Malamulo a boma m'dziko lililonse amachita mbali yaikulu m'kuumba zochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku za nzika zake, kaŵirikaŵiri m’njira zosadziŵika. Mkhalidwe wa misewu imene mumayendetsa, kulimba kwa sukulu ya mwana wanu, kutetezeka kwa madzi amene mumamwa, ndi liŵiro limene mautumiki amwa m’dzikolo amayankha mavuto ndi zotulukapo zonse zachindunji za kupyola m'maboma osiyanasiyana. Ku United States, dongosolo locholoŵana la boma limagaŵana mphamvu ndi thayo pakati pa dziko, boma, ndi mabungwe a boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti nthaŵi zina dongosololi lingamve kukhala lopanda nzeru kapena logwirizana ndi dziko lenileni, ziyambukiro zake zenizeni ndi zotsimikizirika. Nkhaniyi imaswa mmene mlingo uliwonse wa boma umachitira ntchito, kugwiritsira ntchito ntchito ntchito mautumiki aakulu a maphunziro ndi ntchito ntchito ntchito yothandiza kwambiri.

Kumvetsa Malamulo a Ulamuliro

Kuti timvetsetse mmene boma limakhudzira moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, nkofunika choyamba kuzindikira mbali zosiyanasiyana zimene maulamuliro a kumaloko, boma, ndi boma achita. Malo ameneŵa samagwira ntchito monga apamwamba nthaŵi zonse; m’malo mwake, amagwira ntchito m'zochitika zosiyanasiyana, kaŵirikaŵiri amagaŵana thayo ndi ndalama pa ntchito zazikulu za anthu. Kusiyana kwakukulu kuli m’maudindo awo ndi kuchuluka kwa zochita zawo.

Boma Lakumeneko: Kachipangizo Kothandiza Kukhoma

Maboma akwawo . kuphatikizapo magawo, matauni, ndi magawo a sukulu ndilo mlingo wa ulamuliro wapafupi kwambiri ndi anthu. Zosankha zawo nzimene zimaonekera kwambiri ndipo zimayambukira mwachindunji moyo wa m'mudzi. Boma la m'dzikolo limakhudza mautumiki ambiri ofunika:

  • [[FLT: 0] Kuphunzitsa: [[FLT :1] Mabungwe a sukulu a kumaloko ndi magawo ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu pa maphunziro, ogwira ntchito, kulinganiza, ndi kukonza malo a sukulu za K-12. Kumeneku ndi kumene "rabber imakumana ndi msewu" m'maphunziro a anthu onse, monga momwe misonkho ya katundu yakumaloko imapanga magwero amodzi a ndalama za sukulu.
  • Kutetezera kwa polisi: Madipatimenti a polisi a polisi a polisi, malo ozimira moto, ndi mautumiki a zachipatala (EMS) amayang'anizidwa kwambiri m'malo akwanuko. Nthaŵi za kuyankha, njira zotetezera upandu, ndi malamulo a moto onse amapangidwa ndi malamulo a kumaloko ndi ma bajeti.
  • Ictrablicature ndi Zoning: [[FLT :1] Maboma akuno amayang'anira kukonzedwa kwa misewu yakwawo, njira, magetsi a m’khwalala, malo osungirako madzi, ndi makampani okonza malo. Mabungwe okonzera malo asankha kuti agwiritse ntchito, kugamula kaya malowo adzakhale sukulu, malo ogulira zinthu, kapena kumanga nyumba.
  • Madipatimenti a zaumoyo a kumaloko amayang'anira kusanthula kopaleshoni, kufufuza kwa matenda, ndi maprogramu a katemera m'chitaganya. Kusonkhanitsa zinthu ndi ntchito zobwezeretsa ndi ntchito zilinso ntchito za kumaloko.

Boma: Wolamulira wa M’chigawo

Maboma amatumikira monga operekera mauthenga alamulo ndi aulamuliro m’dongosolo la boma. Iwo ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu pa madera amene sanaperekedwe mwachindunji ku boma la boma ndi Constitution ya United States. Ulamuliro umenewu umaphatikizapo kulamulira malonda a dziko, lamulo la boma la upandu, kutumiza mamembala a ntchito, ndi kapangidwe ka maboma a kumaloko iwo eni.

