Table of Contents

Chiyambi: Chilungamo Choyamba Chayamba

Kulimbana kwa kulingana ndi chilungamo si chochitika chimodzi kapena chaputala chachifupi m'mbiri ya anthu; ndi nkhani yosalekeza, yokhudzana ndi zimene zaumba kutsungula, kugwetsa maufumu, ndi kulongosolanso zimene zimatanthauza kukhala munthu. Kuyambira pa malamulo akale kwambiri mpaka pa kutsutsana kwa makompyuta a zachilungamo ndi za kukondera kwa nyengo ndi utundu, mbadwo uliwonse walandira choloŵa ntchito yosatha ya awo omwe achitapo ntchito. Nkhaniyi imapereka kupenda kwa zochitika zazikulu za mbiri m’mbiri yosadziŵika m’nkhondo ya kulingana ndi chilungamo, kupenda chimene chinachitika komanso chifukwa chake nthaŵi zimenezi zili zofunika ndi mmene zimapitirizira nkhondo zapanthaŵi ino. Kumvetsa mbiri imeneyi nkofunika kwa aliyense wodzipereka kumanga ntchito yoposa ndi kutsogolo.

Maziko Akale ndi Kuyambika kwa Chilungamo Cholembedwa

Kale kwambiri makhoti amakono ndi malamulo a malamulo a boma asanayambe, anthu akale analimbana ndi vuto lokhazikitsa chilungamo m’dziko lofotokozedwa ndi mphamvu zamphamvu ndi kukhulupirika kwa mafuko.

Malamulo a Hammurabi (chirca 1754 BCE)

Chimodzi cha zinthu zofunika kwambiri zachikhalidwe chalamulo ndicho Code ya Hammurabi , malemba alamulo a ku Babulo olembedwa pa mwala. Malamulo amenewa si amakono olingana ndi anthu. Anali kuyesa kuchepetsa chilango ndi kutsimikizira chilungamo. stale, tsopano ili m'chikalata cha Mafano: kuti lamulo lilembedwe, poyera, ndipo likhale logwirizana ndi anthu onse, ngakhale mfundo zachikhalidwe. Malamulo otchuka a "diso kaamba ka diso" anali kuyesa kuchepetsa chilango ndi kutsimikizira chilungamo.

Democracy ya ku Atene ndi Kuyambika kwa Unzika

M’zaka za zana lachisanu BCE, mzinda wa Atene ndi dziko linayambitsa mfundo yoopsa: democracy , kapena ulamuliro wa anthu. Ngakhale kuti analephera kwambiri ndi miyezo yamakono — akazi, akapolo, ndi alendo anachotsedwa — chitsanzo cha Atene chinakhazikitsa mabungwe aakulu monga msonkhano, bungwe, ndi makhoti. Nzika zikhoza kuvota pa malamulo, malamulo otsutsana ndi anthu, ndi kuchititsa akuluakulu kukhala ndi mlandu. Ili linali sitepe la maziko la mfundo imene ikufuna kuti olamulira ayambe. Afilosofi onga Socrates, Plato, ndi Aristotlet , anatsutsa za mkhalidwe wa chilungamo, kupanga kaganidwe ka zandale komweko komweko komweko komweko komweko, komwe kamatisonkhezerabe lerolino.

Lamulo la Aroma ndi Lingaliro la Ufulu Wachibadwa

Roman Republic ndi pambuyo pake Ufumu wa Roma unachititsa dongosolo la malamulo locholoŵana lomwe linayambitsa mfundo zazikulu zonga ngati lamulo lachibadwa , lingaliro lakuti ufulu wina uli wa anthu onse. Khumi ndi metables (chirca 450 BCE) inapereka maziko a lamulo la Roma, pamene pambuyo pake oweruza onga Cicero anatsutsa kuti chilungamo si nkhani ya msonkhano chabe koma kuti chili chozikidwa pa malamulo onse. Malamulo a Roma anasonkhezera kuyambitsidwa kwa malamulo a anthu ku Ulaya ndipo pomalizira pake kupangidwa kwa zikalata zonga U.S Declaration of Department.

