalama za boma zoyendetsera misewu.

Phunziro la Nkhani 4: Kufutukuka kwa Zigaŵenga mu Austin ku San Antonio

Department of Transportation (TxDOTT) imayang'anira imodzi ya katundu woyenda kwambiri ndi malo okwera kwambiri m'dzikolo: Interstate 35 pakati pa Austin ndi San Antonio. Mipukutu ya kayendedwe pa malo ameneŵa ikuposa 200,000 galimoto patsiku. Mu 2022, TxDOT inayamba ntchito yofutukulidwa ya ndalama zokwana madola 3 biliyoni yomwe idzawonjezera njira ziŵiri kumbali iliyonse, kukonzanso mabasi opangika mofulumira. Iyi ndi projekiti ya boma yotchuka: imalandira ndalama zambiri, imalandira ndalama zonse ziŵiri za petroli ndi ndalama za misewu ya boma, ndi maadireshoni a za za za zachuma. TxDOTTTTD gwirizana ndi mabungwe a boma a m'matauni akwawa ndi mabungwe a za m'dziko. Maboma a boma satha kukonza njira yoyendetsera ntchito ya boma.

Kupenda Kachitidwe 5: Maso a Rail Wailel Yapamwamba ya California

California ndi California akupanga ntchito yaikulu ya sitima yapansi pa dziko lapansi yofuna kugwirizanitsa San Francisco ndi Los Angeles ndi sitima zamagetsi zoyenda pa liŵiro la 220 mph. California High Rail Authority inapangidwa ndi lamulo la boma. Ndalama zachokera ku maungwe a boma (Proclation 1A, yovomerezedwa mu 2008) ndi ndalama zoperekedwa ndi boma, ngakhale kuti ntchitoyi yayang'anizana ndi ndalama zopitira ndi chitsutso cha ndale. Pofika 2024, kumangidwa kwa chigawo cha 171 m'chaka cha Central Valley. Ngakhale ndi mavuto ake, ntchitoyi imasonyeza kuti boma likhoza kukonzanso zoyendera katundu amene akudutsa malire a dzikolo ndi kupambana nyengo ndi kusungika kwa chuma kwa nthaŵi yaitali.

Phunziro 6: Kumidzi Ku Minnesota

Boma la Minnesota lafutukula kwambiri kufalikira kwa mantha zapamidzi. Kupyolera mu Bordband Development Grant Program, Dipatimenti ya Minnesota ya Ntchito ndi Development imapereka ndalama zofanana kwa othandizira a pa Intaneti yakwawo. Mu 2023, boma linagaŵira $100 miliyoni kaamba ka ntchito zogwirizanitsa malo osasungidwa ndi osungidwa kwambiri. Imeneyi ndi njira ya boma yapamwamba, ngakhale kuti imalandira ndalama za boma kuchokera ku Broadband Equity, Accescrence, ndi Deployment (BEAD) pulogalamu ya boma limakhazikitsa miyezo ya kuthamanga kochepera, malo osungiramo ndalama zapamwamba, ndi malonda a zachinsinsi achinsinsi. Nkhani imeneyi ikusonyeza mmene boma lingawongowongowongoletsera kuzungulira malo akwanitsira zinthu akwake a za sayansi.

Boma: Limachepetsa Umphawi

Boma la boma makamaka ndalama ndi kuyendetsa zinthu zofunika za dziko. Zida zake zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama mwachindunji, kupereka ndalama, kupereka msonkho, ndi kuyang’anira boma (mwachitsanzo, kupenda malo okhala, miyezo ya chitetezo). Kuika ndalama pa kampani kumakhala kofuna kupeza kulingana, mpikisano wa zachuma, ndi kutetezeka kwa dziko.