  • Kuphunzitsa: Madipatimenti a Boma a maphunziro a maphunziro a sukulu za boma, kupereka mayeso a boma onse, kuyang'anira zikalata zauphunzitsi, ndi kugaŵira ndalama za boma ku zigawo zakwawo. Madongosolo a maphunziro apamwamba a boma, kuphatikizapo mayunivesite a boma ndi makoleji a anthu onse, amalamulidwa pa mlingo uno.
  • Madipatimenti a boma a zoyendera (DOT) ali ndi udindo womanga ndi kukonza misewu ya boma, misewu yachiwiri, ndi milatho yosayendera dongosolo la boma. Amayang'aniranso kuyendetsa galimoto (DMV), kulembetsa galimoto, ndi apolisi kapena msewu.
  • Maboma a Chipatala ndi Mautumiki a Anthu: amayendetsa maprogramu aakulu a zaumoyo onga Medicaid ndi Children’s Health Inshuwalansis program (CHIP). Iwo amayang'aniranso zipatala za boma, amayang'anira malaboratori a zaumoyo wa anthu onse, ndi kuyang'anira kakhalidwe ka ana ndi njira zosamalira.

Boma: Malamulo a Boma ndi Ndalama

Boma la boma limakhala ndi maulamuliro oŵerengera maulamuliro okhudzana ndi chitetezo cha dziko, malamulo a maiko akunja, malonda a mayiko akunja, ndi ndalama. Pamene kuli kwakuti mbali yake yeniyeni m'mautumiki atsiku ndi tsiku imaoneka kukhala yopereŵera, chisonkhezero chake nchachikulu, makamaka mwa mphamvu yake ya zachuma ndi kukhoza kwake kuika miyezo ya dziko.

  • [[FLT: 0] Kuphunzitsa: Dipatimenti ya Maphunziro ya U.S. imapereka ndalama zazikulu ku maiko ndi zigawo . Nthaŵi zambiri ndi zitsatizo zogwirizana. Malamulo onga ngati Wophunzira Aliyense Wenefieds Act (ESA) ndi Alungu Okhala ndi Chiletso cha Maphunziro (IDEA) amalamulira miyezo ndi chitetezo chapadera posinthanitsa ndalama za boma. Boma limakhazikitsanso malamulo a ufulu wa anthu pankhani ya tsankho m’masukulu.
  • Infractive : Malo a boma a ndalama zaunyinji waukulu monga Interstate Highway System, mabwalo a ndege, ndi mabwalo a ndege kupyolera mwa mabungwe onga Federal Highway Administration (FHA) ndi Federal Transit Administration (FTA). Federal kaŵirikaŵiri amapatsa mlingo wa ndalama zowonongedwa pa ntchito za boma, kusonkhezera zofunika za chigawo. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) imakhazikitsa miyezo ya dziko kaamba ka madzi oyera ndi mpweya zimene boma ndi maboma a m'dziko ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito.
  • Indamu Yabwino ndi Emergency Management :[FL:1] The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) imagwirizanitsa kuyankha tsoka ndi kupereka chithandizo cha ndalama ku boma ndi boma kuti lipangenso pambuyo pa masoka achilengedwe. Khoka la chitetezo limeneli la boma ndilo mbali yofunika kwambiri yochirikizira.
"Ndi chimodzi cha zochitika zosangalatsa za dongosolo la boma kuti Boma limodzi lolimba mtima, ngati nzika zake zisankha, lingatumikire monga laboratori; ndipo liyeseni kufufuza kwa kakhalidwe ndi chuma kwatsopano popanda ngozi kumbali zonse za dzikolo. ” — Justice Louis Brandeis

Maphunziro: Kuchokera ku Makalasi a M’derali Kufika ku Lamulo la Dziko Lonse

Maphunziro amatumikira monga kufufuza kwamphamvu kwambiri m'magawo a boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti boma limasonkhezera mwa kupereka ndalama ndi kutetezera ufulu wachibadwidwe, ndipo maboma amakhazikitsa miyezo yofala ndi kugaŵira chuma, ntchito ya tsiku ndi tsiku ya sukulu idakali ntchito yakomwe. Zimenezi zimapanga dongosolo lovuta la kuŵerengera mlandu ndi kupereka ndalama zimene zimayambukira mwachindunji zotulukapo za ophunzira.