Kutha kwa Ukapolo: Kubwezera Ukapolo Padziko Lonse

Kwa zaka zikwi zambiri, ukapolo unali chigwirizano chovomerezedwa pafupifupi m’chitaganya chirichonse cha anthu.

Kukula kwa Gulu la Ofuna Kusankha Ufulu wa Kulambira

Zaka za zana la 18 ndi 19 zinawona kubuka kwa magulu olinganizidwa [[FLT: 0] ogwirizana ndi anthu — kuphatikizapo Olaudah Equiano, Frederick Douglas, ndi William Wilberforn — adagwiritsira ntchito nkhani, mabuku, ndi zifuno zachipembedzo kukulitsa chitsutso. Makampani a ukapolo a translativic anathetsedwa ndi Britain mu 1807, chilakiko choyamba chowopsa.

Lamulo la Ukapolo ku Britain (1833)

Mu 1833, Nyumba ya Malamulo ya Briteni inapereka Act , imene inaletsa ukapolo mu Ufumu wa Britain. Lamulo lapadera limeneli linamasula mazana zikwi za anthu a ukapolo. Boma la Britain linabweza akapolo (osati akapolo), koma ntchitoyo inakhazikitsa chitsanzo champhamvu cha dziko lonse. Webusaiti ya Palamente ya UK imapereka zolemba zambiri za nthaŵi yofunikayi.

Kuperekedwa kwa Chikalata ndi Kuperekedwa kwa Lamulo kwa 13 (1863 - 18865)

Pakati pa Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni ya ku America, Pulezidenti Abraham Lincoln anatulutsa [[FLT: 0] Proclation propectus pa January 1, 1863. Pamene kunangogwira ntchito kukhazikitsa nkhondo, inasintha cholinga cha nkhondo ndi kupanga kuti chiletso chapakati cha Union. Chilengezocho chinalolanso amuna a ku African America kutumikira mu Union, mbali yofunika kwambiri pamapeto a nkhondo. Chotsatirapo Demement ya U. ku U.S (185) kuchotsa kotheratu ukapolo ku United States. Zochita zimenezi sizinathetse kulingana kwa mafuko kapena kulingana kwenikweni, koma zinathetsa kulingana kwalamulo kwa ukapolo wa anthu m'mayiko ambiri.

Kupulula Anthu Padziko Lonse

Dziko la Brazil, dziko lomalizira ku Kumadzulo kwa Dziko, kuchotsa ukapolo, linachita zimenezo mu 1888. choloŵa cha ukapolo — kuphatikizapo utundu wa anthu, kusiyana kwa chuma, ndi mavuto a anthu — chikupitirizabe lerolino, koma gulu loletsa kutha kwa nkhondo linasonyeza kuti kusonkhanitsa anthu, kuwona makhalidwe abwino, ndi kachitidwe ka ndale kangagwedezetse ngakhale magulu ozikika kwambiri a kutsendereza.

Gulu la Akazi: Kudzinenera Kukhala Wotchuka

Kumenyera ufulu wa akazi kuli pafupifupi kwa nthaŵi yaitali monga demokrase yeniyeniyo, koma kunafikira kukhala gulu lamphamvu, lolinganizidwa m’zaka za zana la 19 ndi kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 20.

Msonkhano wa mathithi a Seneca Falls (1848)

Mu July 1848, gulu laling’ono la ochirikiza ufulu wa akazi — kuphatikizapo Elizabeth Cady Stanton ndi Lucretia Mott — linasonkhanitsa Senika Falls Convention kumpoto kwa New York. Iyi inali msonkhano woyamba wa akazi wokhudza ufulu wa akazi ku United States. Msonkhanowo unachititsa [[FLT:] Divoration of Sentiments , chikalata chokhala chitsanzo pa Declaration of Independence chimene chinalengeza kuti: "Tima choonadi chimenechi kuti chikhale chodziimira: kuti amuna ndi akazi onse anapangidwa mofanana. Kufuna kwa akazi onsewo kunayambitsidwa ngakhale m’gululo, koma chinakhala choyambirira cha zaka makumi ambiri.

