M'chitaganya chaufulu, kulinganiza pakati pa chisungiko cha anthu ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense ndiko kukambitsirana kosalekeza. Mabungwe osungitsa malamulo amaikizidwa ndi mphamvu yaikulu kusanthula upandu, kulanda katundu, ndi kutsekera anthu. Komabe popanda kupima kwamphamvu, mphamvu zingapambane mosavuta. Chimodzi cha zitetezero zazikulu kwambiri zotetezera boma ndi chiyeneretso cha lamulo (chilamulo) lamulo limene limakakamiza apolisi kupeza chilolezo asanachite kufufuza kochuluka, kugwidwa, kugwidwa, kapena kumangidwa. Chiyenetso chimenechi sichimakhala kokha monga chopinga cha bola lachi; ndicho chitetezo chalamulo chimene chimatetezera kutsekereza, kuyang’anira lamulo. Kuzindikira chifukwa chake amalamula zinthu, mmene amachitira, ndi makhoti opatula amene achita kumbuyo kwa anthu ena.

Kodi Wosachedwa Nchiyani?

Chikalata chalamulo choperekedwa ndi woweruza kapena woweruza amene amavomereza lamulo kuchitapo kanthu, monga kufufuza malo, kutenga umboni, kapena kumanga wokayikiridwa. Chikalatacho chimayamba pamene apolisi apereka chikalata cholumbira ndi tsatanetsatane wa mfundo zimene zingachitike poyambitsa zinthuzo. Chikalatacho nchakuti, chikhulupiriro chomveka, chozikidwa pa mfundo zenizeni ndi zomveka, umboni wa upandu udzapezeka pamalo ena kapena munthu wina walakwa. Woweruzayo ayenera kupendanso kuti ngati mfundozo zikukwaniritsa lamulolo. Ngati woweruzayo waperekedwa, chilolezocho ngati sachipereka; ngati satero, chikanidwa.

Chilolezocho chiyenera kulongosola mwapadera malo amene ayenera kufufuzidwa ndi anthu kapena zinthu zimene ziyenera kutengedwa. Chiyeneretso chimenechi "kugawana" chimaletsa zilolezo zachisawawa [1] mtundu umene unalola maulamuliro a Britain kugwiritsa ntchito nyumba ndi mabizinesi pofuna m'nyengo ya atsamunda. Khoti Lapamwamba la U.S. lagogomezera mobwerezabwereza kuti zilolezo za anthu onse ndi "zopanda nzeru kwenikweni" pansi pa Lamulo Lachinayi. Mwa kulamula, lamulo la apolisi kuti achepetse maganizo awo ndi kulungamitsa zochita zawo asanaloŵe m’malo a munthu mmodzi.

Chifukwa Chake Zofunika Zopatsa Thanzi N’zofunika

Chiyeneretso cha lamulo chimagwira ntchito monga kuyang'anira kofunikira kwambiri pa ulamuliro wa apolisi. Popanda zimenezi, lamulo likhoza kuchitapo kanthu mokayikira, kuchititsa nzika kufunafuna kopanda pake kozikidwa pa kubisa kapena kukondera. M'mbiri, olemba mabuku a Bill of Rights anali kudziŵa bwino za kuopsa kwa ulamuliro wa apolisi wosatsekedwa. Lamulo lachinayi linalembedwa poyankha mwachindunji kugwiritsa ntchito kwachisawawa kwa anthu a ku Britain, zimene zinalola akuluakulu a boma kufunafuna chombo chilichonse, nyumba yosungiramo katundu, kapena nyumba popanda chifukwa. Lemba la a a andendment's amalamula kuti "no War Regivent , koma pa chifukwa chenicheni, "kukhazikitsa choletsa cholowera pakati pa ntchito za apolisi ndi kuloŵerera kwachinyengo.