Kuloŵerera kwa Makomiti a Sukulu A m’Malo Akwawo

Ku United States, pafupifupi 13,000 a makomiti osankhidwa a sukulu a m'dzikolo ali ndi ulamuliro wokulirapo pa sukulu za boma. Mabungwe ameneŵa ali ndi udindo wophunzitsa sukulu zasukulu, kuvomereza ndalama, kukambirana mapangano a aphunzitsi, ndi kuyang'anira ntchito zasukulu. Chifukwa chakuti ndalama za sukulu zimagwirizanitsidwa mwachindunji ndi misonkho yakwawo, chuma cha m'mudzi chingakhudze kwambiri masukulu awo. Masukulu apamwamba angapeze ndalama zambiri pasukulu zawo okhala ndi msonkho wotsika kwambiri, pamene chigawo chaumphaŵi chingavutike kusungitsa ndalama zothandizira ntchito zazikulu ngakhale ndi msonkho waukulu kwambiri. Kugwirizana kwa chuma ndi maphunziro kwa dziko lakwawo ndi chimodzi chapadera ndicho chiyambukiro chachikulu cha dziko la boma lakwawo.

Miyezo ya Boma ndi Kuŵerengera

Maboma amatumikira monga mphamvu yoyenelela pa maphunzilo. Kuti athetse kusiyana kwa ndalama za m'dzikolo, maboma apanga njira za ndalama zoperekera thandizo la boma mosakondera. Maboma amakhazikitsanso miyezo ya maphunziro (monga ngati Common Core State State Sound Soundes, , tsatira maboma ambiri) ndi kukhazikitsa mayeso oyeza kuti aone ngati ophunzira akukula. Kufufuza kumeneku kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchititsa masukulu ndi zigawo kukhala ndi mlandu wa ntchito. Makomiti a maphunziro a boma anakhazikitsanso ziyenerezo za kumaliza maphunziro a sukulu apamwamba ndi kuyang'anira a aphunzitsi ndi oyang'anira, kukhazikitsa maziko a mkhalidwe wabwino kuzungulira boma.

Mbali ya Bungwe la Maboma m’Kulingana ndi Kupezeka

Mbali ya boma pa maphunziro imasumikidwa kwakukulukulu pa kulinganiza, kufufuza, ndi kuchirikiza. Pamene kuli kwakuti imapereka ndalama zochepera 10% za K-12, chisonkhezero chake chimachotsedwa chifukwa cha mikhalidwe yogwirizana ndi ndalamazo.

  • [[FLT: 0] Titt It It Moning It Office: Mbali ya Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), Mutu Imapereka chithandizo cha ndalama ku masukulu okhala ndi maperesenti ambiri a ophunzira ochokera m’mabanja otsika. Programu imeneyi imakonzedwa kuthandiza kutsekera mpata wa maphunziro pakati pa madera olemera ndi osauka.
  • Anthu okhala ndi Chilamulo cha Maphunziro Opunduka (IDEA): IDEA iri lamulo la boma lotsimikizira "kudzipereka kwa maphunziro a anthu onse" (FAPE) kwa ophunzira olumala. Ilo limalamula mautumiki ndi zitetezero , kuika mathayo a ntchito ndi ndalama m'zigawo ndi m'masukulu akwawo.
  • Ufulu wa Chikole: Department of Education Office for Civil Rights (OCR) imafufuza madandaulo a tsankho lozikidwa pa fuko, kugonana (kuphatikizapo mutu wakuti IX), kupunduka, ndi msinkhu. Kuloŵerera kwa chigawo kungasonkhezere kusintha kwa dongosolo la zinthu m’masukulu mmene amachitira ophunzira.