Mpumulo wa 19 (1920)

Pambuyo pa zaka 72 za kuchita ntchito mosatopa — kuphatikizapo magudumu, kulira njala, kukopa, ndi kusamvera kwa anthu — Msonkhano wa United States unadutsa wa 19th Amendment mu 1919, ndipo unavomerezedwa mu August 1920. Kusintha kumeneku kunapatsidwa ufulu wa kuvota, ngakhale mwalamulo. Mwa njira imeneyi, akazi ambiri a mtundu, makamaka akazi Akuda ku Jim Crow South, anachotsedwabe kwa zaka makumi ambiri. Nkhondo ya ufulu wosankha inapitiriza bwino lomweli m'ma 1960 ndi kupitirira.

Magulu Osonkhezera Anthu Padziko Lonse

Nkhondo ya akazi inali yapadziko lonse. New Zealand inakhala dziko loyamba lodzilamulira lokha kupatsa akazi mavoti mu 1893, kutsatiridwa ndi Australia mu 1902, Finland mu 1906, ndi Norway mu 1913. Kulimbana kwa British kwakhala kotsogozedwa ndi Emmeline Pankhirst ndi Akazi a Social and Political Union (WSPU), kugwiritsa ntchito njira zankhondo zambiri, kuphatikizapo kuvota ndi njala, kuti afune chivoti. Akazi ku United Kingdom anapeza ufulu wovota wofanana mu 1928. M'maiko ambiri, akazi sanabwere mpaka pambuyo pa Nkhondo yachiŵiri ya Dziko lapansi kapena ngakhale pambuyo pake.

Gulu la Kuyenera kwa Chiŵeniŵeni: Kutsutsa Jim Crow

Bungwe la Civil Rights Movement ku United States linali gulu la chitsutso chochuluka chotsutsa kusankhana mafuko ndi tsankho.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Brown v. Board of Education [FLT: 1] chigamulo cha Bwalo Lapamwamba chinali nthaŵi yotha. Khotilo ligwirizana linagamula kuti kusankhana mafuko m'masukulu a anthu kunali kosalingana mwachibadwa ndipo chifukwa chake kunalibe malamulo, kugwetsa "kusinthana koma kulingana" chiphunzitso chokhazikitsidwa mu Plav v. Ferguson [18]). Chigamulo chimenechi chinalimbikitsa gululo ndi kupereka chichilikizo chalamulo kwa zoyesayesa za deseation, ngakhale kuti kutembenuza ntchito zake kunayang'anizana ndi chitsutso chachikulu kwa okhulupirira zungu.

Montgomery Bus Boycott ndi Martin Luther King Jr.

Mu 1955, Rosa Parks anakana kutula mpando wake pa Montgomery , Alabama, kuyambitsa Montgomery Bus Boycott . Chifatsocho chinatha masiku 381 ndipo chinatulukapo kugamula kwa Bwalo Lapamwamba kuti basi inali yopanda ulamuliro. Mnyamatayo anakhazikitsanso Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

Chikalata cha Chilamulo cha ufulu wachibadwidwe cha 1964 ndi Chikalata cha mu 1965 chovomereza ufulu wachibadwidwe

Chikalata cha Chilolezo cha 1964 chinali lamulo lachisawawa la ufulu wachibadwidwe kuyambira pamene chivomerezo chinakonzedwa. Chinaletsa tsankho pamaziko a fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana, kapena chiyambi cha dziko pantchito, malo ogona, ndi maprogramu oyendetsedwa ndi boma. Chaka chotsatirachi, [[FLT:] Kuvomereza Malamulo a ufulu wa anthu kuyambira 1965 machitachita ofufuza, monga kuyesa kuŵerenga ndi kukonza mapepala a kuvala, amene anachotsapo mitu ya Black America. Malamulo aŵiriwa amaimira msonkhano wa ufulu wa ufulu wa anthu. [FLT:] National [FFF: FLAN]