Uyang’aniro wachiweruzo ndiwo kuyang'anira koikika kwa dongosolo lino. Woweruza wopanda liwongo, mmalo mwa mkulu wa boma, amapanga chosankha chachikulu ponena za kaya chochititsa chingakhaleko. Zimenezi zimaika wopanga chigamulo chauchete pakati pa boma ndi munthu. Kutsimikizira kuti kufunafunako kwakhala kozikidwa pa mfundo zenizeni mmalo mwa nzeru. Chiyeneretsocho chimapanganso cholembedwa ndi kuchirikiza kwake kolembedwa [1] Chilamulo ndi kukhoza kupendedwa pambuyo pake ndi makhoti ndi anthu onse. Kuwonetsera kumeneku nkofunika kwambiri kuti adziwitse mlandu; ngati akuluakulu anama kapena kusiya mfundo zazikulu, chilolezocho chingatsutsiridwe, ndipo umboni ungachotsedwe. Kuphunzira zambiri ponena za nkhani ya mbiri, onani [FLD:] Subverformeded [FF]

Zitetezero za Malamulo ndi Zolephera

Ku United States, Lamulo Lachinayi ndilo chitetezo chachikulu chalamulo pa kufunafuna kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi matenda. Lemba lake limapereka zitsimikizo ziŵiri zosiyana: kuyenera kwa anthu kukhala osungika mu anthu awo, nyumba, mapepala, ndi ziyambukiro, ndi chiyeneretso chakuti malumbiro aperekedwe kokha pachifukwa chothekera, kuchilikizidwa ndi lumbiro kapena kuvomereza, ndipo makamaka kulongosola malo oti afufuzidwe ndi zinthu zoyenera kugwidwa. Khoti Lapamwamba lakhulupirira kuti kufufuza kosatsimikizirika kuli [[FLT:]] se osalingalirapo pokhapo kuti agwere mkati mwa zitsutso zochepa zofotokozedwa bwino. Lamulo limeneli likudziŵika monga "nkhondo yofunikira" ndipo liri lakufufuza ndi kugwidwa ndi kugwidwa ndi lamulo.

Komabe, Summergament yachinayi si yokha. Makhoti azindikira kuti m’mikhalidwe ina, kufuna chilolezo chingakhale chosathandiza kapena chosemphana ndi chitetezo cha anthu. Mfungulo njakuti kusagwirizana kumeneku kuyenera kukhala kochepa ndi kolunjika. Ngati apolisi awonjezera kusiyana ndi malingaliro awo oyambirira, kufufuzako kumakhala kosagwirizana ndi malamulo, ndipo umboniwo ungachotsedwe pansi pa lamulo lopatula.

Anasiya Kutsatira Lamulo Losafunika

Kwa zaka zambiri, khoti Lalikulu la Katolika lakhala likupanga zikalata zosiyanasiyana zosonyeza kuti apolisi angafufuze kapena kulanda anthu popanda chilolezo.