Kupenda Nkhani: Kusalingana kwa Ndalama za Sukulu za Onse

Kudalira misonkho ya malo kwachititsa mbiri yaitali ya kugaŵana kwa ndalama. M'nkhani yotchuka San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez [1] , Khoti Lalikulu la United States linagamula kuti maphunziro sichiri maziko enieni a malamulo a boma, kusiyira sukulu mavuto a ndalama ku makhoti a boma. Kuweruza kumeneku kunatsogolera ku zaka makumi ambiri za kuweruza m'makhoti a boma. M'maboma ena, monga New Jersey ndi California, makhoti aakulu analamula kuti asinthe zinthu zazikulu kuti apereke ndalama pakati pa zigawo. Komabe, m'mayiko ambiri, chuma cha mwana chimakhalabe malamulo odalirika kwambiri a sukulu yawo. Nkhani imeneyi ikusonyeza mmene ulamuliro ndi kuyang'anirana kwa malamulo a boma lakwawo ndi kuyendetsa malamulo a boma lakwawo kwa anthu ndi ku California kwa anthu ambiri.

Malo Ophunzitsira: Misewu, Malatho, ndi Madongosolo Amene Amatigwirizanitsa

Malo othandizira anthu ndi maziko a zachuma ndiponso moyo wa anthu. Kuyambira m’misewu yakwanuko kutsogolo kwa nyumba yanu mpaka ku msewu wa m’chigawo chakumpoto umene umagwirizanitsa dziko, udindo womanga ndi kukonza katundu ameneyu amagawidwa pakati pa boma. Malo a nyumbazi ndi ndalama zimene anthu amapereka.

Makwalala a M’derali ndi Mautumiki a Madokotala

Maboma a m’dzikolo ali ndi thayo la makilogalamu ambiri a misewu ya dzikolo, kuphatikizapo misewu yapafupi, misewu yosonkhanitsa zinthu, ndi malo osungiramo zinthu. Mabungwe ameneŵa amayang'anira zonse kuchokera ku kuchotsa chipale chofeŵa ndi kukonza mabowo mpaka kukonza njira zapamsewu. Madipatimenti a anthu a m’deralo amayendetsanso madzi ndi zimbudzi, kutuluka kwa madzi, ndi zinyalala. Kulimba kwa ntchito zimenezi kumayambukira mwachindunji chuma cha anthu, thanzi la anthu, ndi kuchedwa kwa tsiku ndi tsiku ndi tsiku. Kuchedwa kwa misewu yakwawo kubwereranso ntchito kapena kulephera kwa madzi kwakukulu kungadziŵikitsiridwe mwachindunji ndi mabanki akwane ndi malo osungirako zinthu.

Njira Zapamwamba za Boma ndi Makina Otumizira Magalimoto

Maboma ali ndi thayo lalikulu la misewu imene imagwirizanitsa mizinda ndi madera . Maboma amayang'anira mipatuko yochuluka ya misewu ndi milatho, kuyang'anira ntchito yomanga, kukonza, ndi kuyendetsa galimoto. Amagwiranso ntchito yolemba magalimoto ndi kutumiza magalimoto kudzera ku DMV, zimene zimapereka chidziŵitso chovuta kwambiri pa kulinganiza kayendedwe. Maboma alinso ndi udindo woyang'anira magalimoto ambiri ndi kuteteza magalimoto, kuteteza njira zazikulu. Maboma, oyendetsera ndalama za boma, zoyendetsedwa ndi misonkho ndi ndalama za galimoto, afunikira kukambirana kwambiri za ndale zandale, chifukwa ali ndi zotsatirapo za kutukuka kwa zachuma ndi kuyendetsa galimoto.