Zimene Anatengera Komanso Kupitirizabe Kumenya Nkhondo

Chipani cha Civil Rights Movement sichinathetse tsankho la fuko. Kuphedwa kwa Martin Luther King Jr mu 1968, kukwera kwa gulu la Black Power, ndi nkhanza za apolisi ndi kusalingana kwa zachuma zinasonyeza kuti kulingana mwalamulo sikunali kokwanira. Komabe, gululo linasintha kwambiri mkhalidwe walamulo ndi chikhalidwe wa United States ndi kusonkhezera nkhondo za chilungamo padziko lonse.

Bungwe Loona za Ufulu Woyenera: Kuchoka pa Malo Opanda Malo Kufika pa Ukwati Wolingana

Nkhondo ya kugonana kwa ofanana ziŵalo, kugonana kwa ofanana ziŵalo, kugonana kwa amuna ndi akazi, transgender, ndi chinuer (LGBTQ+) inabuka kuchokera ku mbiri ya chizunzo ndi kusawoneka kukhala gulu lodziŵika la padziko lonse la ufulu wachibadwidwe.

Stonewall Riots (1 969)

M'maola oyambirira a June 28, 1969, apolisi anaukira Stoweneall Inn , maofesi a amathanyula mu New York City City City. Kuukira koteroko kunali kwachizoloŵezi ndi kwachiwawa, koma panthaŵi ino ochirikiza ndi okhala m’malo ena anamenyana. Kutsutsako kunapitirizabe kwa masiku asanu ndi limodzi ndipo kunakhala choyambitsa cha LGBTQ+ kuyendetsa ufulu. Strollall anasintha gulu lomwazikana, lochenjera kukhala gulu lofuna ufulu, lonyada. [[FLT:] Libriary of Congress [FLT: 3] mbali zazikulu za LBTQ .

Vuto la AIDS ndi Kudziloŵetsamo

Ma 1980 ndi ma 1990 anabweretsa mliri wa AIDS, umene unasakaza LGBTQ+ . Boma losachita ndi lofalikira kokhalako linatsogolera ku kupangidwa kwa magulu ochirikiza ufulu onga ECT UP (AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power). Njira zawo za kulimbana — kuphatikizapo kufa ndi AIDS, kutsutsa pa FDA ndi NIH, ndi kugaŵira chidziŵitso chauve chachisungiko — zinakakamiza boma kufulumiza chivomerezo cha mankhwala ndi kukonzanso ndalama zofufuzira. Vuto la AIDS linabweretsanso kuwonekera kokulira ndi chifundo ku LGBTQ .

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Pa June 26, 2015, Khoti Lalikulu la United States linagamula kuti [Obergefell v. Hodges [1] kuti ukwati wa kugonana ndi kuyenera koyenera kutetezeredwa ndi 14neth Amendment. Chigamulo 5-4 chololedwa ndi ukwati wapakati pa dziko lonse, chilakiko chimene chinaoneka ngati zaka makumi angapo zapitazo. Kusankhaku kunathetsa kusintha kofulumira kwa maganizo a anthu onse ndi kuvomereza kwalamulo, kuchokera ku ku kuchotsedwa kwa chisomuko mu [FT:2] LLLnce v. Texas [1] (200]) ku Repeat "Dont Ask, Don'.

Ufulu Wopereka ndi Mavuto Opitirizabe

Ngakhale kuti kulingana kwa ukwati kunali kofunika kwambiri, nkhondo ya LGBTQ+ ufulu ikupitirizabe, makamaka kwa anthu osinthana. Anthu ambiri amakumana ndi chiwawa, tsankho, ndi mavuto a zamalamulo. Gululi tsopano likusumika maganizo pa kukhala ndi thanzi labwino, kuteteza anthu odana ndi ufulu, ndiponso kuzindikira kuti ndi amuna kapena akazi.

