Chiyambi

Kuchuluka kwa mafoni, matable, ndi malaptop kwasintha mmene apaulendo amasungira ndi kunyamula chidziŵitso champhamvu. Pamalire a United States, maofesala a zauchigaŵenga ndi alamulo amapempha nthaŵi zonse kapena kukakamiza anthu kugwiritsa ntchito ziwiya zimenezi. Zimenezi zimadzutsa funso lovuta la lamulo: Kodi Lamulo lachinayi limafuna kuti lamulo likhale lolembedwa asanafufuze chiwiya cha munthu mwini pa malire a dziko lonse? Yankholo, pamene likuima, n’losiyana kwambiri ndi malingana ndipo likupitirizabe kuyendera malamulo a khoti, malamulo a bungwe, ndi malamulo a za malamulo a za malamulo. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza malamulo olamulira malamulo oletsa kufunafuna ziŵiya za magetsi, kupenda kulimba kwa dziko lonse ndi ufulu wa anthu.

Maziko a Malamulo a Kufufuza Malire

Kufunafuna Konse Kosiyana ndi Konse

Chikalata cha Owonjezera chachinayi chimateteza ku kufufuza kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri ndipo nthaŵi zambiri chimafunikira chilolezo chochirikizidwa ndi chothekera. Komabe, Khoti Lapamwamba la United States lakhala likuzindikira kwa nthaŵi yaitali “kufufuza kopatula kwa ” kumene kumalola atumiki a boma kusanthula mosayenerera kumalire a dziko lonse. Kusiya kumeneku kumaikidwa mu ulamuliro wa boma wolamulira kutetezera malire a dziko ndi kuletsa kuloŵa m’dzikolo, katundu woletsedwa, ndi anthu amene amawopsyeza. Pa chiphunzitso chimenechi, kufufuza malire kwanthaŵi zonse sikunafunikire chilo kapena kukaikira kwa munthu aliyense payekha.

Kusintha kwa Kachinayi ndi Kuyembekezera Kukhala Wekha

Ukulu wa kufunafuna malire watsutsidwa mobwerezabwereza monga zipangizo za magetsi zakhala zopezeka. Malingaliro a Khotilo mu United States v. Jones (20:2] ndi Riley v. California . [kugogomezera kuti kusungidwa kwa zipangizo zamakono kumapanga upandu waukulu wa kulowa m'malingaliro a munthu. [[FLT:]] Riley [[FLT]]] adalankhula ndi kumangidwa, kunyamula kwake kuti kufunikira kufunafuna foni kuti agwire khomo lokhala ndi kuyang'ana kumalire otsika. Nkhani yaikulu ingakhale yofufuzidwa, ngakhale ikumakonzedwa kaamba ka kufunafuna kwa magalimoto a m’manja opanga chidziŵitso chakupimirala, chokwanira chakutumiza mapepala opanga.

Kuchuluka kwa Zipangizo Zogwiritsa Ntchito Makompyuta

Kusiyanitsa Pakati pa Kufufuza Kokhudza Zinthu Zakuthupi ndi Makompyuta

Makhoti ndi othirira ndemanga azindikira mowonjezereka kuti kufufuza chipangizo chamagetsi kumasiyana ndi kufufuza kwakuthupi kwa chikwama kapena sutukesi. Mafoni amodzi angasunge zolembedwa za ndalama, chidziŵitso cha zamankhwala, kulankhulana kwaumwini, mbiri ya malo, ndi zina zowonjezereka. Khoti Lapamwamba mu [[FLT: 0]] Liley adazindikira kuti zipangizo zimenezi ndi “zokhazokha zopindulitsa mwaluso lamakono , koma zili“di zobisika za chidziŵitso chachinsinsi. Kumalire, kusiyana kumeneku kwasonkhezera makhoti a boma kufuna chilolezo kapena kukayikira koyenera kaamba ka kufufuza zinthu zamakono, makamaka pamene kufufuzako kukuphatikiza ndi kujambula chidziŵitso kwa chidziŵitso cha zinthu.