Kupenda za Kudwala 7: Njira Yapamwamba ya Interstate — Chizindikiro cha Federal Land

Bungwe la Federal-Aid Highway Act la 1956 ndi lovomerezedwa ndi Pulezidenti Eisenhower , Interstate Highway System ndi njira yosinthira kwambiri zaumoyo m'mbiri ya United States. Boma linakwaniritsa 90% ya ndalama zomangira kupyolera ku Highway Trust Fund, , yolipiridwa ndi boma la boma la boma lakumamanga ndi kusungitsa misewu ku miyezo ya boma. Dongosolo lino likuyendetsa malo oposa makilomita 40,000 ndipo likuyendetsa malo a America, kuwonjezeka kwa malonda, ndi malonda apakati pa dziko. Ngakhale lerolino, Interstate Highway Sy Systey Sy idakali chitsanzo chachikulu cha utsogoleri wa boma pokhazikitsa dongosolo logwirizanitsa zoyendera dziko lonse.

Phunziro Lachiyambi la 8: Federal Transit Administration Grants kaamba ka Kusintha kwamakono

Federal Transit Administration (FTA) imapatsa ndalama zoyendetsera ndalama za ku Bereshoni ya malikulu (New Stars ndi Small Stars) zimene zimathandiza mizinda kumanga njanji zatsopano ndi njira zoyendera za mabasi zothamanga. Mu 2023, FTA inapereka $2,3 biliyoni kuti ipange ntchito, kuphatikizapo Purple Line Learp ku Maryland ndi Bus Rapid Transit system ku Alquerque, Mexico. Izi zimapatsa ndalama zoyendera limodzi ndi ndalama zokwera mtengo kwambiri. Ntchito ya boma ndiyo kupereka ndalama zokhazikika, ndalama zothandizira mizinda yaitali kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zoyendetsera chuma zimene zingatheke ndi chuma chakomwe. Zimenezi zikugogomezera kwambiri mmene kuyendetsa malonda kwamakonokunga kukuchepetsa kuyendera kwa carbon ndi kutulutsa mpweya wamakono.

Kupenda Nkhani 9: Gulu la Asilikali Opanga ndi Kulamulira Chigumula

Bungwe la asilikali la United States la Authority of Engines (bungwe la boma) limapanga ndi kumanga nyumba zazikulu zotetezera madzi monga leves, madamu, ndi zopinga zowomba ndi mphepo yamkuntho. Pambuyo pa mphepo ya mkuntho Katrina, Corps anamaliza kuyendetsa mphepo ya mkuntho yamphamvu yokwana madola 4.5 biliyoni ndi Traffic Reduction System ya New Orleans . Dokosololi limaphatikizapo chiwopsezetso cha chimphepo chachikulu pa Inner Harbor Kaval ndi malee. Kuthandiza ndi luso la umisiri kunali kofunika chifukwa chakuti mlingo ndi kuvuta kupitirira kwa boma kapena mphamvu za dziko. Ntchitoyi za mkupiti wa chionetsero cha kumbuyo chivomezi kuchokera pamene inatha mu 2018.

Mavuto Apadera M’mayiko Ena

Ngakhale kuti mlingo uliwonse umabweretsa mphamvu zosiyanasiyana, iwo amakumananso ndi mavuto amene angalepheretse kupita patsogolo kwa zinthu zofunika m’mafakitale.

  • Boma lakwanuko likulimbana ndi zipinda za ndalama zochepa ndi chiŵerengero cha anthu. Matauni ambiri satha kulipira mainjiniya aluso kapena olinganiza zinthu, zimene zimatsogolera ku ntchito mmalo mwa kuyendetsa zinthu zamakono. Kusoŵa kwa chuma kungapange maprojekiti okwera mtengo pa munthu aliyense.
  • Boma ladziko liyenera kulipirira zinthu za m'chigawo chopikisana. Wopanga malamulo wa boma wa m’mudzi angatsutse ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito yaikulu yotumiza anthu, pamene kuli kwakuti woimira wa m’tauni angatsutse misewu ya pa famu yopita ku makampani. Zipilala zandale zingasokoneze mapulani a zachuma a zaka zambiri. Mabungwe a boma amayang'anizananso ndi ntchito zoyendera mu ertidia ndi zoyendera zochokera ku zifuno za boma.
  • Boma la `FLT'] likuyang'anizana ndi malingaliro osinthasintha a njira zothandizira ndalama (m'chitsanzo, kuwonjezeka kwa msonkho wa mafuta, ngongole). Kusinthasintha kwa chaka ndi chaka kumayambitsa kusatsimikizirika kwa ntchito zimene zimafuna mapangano khumi. Kuwonjezera apo, kupenda ndi kulola malo okhala kungatenge zaka zambiri, ngakhale ntchito zofunika kwambiri. Vuto ndilo kusunga zinthu zofunika kwambiri za dziko pamene likulola kusintha kwa malowo.

