Chiyambi: Kulinganiza Pakati pa Zofunika ndi Zosafunika

Makamera a thupi ndi kuyang'anira mavidiyo akhala zipangizo zofunika kwambiri kwa osungitsa malamulo amakono, kupereka njira yochitira zinthu ndi kusonkhanitsa umboni, ndi kuchirikiza kuŵerengera. Komabe, ntchito yawo imachititsa mafunso otsutsa alamulo ponena za pamene chilolezo chikufunika. Mtengo wachinayi wa ku United States umathandiza anthu kusafufuza ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri, ndipo chitetezo chimenechi chimafalikira ku kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zojambula. Kumvetsa mfundo zofunikira za makompyuta ndi kuyang'anira mavidiyo nkofunika kwa mabungwe a a apolisi, akatswiri a zamalamulo, ndi nzika za nzika zomwe zimapereka malingana ndi malamulo, kupatulapo, ndiponso kuthekera kumene kumalamulira kugwiritsa ntchito zida zoyendera.

Lamulo lachinayi Lowonjezera

Demendment yachinayi ndilo lamulo lotetezera chinsinsi ku United States. Ilo limalamula kuti lamulo lipeze chilolezo chozikidwa pa chochititsa chothekera lisanachite kufunafuna kapena kulanda, pokhapo ngati chilolezocho chikugwira ntchito. Khoti Lapamwamba lakhala likutsimikiza kuti chilolezocho chakonzedwa kuti chitsimikizire kuti kuloŵerera m’chinsinsi kumakonzedwa ndi woweruza wachinsinsi. Katz v. United States [1967], Khotilo linakhazikitsa “kuyembekeza kwachinsinsi kwaumwini, kumene kumatsimikizira ngati munthu ali ndi chiyembekezo chachinsinsi cha chinsinsi cha anthu amene ali okonzeka kuzindikira monga chomveka. Kuyesa kumeneku ndiko kwapakati kuti atsimikizire ngati chiyenere chofunikira kuyang'anira.

Pansi pa Katz , chilolezo chimafunika nthaŵi zambiri pamene lamulo liloŵa m'malo kapena ntchito kumene munthu amayembekezera kukhala yekha. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo mkati mwa nyumba, mu ofesi yaumwini, kapena m'makambitsirano aumwini. Kusiyana, zochita zochitidwa poyera kapena m’chiwonetsero choonekeratu sizimachitira chiyembekezo chimodzimodzicho, kulola apolisi kulemba popanda chilolezo. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa makamera ndi makompyuta oyezera mavidiyo asokonezedwa ndi ziganizo, kuchititsa zitsutso zatsopano za lamulo.

Zofunika Zofunika Kwambiri pa Khamera

Makamera a thupi ovala a apolisi anapangidwa kuti alembe nkhani za kukumana m’munda. Chifukwa chakuti apolisi nthaŵi zonse amagwira ntchito m'malo a anthu onse / nkhalango, kapena nyumba zosungiramo zinthu zachinsinsi mwachisawawa. Chifukwa chake, siifunikira kuti makamera azikhala ovuta poyendera kapena potseka magalimoto m’malo a anthu. Khoti Lapamwamba lanena kuti anthu sayembekezera kuti zinthu zachinsinsi mwalamulo ziwakhudza, ngakhale ngati ali odziŵika bwino.

Malo Oonetserapo Anzako Ogwirizana ndi Malo Opezekapo

Calculus imasintha pamene maofesala aloŵa m'nyumba kapena m'bizinesi movomerezedwa ndi mwiniyo kapena mwa mikhalidwe yosadziŵika bwino, makamera a thupi angaloledwe popanda chilolezo. Komabe, ngati lamulo loletsa kugwiritsa ntchito makamera a thupi kuzungulira mkati mwa nyumba yachinsinsi kapena m'malo amene kuli bwino kuti kulankhula kukhale chinsinsi, monga ngati chipinda chogona kapena ofesi ya loya. Nkhani ya [[FLT: 0] United States v. Jones [FL:] (20) imaonetsa kuti kulumikiza chipangizo ku katundu kapena ku malo otetezeredwa ndi lamulo. [12] Pamene kuli kwakuti [FLT:] Chilolezo cha lamulo cha [FFON: FON]

Komanso mayiko ambiri akhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kamera. Mwachitsanzo, mayiko ena amanena kuti apolisi auze anthu ngati alemba nkhanizo pamalo amene anthu amafunika kukhala okha.