Zigamulo za Khoti

Dziko la United States linasiya kuyendera limodzi ndi Cotterman (la 9 dela, 2013)

M'chimodzi cha zosankha zoyambirira za kuyang'ana malire a manambala, chigawo cha Ninth chigawo chinanena kuti kupima kopanda lamulo kwa laptop pamalire kunaswa Lamulo Lachinayi. Khotilo linasiyanitsa pakati pa “kuyang'ana . Kupenda magetsi [1] kumene kungaloledwe popanda kukaikira [1] ndi kufufuza kwapadera kogwiritsira ntchito programu yapadera kuchotsa zojambula. Khoti linalamula kuti, lifunikire kukayikira koyenera chifukwa cha kusalankhula bwino ndi kukhoza kwa chidziŵitso chaumwini. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ku Kolsuz, 2018

Tradera Lachinayi linapita patsogolo mu United States v. Kolsuz , polingalira kuti kufunafuna kopanda malire kwa laptop kunali kosamveka pansi pa Kusintha kwa Fourth Reformation. Khotilo linagwiritsira ntchito kukambitsirana kwa Riley kumalire, kutsimikizira kuti kufunafuna malire sikumalola kusanthula kwa m'malire kwa zipangizo za magetsi. Chigamulocho chinagogomezera kuti chifuno cha boma cha kukhazikitsa malamulo pa malire sichimalekanitsa zikondwerero zachinsinsi m'masamu ya masamu. Gawo 4 adafuna chikalata, kusoŵa mikhalidwe.

Riley ndi California (Khoti Lotchuka, 2014)

Ngakhale kuti adalembedwa kuti afufuze chochitika chofuna kugwidwa, kulingalira kwake kwakhala kofunika kwambiri pofufuza malire. Woweruza Wamkulu Roberts analemba kuti malembo a foni ya m'manja “sangathe kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chida . kapena kutsekereza kumangidwa kololedwa, ndipo chifukwa chake mfundo za kufunafuna kosaloleka kuti mugwire sizikugwiritsidwa ntchito. Makhoti aang'ono atchulapo kuti malire a magetsi opangidwa ndi anthu.

Kufufuza kwamakono kwa CBP ndi ICE Pricies pa Spartum

Zimene Zikupezeka pa Makompyuta Osiyanasiyana

U.S. Customs and Borders Protection (CBP) [FLT :1] yatulutsa kufufuza kolamulira kwa ziŵiya zamagetsi. Monga kukonza kwake kwaposachedwapa, apolisi a CBP angayendetse “basilic” kufufuza (kuwoneranso zopezeka popanda programu yakunja) popanda kukayikira. Kwa “kufufuza" kumene kumaphatikizapo kugwiritsira ntchito kwa ziŵiya za kunja kupenda, kukopera, kapena kusanthula madata a“ kukayikira kopekera kwabwino” kuswa lamulo. Chitsogozo chimafuna kuti chichitidwe panthaŵi yake ndi kuti chiwiringidwe kwa masiku osapitirira asanu popanda woyang'anira. [FK:]

Zimene Zimajambula ndi Kukumbukira

Bungweli linanena kuti makope amafunika kutetezedwa pa zinthu zachinsinsi ndipo ayenera kuwonongedwa pambuyo pomaliza ntchito yoonetsetsa kuti anthu atsata. Komabe, otsutsa amanena kuti mapepala a mbiri ya zinthu zimene zasungidwa kwa miyezi kapena zaka popanda kulungamitsidwa, ndiponso kuti makampani ena monga ICE ndi FBI apeza kuti kulephera kuyang’anira kolimba kwachititsa kuti malamulo a kachitidweka atsutse malamulo.

Malire a Kudziŵitsidwa Patsogolo ndi Ufulu Wokana

Alendo angakane kutsegula chipangizo kapena kupereka mawu achinsinsi, koma kukana koteroko kungakhale ndi zotsatirapo. CBP ingagwire chipangizocho, ndipo woyenda ulendoyo angapanikizidwe mafunso owonjezereka kapena kuchedwetsedwa. Kukana sikumapereka doko lotetezeka lokha; nthumwi zingapereke mafotokozedwe oipa kuchokera ku ku kukana. Makhoti ena apeza kuti amakakamiza munthu wapaulendo kutsegula chipangizo chokhala ndi mphamvu ya mphamvu ya zinthu zachilengedwe (monga ngati chida cha mzera) chingakhale chololedwa pansi pa malire, pamene kuli kwakuti kutsegulira kope kumbuyo kwa desikiridwa kwa projective kungatetezereding formal ku progamental kulcincring . Malamulo otsutsa kukana kulephera kutha.

Mkangano wa Malamulo: Wosala Kapena Osati?