  • Mikhalidwe yotsimikizirika: [[FLT :1] Pamene pali kufunika kwa mwamsanga kwa kuchinjiriza kuvulala kwa kuthupi, kuwonongedwa kwa umboni, kapena kuthawa kwa wonyumwiridwa, apolisi angaloŵe m'nyumba kapena kufunafuna popanda chilolezo. Mwachitsanzo, ngati apolisi amva kulira kapena kulira m'nyumba, angaloŵe kupereka chithandizo kapena kugwidwa ndi phee.
  • Conict: Ngati munthu avomereza dala kufufuza, palibe chilolezo chofunikira. Chivomerezo chiyenera kuperekedwa mwaufulu, osati kukakamizidwa, ndipo chingachotsedwe panthaŵi iliyonse. Apolisi safunikira kudziŵitsa anthu za kuyenera kwawo kukana, koma kaŵirikaŵiri amalingalira ngati munthuyo anadziŵa kuti sanganene kuti ayi. Kufufuza kogwirizana [ kumasonyeza kuti nzika zambiri zimadzimva kukhala zokakamizidwa ngakhale pamene zilibe kanthu kobisa.
  • Kufufuza kumangidwa kololedwa: Atamangidwa movomerezeka, apolisi angafufuze munthu wa m’ndende ndi malo amene angafikire mwamsanga ("kukaika malowo") kutsimikizira chitetezo ndi kuletsa kuwonongedwa kwa umboni. Kupatukana kumeneku sikumafikira ku kufunafuna kokwanira kwa nyumba kapena galimoto pokhapo ngati mfundo zowonjezereka zikulungamitsa.
  • Malingaliro opotoka: Ngati wapolisi alipo mololedwa pamalopo ndi kuona kuletsedwa kapena umboni woonekera bwino, iwo angaugwire popanda chilolezo. Komabe, apolisiwo ayenera kukhala ndi chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti chinthucho ndi umboni wa upandu, ndipo kupezedwako kuyenera kukhala kosayenera kugwiritsa ntchito kusiyanitsa kumeneku monga chopeka kudutsa m'nyumba.
  • Kupatula kwa galimoto: chifukwa chakuti galimoto n’zoyenda mofulumira ndipo zingachoke m’dzikolo, apolisi angafufuze galimoto ngati ali ndi chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti ili ndi umboni wa upandu. Kusiyana kumeneku sikufuna kuti pakhale mikhalidwe yosiyana ndi imene galimoto likhoza kuyenda. Khoti Lapamwamba posachedwapa linachepetsa kulekana kumeneku mu Collins v. Virginia [1] (20:3]), kupangitsa kuti galimoto yotsalayo isagwire ntchito pa galimoto yoima pa galimoto yoima.
  • Zifuno zapadera kufunafuna: M'maudindo ena auyang'aniro kapena auyang'aniro, monga ngati malo ofufuzira ochitirapo kudziletsa, kuyesa mankhwala a antchito apanja pambuyo pa ngozi, kapena makompyuta a chisungiko a pabwalo la ndege, boma lingafufuze popanda kukayikira kwa munthu mmodzi. Kufufuza kumeneku kuyenera kulinganizidwira kutumikira "kusoŵa kwapadera" kuposa lamulo wamba, monga ngati kutetezeredwa kapena kuthanzika kwa anthu onse.

Chimodzi ndi chimodzi cha zimenezi chakonzedwa kwa zaka makumi ambiri za kutsutsana, ndipo malire awo akukanidwa. Kaamba ka kufupikitsa kwatsatanetsatane, [[FLT: 0] Cornell Legal Information Institute yotsatsatiridwa ndi kugwidwa ndi matenda ndi chinthu chabwino kwambiri.

Ulamuliro Waukulu

Lamulo lopatula ndilo chiphunzitso chopangidwa ndi oweruza chimene chimaletsa boma kugwiritsira ntchito umboni wopezedwa wa Kusintha kwa China pa mlandu. Ilo linagwiritsiridwa ntchito choyamba ku makhoti a boma mu Weeks v. United States (14]) ndi kufutukulidwa ku mabwalo amilandu [[FLT:]] Mapp v. Ohio [1] [1961]]. Chifuno cha lamulo ndicho kuletsa kusamvera kwa apolisi ndi kusunga umphumphu. Popanda lamulo la kuchotsedwa, chiyeneretso chopanda mano; nduna zikanakhala ndi chisonkhezero chochepa cha kupeza zitsimikizo ngati atalandidwabe umboni wolakwika. Otsutsa olakwawo nthaŵi zina amalola kuti "althyonda za chilungamo, koma amatsutsa mfundo za lamulo la lamulo logwira ntchito kwa otsutsa. Chilango chake, chikapezedwa motsimikizirika (kuwonjezera chitsimikiziriridwa chotsimikizirika) (kuphatikizapo chitsimikiziriridwa chodalirika chosatsimikizirika chosatsimikizirika) (kupezeka pambuyo pake, pambuyo pake, pamene chika chikatsimikizira kuti chikanedwa