Kuvomereza ndi Kugwirizanitsa Thupi

Kulola kuperekedwa kosiyana ndi chilolezo. Ngati munthu avomereza kulembedwa, kujambula kwa kamera kwa thupi kaŵirikaŵiri kumavomerezedwa ngakhale popanda chilolezo. Komabe, chivomerezo chiyenera kukhala chaufulu, chodziŵitsidwa, ndi chosatsutsika. Apolisi angangopereka umboni wokayikiridwa kapena umboni kuti analembedwa, ndipo kugwirizana kopitirizabe kungapange chivomerezo chovomerezedwa. Makhoti amapenda kukwanira kwa mikhalidwe kuti atsimikizire ngati munthu wololerayo angamve kukhala waufulu kukana. Asilikali ayenera kuvomereza pamene kuli kotheka kupeŵa ntchito zausilikali.

Makina ena ovuta kwambiri: Amajambula makamera a thupi nthaŵi zonse pa nthawi ya shifiki, koma kuchotsa mphamvu kwapadera kungadzutse nkhani. Ngati wapolisi wasanthula dala kamera ya thupi asanaloŵe m'malo achinsinsi kuti apeŵe chinthu chofunikira, kuchita zimenezo kungaonedwe kukhala kosaloleka. Madipatimenti ena ali ndi malamulo amene amafuna kuti makamera akhalepobe panthaŵi yonse yokhudzana ndi malamulo, pokhapokha ngati pali chifukwa chachinsinsi chotsekera.

Zofunika Zofunika Zosonkhezera Kumenyana ndi Mavidiyo

Mavidiyo oyang’anira, makamaka pamene achitidwa kupyolera m'makamera okhazikika kapena zipangizo zobisa, kaŵirikaŵiri amajambula Lamulo Lachinayi mwachindunji kuposa makamera a thupi. Chitsimikizo cha kaya chikalata chikufunika kusinthidwa pa zinthu ziŵiri: malo a ukatswiri ndi mtundu wa kamera. Makamera a mumpando wa anthu ambiri . Outt m'malo a misewu, mapaki, kapena nyumba za boma zimafuna chilolezo chifukwa chakuti anthu sakuyembekezera kukhala obisika kwa anthu. Komabe, kuyang'anira, kuyang'anira kwanthaŵi yaitali, kapena makamera amene amanyamula ntchito m'malo achinsinsi nthaŵi zambiri amafuna chilolezo.

Kuchuluka kwa Olympic

Kamera zobisa, zobisika ndi zogwiritsiridwa ntchito kuwona ntchito pa malo aumwini, pafupifupi nthaŵi zonse zimafunikira chilolezo chochirikizidwa ndi chochititsa chothekera. Mu United States v. Cuevas-Sanchez [1] (1987), chigawo chachisanu chinakhulupirira kuti kuika kamera yobisika m'nyumba yachinsinsi kumakhala kokhala “sesa". pansi pa Demendment Yachinayi, motero kufunidwa chilo. Mofananamo, kugwiritsira ntchito kwa palking stem imene imalemba ndandanda ya nyumba kapena malo achinsinsi kungalingalingaliridwe ngati kuyang'ana ngati kuyang'anirako kwa munthu kwanthaŵi yaitali ndi kuloŵetsedwa.

Mwachitsanzo, makamera amene amajambulidwa pamtengo wowala kwambiri saphwanya njira yachinayi yowonjezera. Funso lalikulu ndi lakuti, kodi njira yoyendera imeneyi imasonyeza zinthu zimene sizikanapezeka mwa kuonetsetsa anthu akugwiritsa ntchito malamulo a boma?

Chiphunzitso ndi Luso la Umisiri za Mbali Yachitatu

Chiphunzitso chachitatu chimanena kuti anthu sakuyembekezera kubisika kwa ena mwaufulu. Chiphunzitso chimenechi chagwiritsidwa ntchito ku mavidiyo olembedwa ndi makamera achinsinsi omwe pambuyo pake apezedwa ndi lamulo popanda chilolezo. Mwachitsanzo, ngati kamera ya pa khomo la mnansi ipereka umboni wa upandu, apolisi angapeze nthaŵi zonse kupatalo popanda chilolezo chifukwa chakuti mnansiyo ali katswiri wachinsinsi amene ali waufulu kutembenuza nyimbo. Komabe, ngati boma ligwiritsira ntchito kamera ya mnansiyo monga chipangizo chake cha kuyang'anira kapena kutumiza nyimbo kopitirizabe kapena mwa kuika pulogalamu yosa mu munda wachisanu. Chigamu chachikulu mu [FLT: 0] Centerreeter . United States: "[5]

Anasiya Kutsatira Lamulo Losafunika

Ngakhale ngati kuyang’anira kungafunikire chilolezo, malamulo angapo oikidwa bwino amalola lamulo kuchitika popanda chimodzi.