Boma la Federal ndi Njira Yapamwamba Yoyendera M’mayiko

Gawo la boma la kumanga ndi kukonza zinthu zapadera nlowonekera kwambiri mu Interstate Highway System, mgwirizano wa makilomita oposa 46,000 umene unavomerezedwa ndi Federal-Aid Highway Act ya 1956. Boma la boma limapereka ndalama zambiri zothandizira kumanga ndi kukonza zinthu zoyendetsera zinthu ndi kukonza zinthu za boma kudzera ku Highway Trust Fund, imene imayendetsedwa ndi msonkho wa gasi wa boma. FWA imakhazikitsa miyezo ya mapulani a mapulani, kutsimikizira mayunifomu ndi kuyendetsa bwino kudutsa mizera ya boma. Posinthana ndalama, malamulo a boma, ayenera kumamatira ku chitetezo cha boma, malo, ndi malamulo a kakonzedwe. Kayendetseka ka , kumene boma limachirikiza ntchito yopanga gawo, ndi makampani a boma a bungwe la America.

  • Supway Trust Fund: Njira yoyamba ya kuikizira chuma cha boma, ngakhale kuti kulimba kwake kukusokonezeka mwa kuwongolera mafuta ndi kukwera mtengo kwa zinthu.
  • Federal Transit Administration (FTA): Imapereka mphatso ku makampani a boma ndi akumaloko kaamba ka ntchito za zoyendera za onse, kuphatikizapo mabasi, mabasi, sitima za pansi panthaka, ndi njanji yamagetsi.
  • National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA): Mabungwe a boma amafuna kupenda kuwonongeka kwa malo osungira zinthu zazikulu, njira imene ingachititse kwambiri ntchito yopanga nthaŵi ndi mtengo.

Kufufuza Nkhani: Chiyambukiro cha Chuma cha Kusunga Njira Yapamwamba

Kumangidwa kwa Interstate Highway System kumapereka chitsanzo chodabwitsa cha mmene malamulo a boma angayambirenso malo a ku America. Mwa kugwirizanitsa mizinda yakutali ndi kutheketsa kusakaza malole kwa nthaŵi yaitali, mayiko anapeputsa kuchuluka kwa midzi, kuchepa kwa masiteshoni a sitima za m'madera akutali, ndi kukwera kwa chuma cha dzikolo. Kuika masiteshoni a msewu waukulu kungachititse chipambano kapena kulephera kwa chuma cha tauni. Lerolino, zosankha zakuti kaya kufutukule msewu, kumanga mlatho, kapena kusungitsa ndalama zapo zapo zaunyinjika zaunyinji, kupangidwa ndi kuphatikizana kwa dziko, boma, ndi kuchirikiza ndalama, ndi kubweretsa zofunika zake ndi kulephera kwake. Mkhalidwe wa I-5 kapena I95 , ndi vuto la kuyendetsa zinthu zachuma sikuli vuto la kuchuluka kwa zaka makumi ambiri; kuyendetsa ntchito kwa malamulo ambiri.

Kumaliza

Ziyambukiro za mlingo wa masana za boma zimayendetsedwa ndi mlingo wa moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Kulinganiza kwa maphunziro a mwana kumadziŵika ndi chuma cha m'mudzi wawo, miyezo yokhazikitsidwa ndi boma lawo, ndi malamulo a boma. Kusinthasintha kwa mmaŵa kumayendetsedwa ndi chipambano cha dipatimenti ya boma, kulinganiza kwa ndalama za boma, ndi kugaŵira ndalama zoikizira za Nyumba ya Malamulo. Kumvetsetsa dongosolo la maulamuliro audindo ameneŵa kupatsa nzika mphamvu zotsogolera bwino anthu kuti azikhala ogwirizana ndi ufulu wawo. Kudandaula za mtokoma wa mabowo kuli koyenera ku mzinda; kutsutsana kwa ndalama za sukulu kumatengedwa bwino kwambiri ku boma; ndi kusamala za ufulu wa anthu pa maphunziro awo ku Washington, D. Mwa kuzindikira ntchito za boma, ndi kugwirizanitsa kwa boma, ndi kuyendetsa bwino madongosolo a anthu, ndi kuyendetsa bwino mayanjano awo kwa anthu.