Madongosolo a zinthu za m’mafakitale amene amathandiza kwambiri ndi amene amathandiza kuti boma lizidziwa kuti limadalirana komanso kuti lizigwira ntchito mogwirizana.

Kuthandiza kwa Ntchito Yofuna Kuziphunzitsa: Maphunziro Ochokera pa Zochita

Pamene maboma akwawo, boma, ndi a boma alinganiza zofunika zawo ndi chuma, zotsatira zake zingakhale zapadera. Chitsanzo chimodzi chodziŵika ndicho kugwirizana kwa ma Bridge a Tappan Zee ku New York. Kazembe watsopano Mario M. Cuomo Bridge, 3.1-milee , inali ntchito ya boma (New York State Thruway Authority) koma analandira $1,6 biliyoni ya boma Yoyendetsa Infraublicalication Mecance ndi Innovation Act (TIA) ndi ndalama zoyendetsera misewu ya boma. Maboma a m'dzikolo anagawana nawo pa mayeso a malo ndi kugwirizana ndi njira zapanja. Ntchitoyo inaperekedwa patsogolo pa ndandanda ndi ndalama, rarrar in biblic. Kupambanaku kunayendetsedwa ndi kuyendetsedwa ndi kuyang'atsa malonda, ndi kuyendera limodzi, ndi kuyendera limodzi.

Chitsanzo china ndi Alameda Corridor, njanji ya sitima ya miyeso 20 yolumikiza madoko a Los Angeles ndi Long Beach ku kampani ya sitima yapansi pa dziko. Ntchito imeneyi inali yogwirizana pakati pa mizinda iŵiriyi, Los Angeles County, boma . Mtengo uliwonse unapereka ndalama, zilolezo, ndi chichirikizo cha ndale. Zotsatira zake zinali kuchepa kwakukulu kwa galimoto yokwera m’misewu ya kumaloko ndi katundu. Ntchitoyi inamalizidwa mu 2002 ndipo idakalibe maofesi a boma la California, ndi boma.

Mapeto: Kulamulira Zinthu Zofunika pa Mkhalidwe Wosalangiza

Kufufuza nkhani koperekedwa pano kumasonyeza kuti mlingo wa nkhani za boma kwambiri kuti zitukuke. Maboma a m’dziko amapambana pa ntchito zaunyinji wa chitaganya ndi kulabadira mofulumira koma amafunikira thandizo la ndalama kaamba ka ntchito zazikulu. Maboma ndi ogwirizanitsa a chigawo ndipo angayende bwino m'malo osiyanasiyana, koma angasokonezedwe ndi kusagwirizana kwa ndale. Boma la Federal limapereka nthaŵi yaitali, ndalama zoyendetsera zinthu ndi kuika miyezo ya dziko, komabe angaone ngati ali kutali ndi zosoŵa za kumaloko. Madongosolo apamwamba kwambiri a maofesi a zinthu amabuka pamene awonjezera chuma chawo, maluso, ndi ulamuliro.

Kwa aphunzitsi, ophunzira, ndi opanga malamulo, kumvetsetsa mphamvu zimenezi nkofunika. Kumagogomezera kuti maziko okhazikika saali kokha a konkire ndi chitsulo . Mwa kuphunzira kuchokera ku chipambano chenicheni cha dziko ndi kulephera, atsogoleri a mtsogolo angapange kulimba kowonjezereka, kopanda malire, ndi madongosolo opindulitsa. Kufufuza kowonjezereka, kuona U.S Department of Transports kaamba ka malamulo a boma, Conferaline of State Legistrations kaamba ka kugawana kwa boma, ndi [FLT:] National Leaguety of Cieslands [FFFFD] ya boma. [FFFF]]