Magulu a Padziko Lonse Ofuna Kulingana ndi Kulungamitsa

Anthu padziko lonse lapansi alimbana ndi anthu opondereza anzawo, ofuna kuti anthu aziwapatsa ulemu, ufulu, ndi chilungamo.

Gulu la Olimbana ndi Apartheid ku South Africa

Anti-Apartheid Movement inali imodzi ya ndawala zachipambano koposa za mgwirizano wapadziko lonse m'mbiri. Kupatula kunali dongosolo la kusankhana mafuko ndi uchifumu wa zungu wochirikizidwa ndi boma la South Africa kuyambira 1948 mpaka 1994. Kutsutsa kwa mkati, kotsogozedwa ndi African National Congress (ANC) ndi ziŵerengero zonga Nelson Mandela, kuphatikizapo ndi nkhondo yapadziko lonse, kusungunutsa, ndi zile, potsirizira pake, zinakakamiza boma kukambirana. Mu 1994, South Africa adasunga masankhoti ake oyamba a mafuko osiyanasiyana, ndipo Nelson Mandela anakhala preziden wa dziko loyamba la Black Congress. Chitsanzo cha ku South Africa chimasonyeza mphamvu ya kulimbana ndi mgwirizano zonse ziŵiri za padziko lonse.

Kamtunda ka Aluya (200 - 2012)

Kuyambira December 2010, zionetsero ndi zipanduko zinafalikira m'dziko la Aluya, kuchokera ku Tunisia mpaka ku Egypt, Libya, Syria, ndi Bahrain . Nzika zinafuna kutha ulamuliro wa authoritarianism, ziphuphu, mwaŵi wa zachuma, ndi ufulu wa anthu. Pamene kuli kwakuti zotsatirapo zina zinasakanizidwa — maiko ena anayang'anizana ndi nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeniŵeni, ena anabwerera ku ulamuliro wa authorist — Chipring [[FLT:] Arab anasonyeza kuti ngakhale ulamuliro wotchuka kwambiri ukhoza kutsutsidwa ndi anthu ambiri, zipanduko zotchuka. Kagulu kaguluko kanachitiranso umboni mphamvu ya manyuzipepala oulutsira nkhani za za za anthu monga chida chokonzera ndi kufalitsa kutsutsa.

Ufulu wa Nzika ndi Chilungamo cha Dziko

Anthu a m'dzikolo padziko lonse amenyera nkhondo nkhondo za padziko lonse, ufulu wa dziko, ndi kupulumuka kwa chikhalidwe. Chilengezo cha United Nations pa Ufulu wa Anthu a ku Iversity (UNDRIP) , chovomerezedwa mu 2007, chimapereka maziko a mayiko a nkhondo zimenezi. Magulu onga ngati Idle No More ku Canada ndi kutsutsa Dakota Accounse pa Staving Rock ku United States abweretsa utsogoleri wapamwamba wa nkhondo ya malo ndi nyengo.

Kulimbana ndi Ufulu Wopatuka

Kutsatira zoyenera za kupunduka kwapanga zinthu zazikulu, kuphatikizapo Amelika ndi Act yopunduka (ADA) mu 1990 mu U.S. ndi Convention pa Ufulu wa Anthu Okhala ndi Kupunduka [CRLT:3] [Malamulo ameneŵa] awonjezeka kupezeka m'mipando ya onse, mayendedwe, ndi ntchito, koma ochirikiza akupitiriza kukakamiza kuphatikizidwa kotheratu, kuchotsapo, ndi kudziŵika kwa kupunduka monga mbali yofunika ya mitundu ya anthu.

Kupitiriza Nkhondoyo: Malo Opitirira a Kulingana kwa Malo

Ngakhale kuti pakhala kupita patsogolo kotchulidwa pamwambapa, nkhondo yofuna kulingana ndi chilungamo siinathebe.