Kufufuza Kopanda Mpata Kumakhudza

Pamene apolisi afufuza popanda chilolezo , ndipo popanda kugwera m’malo odziŵika bwino. Pamlingo wa munthu mmodzi ndi mmodzi, kufufuza kosayenera ndiko kuloŵerera kwachinsinsi kumene kungavulaze munthu amene nyumba yake kapena thupi lake likufufuzidwa popanda chilolezo. Oyang'anira angatenge zinthu zaumwini, kutenga zinthu popanda chilungamo, ndi kuvulaza maganizo. Pamlingo wosatsutsika, kufufuza kosatsimikizirika kuchotsa chidaliro cha anthu mwalamulo. Nzika zimene zimalingalira kuti zingaimidwe kapena kufufuzidwa pa mphindi iriyonse sizingagwirizanitsedwe bwino ndi apolisi, kusimba za upandu, kapena kupereka umboni monga mboni. Zimenezi zimawononga chisungiko cha anthu m’malo mwa kuchilimbikitsa.

Ndiponso, umboni wopezeka kupyolera mwa kufunafuna kosaloleka kumalekezedwa kwambiri pansi pa lamulo lopatula, kutanthauza kuti sungathe kugwiritsiridwa ntchito m'nkhani ya woweruza. Zimenezi zingatsogolere ku kuchotsedwa kwa milandu kapena kusinthidwa kwa zigamulo pa apilo. Chitsanzo chochititsa chidwi ndicho Riley v. California . [1914] (Moyo, kumene Khoti Lapamwamba limakhulupirira kuti apolisi ayenera kupeza chilo cha foni asanafufuze za foni ya foni imene yagwidwa panthaŵi ya kumangidwa. Khoti lamakono likudziŵa kuti mafoni ali ndi trive aakulu a chidziŵitso chaumwini, mauthenga, otumiza mauthenga, ofufuza mbiri yakale, malireko a za ndalama. Chifukwa chakuti mafoni amathandizana ndi ziyeso apadera, apadera, akugwira ntchito mokwanira chiyeneretso cha kumangidwa kwa anthu ogwidwa mololedwa ndi kuwonjezera kwa zaka za zaka za kuchuluka za kumangidwa kwa anthu.

Nkhani ina yosintha zinthu ndi yakuti Karpeent v. United States[FLT :1] (208), imene inafotokoza kupezeka kwa boma kwa chidziŵitso cha malo a maselo a mbiri yakale (CSLI) kuchokera kwa onyamula zinsinsi. Khoti linaona kuti anthu ali ndi chiyembekezo chokwanira cha kubisika kwa maluso awo monga kusonyezedwa ndi ma selo, ndi kuti boma liyenera kupeza chilolezo chozikidwa pa chifukwa chomveka. Chigamulochi chinakana kuti "Chiphunzitso chachitatu ," chimene kale chinali ndi chidziŵitso chogawana ndi chokhudza ntchito zina sichinatetezedwe. [FLT:] Chosankhapo [FLD] [FUFON] [FUT:] [FFUT] [FUT]

Mavuto Amakono ndi Kutsutsana Kopitirizabe

Chiyeneretso cha lamulo chikuyang'anizana ndi zitsenderezo zatsopano m'zaka za zana la makumi aŵiri ndi loyamba. Kupita patsogolo m'zochitika za luso la zofufuza, maprogramu ofufuza, ndi kuchuluka kwa zolembedwa ndi makampani aokha zasokoneza kwambiri. Mabungwe osungitsa malamulo amadalira kwambiri pa maumboni a manambala . Makampani osungitsa ntchito, mauthenga a za mayanjano, malonda, ndi ngakhale chidziŵitso cha zinthu zapanyumba zochenjera monga Amazon Echo kapena Nyumba za Pakhomo. M'nkhani zambiri, apolisi amatsutsa kuti safunikira chilolezo chifukwa chakuti ntchitoyo imasungidwa ndi gulu lachitatu (lo lopereka utumiki) ndipo motero imagwa kunja kwa Lachinayi. Komabe, [[FLT:] Cententerreeter [[FLFF:1] chigamulo cha mlandu chakuti Khoti lalikulu ndi lofunitsitsa kukonzanso la Olamulira la One, kuzindikira kuti kusoŵa kwa kampani yamphamvu yamphamvu.