Mikhalidwe Yosadziŵika

Mikhalidwe yopatulidwa imaloleza kuyang'aniridwa popanda chilolezo pamene pali kufunika kwa mwamsanga kwa kuchinjiriza kuvulala, kuthaŵa, kapena kuwonongedwa kwa umboni. Mwachitsanzo, ngati wapolisi awona wonyumwira akuthawira m’nyumba, kugwiritsira ntchito kamera ya thupi kujambula kulondola ndi kuloŵa kwake kungakhale kololedwa popanda chilolezo. Mofananamo, ngati opereka chithandizo chamwadzidzidzi aitanidwa ku ngozi ya zamankhwala m’nyumba, vidiyo iriyonse yogwidwa ndi kamera ya thupi mkati mwa kupulumutsidwa imachitidwa motsimikizirika. Komabe, kuwonjezereka kwake sikumatsimikizira kupitiriza kuyang'aniridwako pambuyo pa ngozi.

Kuvomereza

Monga momwe tanenera kale, kuvomereza kungathetse kufunika kwa chikalata. Kuvomereza kungakhale kolembedwa kapena kolembedwa mwa khalidwe. M'nkhani ya kuyang’anira vidiyo, mwini malo angalole apolisi kuika kamera pamalo awo. Kapena, wokayikira amene akuvomereza kulankhula ndi apolisi m’galimoto imene ili ndi kamera yogwirizana. Ofufuza afunikira kuonetsetsa kuti chivomerezo sichikukakamiza ndi kuti chivomerezo cha kuvomereza chimveke bwino.

Lingaliro Lomveka

Chiphunzitso chomveka chilola maofesala kutenga umboni popanda chilolezo ngati awonekera mwamsanga kukhala womangitsa ndipo bwanayo alipo mololedwa. Chiphunzitso chimenechi chimagwira ntchito ku kuyang’anira vidiyo komanso: ngati kamera igwira ntchito yosaloledwa m’mawonekedwe owonekera bwino [1] Monga mankhwala opangidwa pa msewu wapoyera . Chiyeneretso chingafunikire kulembedwa ngakhale popanda chilolezo. Komabe, ngati kamerayo imagwiritsiridwa ntchito kukulitsa m'malo oonekera bwino kuchokera ku malo ololekanidwa ndi lamulo, chilolezo chingafunikire.

Malamulo Amitundumitundu a Boma ndi Mafotokozedwe a Chiweruzo

Pamene kuli kwakuti Demendment Yachinayi imapereka maziko, maboma ena akhazikitsa malamulo amene amakhazikitsa malamulo owonjezereka kaamba ka kamera ya thupi ndi kuyang'anira vidiyo. Mwachitsanzo, maboma ambiri amafuna kuti lamulo likhale ndi chilolezo asanakhazikitse makamera a thupi mkati mwa nyumba ya munthu, ngakhale ngati bwanayo alipo mwalamulo. Ena ali ndi “chivomerezo cha malamulo aŵiri ovomerezeka . Malamulo a kujambula mawu, amene angayambukire kujambula kwa kamera imene imakopa makamera. M'malemba onga Illinoisno, Eavesting Act Act adafuna chivomerezo cha magulu onse ojambula makambitsirano achinsinsi, ngakhale kuti masinthidwe aposachedwapa apanga kujambula kwa lamulo.

Makhoti aakulu a boma amathandizanso kumasulira chitetezo chachinsinsi cha boma. Maboma ena, monga Washington ndi Massachusetts, amasulira malamulo awo a boma kupereka chitetezo chachikulu chachinsinsi kuposa cha Lamulo lachinayi Loletsa. Mabungwe osungitsa malamulo ayenera kuzindikira zofunika zonse ziŵiri za boma ndi boma kuti apeŵe kutsenderezedwa ndi kutsenderezedwa kwa boma.

Kufuna Kusintha Malamulo ndi Ufulu Wochita Zinthu Zachinsinsi

Kugwirizana pakati pa zifuno zofunikira ndi zipangizo zoyendera kuli ndi zotsatira zazikulu zonse ziŵiri za ntchito za apolisi ndi ufulu wa anthu. Kwa osungitsa malamulo ameneŵa, kumvetsetsa malamulo ameneŵa nkofunika kutsimikizira kuti umboni wopezeka kupyolera m'makamera a thupi ndi mavidiyo ukhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'khoti. Kulephera kupeza chilolezo pamene chikufunika kungachititse kutsenderezedwa kwa umboni wotsutsa ndipo kungatsogolere ku mlandu wa kuswa zoyenera za lamulo.

Umboni Woti N’zosatsimikizirika

Makhoti amagwiritsira ntchito lamulo lopatulalo kutsendereza umboni wopezedwa woswa Lamulo lachinayi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kamera iliyonse ya thupi kapena kuyang'anira vidiyo yogwidwa popanda chilolezo pamene wina adafunikira kuikidwa kudzakhala kosagwiritsidwa ntchito pozenga mlandu. Ndiponso, ngati kuyang'anira koyambako kunali kosaloledwa, umboni uliwonse wotengedwa pa phazilo (monga ngati maumboni kapena umboni weniweni wopezeka monga chotulukapo) ungachotsedwenso pansi pa “chipatso cha mtengo wapoizo” chiphunzitso. Motero mabungwe osungitsa malamulo ayenera kuphunzitsa anthu pa mikhalidwe yolondola imene imachititsa ziyenero zoyenerera.