Tsankho la Ufuko ndi Kusalingana Madongosolo

Kusankhana mitundu kwakhala vuto lofala padziko lonse. Gulu la Black Life Matter, limene linatchuka padziko lonse pambuyo pa kuphedwa kwa George Floyd mu 2020, lachititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi nkhanza za apolisi, kumangidwa kwa anthu ambirimbiri, ndi kusagwirizana kwa zachuma kumene anthu a Black ndi Brown amayang’anizana nako. Gululi limafuna kululuza apolisi, kukonzanso dongosolo la milandu, ndi kuthetsa mizu yautsankhu wa anthu atsamunda.

Kulingana Makhalidwe a M’chibale ndi Chilungamo Chobereka

Kusalingana kwa chikhalidwe kukupitirizabe m'dziko lililonse. Kubwezera mpata kumakhala kofunika kwambiri, makamaka kwa akazi a mitundu. Akazi amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mabungwe andale ndi makampani. Kufikira ku umoyo wa zaumoyo, kuphatikizapo kuletsa kubala ndi kuchotsa mimba, kudakali nkhani yopikisana kwambiri. Kugwetsa Roe v. Wade ku United States kumasonyeza kulephera kwakukulu kwa chilungamo cha kubala ndi kugwetsa mimba.

Chilungamo cha Nyengo ndi Kutetana kwa Malo Ozungulira

Vuto la nyengo siliri kokha nkhani ya malo okhala; ndi nkhani yachilungamo. Anthu osauka kwambiri ndi otsika kwambiri — kaŵirikaŵiri anthu a mitundu yosiyanasiyana — ali osavuta kwambiri kuwonongeka ndi masoka a nyengo, kuipitsa, ndi kusoŵa kwa chuma. Lingaliro la logwirizana ndi chilungamo [1] limafuna kuti njira zothetsera vutolo zikhale zoyenerera, kubwezera awo amene avulazidwa, ndi kutsimikizira kuti kusintha kwa chuma chabiriŵire sikubala kusiyana komwe kulipo.

Ufulu wa Othaŵa Dziko ndi Wosamukirako

Anthu mamiliyoni ambiri amathaŵa kwawo chifukwa cha nkhondo, chizunzo, ndi kusintha kwa nyengo. Nkhondo yofuna ufulu wa anthu osamukira kudziko lina ndi kuthawa kwawo imaphatikizapo kukakamizika kuti atsatire malamulo a kumalire a anthu, njira zopitira ku unzika, ndi kutha kwa kumanga ndi kulekana kwa mabanja. Kuwonjezeka kwa ndale za dziko ndi zandale zotsutsa dziko kumachititsa nkhondo imeneyi kukhala yovuta ndiponso yovuta.

Kumaliza: Ntchito Yosachitidwa Mwachilungamo

Zochitika za m'mbiri zotchuka za nkhondo ya kulingana ndi chilungamo siziri zotsala za m'nyengo yakale; izo zili zolembedwa za kulimba mtima ndi kupirira kwa anthu. Mbadwo uliwonse wayang'anizana ndi mavuto ake apadera, ndipo uliwonse wasonkhezera kupambana kwa chilengedwe cha makhalidwe abwino. Kuchokera ku malamulo a Hammurabi mpaka ku kulingana kwa ukwati, kuyambira ku kuchotsedwa kwa ukapolo ku nyengo ya dziko lonse, ulusi wa nkhondoyi ukutha. Pamene tilingalira za zipambano zimenezi, timakumbutsidwa kuti ntchitoyo siinathe. Zipambano za m’mbuyo sizikuchitikanso motsimikizirika; zili maziko amene tiyenera kumanga. Nkhondo ya kulingana ndi chilungamo imafuna kukhalabe tcheru, ntchito yogwirizana, ndi kudzipereka mosagwedezeka kwa munthu aliyense.