Mbali ina ya nkhaŵa ndiyo kugwiritsira ntchito "kumanga kwapadera," kumene apolisi amapeza umboni ku njira zosayenerera . Zonga ngati National Security Agency aundering yochitidwa popanda chilolezo [1] ndi kenaka kuyang'ana mmbuyo kukonza chilungamitso chalamulo kuti abise chiyambi chake. Kutero kumachepetsa chiyeneretso cha lamulo ndi kuchotsapo mphamvu za lamulo la kutsekedwa. Mabungwe a ufulu wa anthu afuna kuti aonetsetse kwambiri ndi kuti makhoti kuti atsendereze chiyeneretso ngakhale pamene kuyang'anira kwa tekinoloji kukukhudza.

Kuletsa pamlingo wa mitundu yonse, mademokrase ambiri amasunga zifuno zofananazo, ngakhale kuti tsatanetsatane amasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, pansi pa European Convention on Human Rights, Article 8 imatetezera moyo wa munthu aliyense ndi wa banja, nyumba, ndi makalata. Khoti la ku Ulaya la Ufulu wa Anthu lavomereza kuti kuloŵerera kulikonse kwa boma kuyenera kukhala "kugwirizana ndi lamulo" ndi "ofunika m'chitaganya cha democracy," kumene kumafuna kuti munthu apereke chilo choweruza. Mfundo yake ndi iyi: Woweruza wodziimira payekha ayenera kupenda maziko asanafike polakwa, osati pambuyo pake. Lingaliro loyenerera pa ziyenerezo za lamulo kumadera ena kukhoza kupezeka mu [[FLT: 0] Khoti ya ufulu wa anthu pa Mfundo 8

Kumaliza

Chiyeneretso cha lamulo si mwambo wa kuweruza chabe; ndi maziko a demokrase yalamulo. Mwa kukhazikitsa woweruza wosaloŵerera pakati pa boma ndi munthu, kumatsimikizira kuti kufufuza ndi njirinji njolungamitsidwa ndi chochititsa chothekera, yogwirizana ndi kuyang'anira . Zopatuka ziripo, koma zimalekezedwa mosamalitsa ku mikhalidwe imene kufunikira kuchitapo kanthu mofulumira kumaposa chikondwerero chachinsinsi chimene chili pamtengo. Pamene chiwonjezedwacho chiwonjezedwa kwambiri /ka pamene apolisi anyalanyaza zofunikazo [1] kaŵirikaŵiri chimakhala kuswa zoyenera zazikulu, kutsendereza umboni, ndi kusoŵeka kwa chidaliro kwa anthu onse m'dongosolo la chilungamo.

M'nyengo ya kuyang'anira kwa magetsi ndi ziŵiya zamphamvu zogwiritsira ntchito malamulo, kusungitsa lamulo nkofunika kwambiri kuposa ndi kale lonse. Nzika ziyenera kumvetsetsa ufulu wawo, ndipo makhoti ayenera kukhalabe osamala pomasulira Demendment yachinayi kuti aone zinthu zatsopano. Kulinganiza pakati pa chisungiko ndi ufulu n’kovuta, koma chiyeneretso chosonyeza kuti pali malire oyenera. Kulemekeza lamulolo si chizindikiro cha kusamala za upandu; ndi chipangano cha lamulo lenilenilo.