Kudalira Anthu Onse ndi Kudziŵerengera Mlandu

Kupeza bwino ziyeneretso za kuyang’anira kungawonjezerenso chidaliro cha anthu. Pamene nzika ziwona kuti kusungitsa lamulo kumalemekeza malo achinsinsi ndi kutsatira njira zalamulo, iwo ali othekera kwambiri kugwirizanika ndi kuona dipatimentiyo kukhala yoyenerera. Komabe, zochitika za kuyang'anira kosalekeza kumene pambuyo pake kungawononge chidaliro ndi kudzutsa mphezi. Kugwiritsira ntchito makamera kwa thupi kwasonyezedwa kukhala chiŵiya chosonyezera kuonekera bwino, koma kupindula ngati kujambulako kuchitidwa moswa zoyenera zachinsinsi. Malamulo omveka bwino ndi kumamatira ku ku kukwaniritsa zofunika za kuthandizira kusunga thayo ndi kukhala ndi malo achinsinsi oyenera kusamala.

Miyambo Yabwino Koposa ya Malamulo Okakamiza

Kuti adziŵe bwino malamulo ovuta kuwatsatira, mabungwe a boma ayenera kutengera malamulo amphamvu amene amakhudza mbali zotsatirazi:

  • [[MLT:0] Kuphunzitsa za Ziyembekezo Zachinsinsi: Asilikali ayenera kuphunzitsidwa kuzindikira mikhalidwe imene munthu amayembekezera kukhala yekha / m’nyumba, m’chipinda cha chipatala, kapena mkati mwa kukambitsirana kwachinsinsi] ndi kulangizidwa kupeza chikalata kapena chivomerezo asanalembe nkhani zimenezo.
  • Mosayenerera Opera Procedures for Body Khameras: Apolisi ayenera kulongosola pamene makamera ayenera kupangidwa, pamene angaletsedwe kaamba ka zifukwa zachinsinsi (m., kulankhula ndi mnkhole wa kuchitiridwa nkhanza yakugonana), ndi mmene angavomerezere kulemba.
  • Malamulo Ovomerezeka a Surveillance yosasintha: Asanaike kamera yobisa kapena kuchititsa vidiyo yoyendera zinthu zaumwini kwanthaŵi yaitali, chikalata chiyenera kupezeka ngati chinthu china chosagwiritsidwa ntchito. Makampani ayeneranso kufuna malangizo alamulo potumiza zipangizo zatsopano zoyendera.
  • Malo a kulera ndi Access Policies : Ngakhale ngati vidiyo yapezedwa mololedwa popanda chilolezo, kupezeka ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kungadzutse nkhaŵa zachinsinsi. Kuchepetsa kukhoza kutsata ndi kuchepetsa kugwiritsira ntchito kwake ku zifuno zovomerezeka za lamulo kungachepetse kuthekera kwa kuikidwa mlandu.
  • Kufufuza ndi Kuyang'anira: Kupenda kwa mkati kwa kamera ya thupi ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa njira zoyendera kungathandize kuzindikira kuswa ndi kutsimikizira kutsata lamulo.

Mwa kugwiritsa ntchito njira zabwino zimenezi, mabungwe angachepetse mavuto amene boma lingabweretse posonyeza ubwino wogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono zoyendera zinthu.

Kumaliza

Makina oyenera a boma afunika chilolezo chapadera, koma chisamaliro chapadera chimafunika pojambula chinsinsi kapena pogwira ntchito zachinsinsi. Kuyang'ana vidiyo, makamaka kuyang'ana kwachinsinsi kapena kwanthaŵi yaitali, kumakhalabe ndi mfundo yakuti: kuonetsetsa kuti munthu akuyembekezera zinthu zachinsinsi. Malamulo angafunikire kuwonjezera malamulo okhwima. Malamulo a boma safuna kuti anthu azikhala ndi chilolezo. Chifukwa chakuti kutsendereza kwapadera, maphunziro owonjezereka ndi malamulo ofunika kutsimikizira kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zida zamphamvu zimenezi n’kololedwa ndi kovomerezeka poyera. Monga momwe malo alamulo akupitirizira, kupitirizabe kukhala ndi malamulo odalirika.

Kuŵerenga kowonjezereka pa malamulo ofotokozedwa, pendani chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu mu Katz . United States[FLT :1], chiyambukiro cha Karpaent v. United States[FLT] [FLT] pa chinsinsi cha chinsinsi, ndi Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo [FLT:] chigamulo cha kamera .