Mikangano Yofuna Kupeza Mlandu

Ochirikiza chiyeneretso cha foni amanena kuti zipangizo zamakono n’zofanana ndi zosungira zinthu zaumwini ndi kuti magulu ena ofufuza malire sanafunikire kuvomereza mtundu wa kusanthula kwa maseŵero kwamakono. American Liberties Union (ACLU) ndi magulu ena a ofufuza a mamembala akakamiza kaamba ka kufunafuna chilolezo chozikidwa pa chifukwa chomveka, kutsutsa kuti chikhumbo chachinsinsi cha boma chimaposa kufunafuna kwachidule, kukayikira. Iwo amaloza kwa [[FLT:] Kolz] ndi [FLT:] CoP] . [FLT:]

Nkhani Zonena za M’maliremo Zinalekezedwa

Boma limasungitsa kuti kufunafuna malire kuli kofunika kukakamiza miyambo, kusamuka, ndi malamulo a dziko. Akuluakulu a boma amatsutsa kuti kukhazikitsa lamulo kuletsa kutha kwawo kuona zithunzi zamaliseche za ana, ziwopsezo za uchigaŵenga, ndi kuswa malamulo a malonda. Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo yatetezera kufunafuna malire kopanda chilolezo m'mabwalo ambiri, kutsutsa kuti kufunafuna malire kuyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamagetsi monga momwe kumachitira ku zotengera zinthu. Bomalo limadziŵitsanso kuti kupempha chilo kukhoza kuchepetsa kuyendera madoko a anthu ambiri oloŵa m'madoko ndi kuti zipangizo za magetsi zikhoza kutsekedwa mwamsanga kapena kubisa chilo chaku

Ntchito ya Mikhalidwe Yoipa

Ngakhale makhoti amene amafuna chilolezo azindikira kuti si zoona pamene pali chiwopsezo cha mwamsanga cha kusungika kwa apolisi kapena kuwonongeka kwa umboni. Mwachitsanzo, ngati munthu ali ndi chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti chipangizo chili ndi chidziŵitso chonena za kuukira kwa zigaŵenga komwe kwayandikira, kufunafuna popanda chilolezo kungakhale koyenera. Komabe, kulakwako kuyenera kukhala koona ndipo osati kokha kuyerekezera. Makhoti akhala akukayikira kuti malire enieniwo amapangitsa kulephera. Chikhoterero n’chofunika kupempha anthu ena kuti azikayikira kapena kuti apeze chilo choyenera kufunsira anthu osachita ku protegion.

Zofunika kwa Oyenda

Mfundo Zokuthandizani Kuteteza Zimene Mukudziwa

Anthu amene amayenda panyanjapo amayesetsa kuti adziwe zinthu zimene apeza pa Intaneti.

  • Kubwerera kumbuyo ku utoto wonse musanapite, ndi kulingalira za kusiya mafaelo ovuta panyumba kapena m’mtambo.
  • Gwiritsirani ntchito yolemba mawu amphamvu pa zipangizo ndipo peŵani kudalira pa maloko okha. Ngakhale kuti kumasulira mawu olembedwa pamanja sikuletsa kugwidwa, kungachititse kuti zinthu zikhale zovuta kuti zipeze chidziŵitso ngati chiwiyacho chatsekedwa.
  • Travel ndi chidziŵitso chochepa. A “yere". Chipangizo choyera [1] chimene chili ndi mapulogalamu ndi mafaelo ofunika kwambiri [1] chikhoza kuchepetsa kukula kwa zinthu zimene zingathe kuyendera.
  • Dziŵani zoyenera zanu. Simuyenera kutsegula chipangizo chanu, koma muyenera kudziŵa zotsatirapo zake: chiwiyacho chingatseke ndipo mungachedwe.
  • Ganizirani kugwiritsira ntchito chiŵiya chosiyana, chokhalitsa kaamba ka ulendo wa maiko, makamaka ngati muli ndi bizinesi yamphamvu, yalamulo, kapena yolembedwa ndi atolankhani.

Kudziŵa Ufulu Wanu pa Malire

Malamulo a dziko Guild [FLT :1] ndi ACLU afalitsa . Adziŵa 76 malo otsogolera oyenera odutsa malire. Oyendera ayenera kuzindikira kuti angafunse ngati ali omasuka kuchoka, amakana kuyankha mafunso okhudza zimene zili m'maseŵero awo, ndi kupempha kuti afufuzepo. Iwo angafunsenso kuti apeze bwana kapena loya ngati akuona kuti ufulu wawo wapotozedwa. Malo ofufuzira alipo kuchokera ku [FLT:] ALU MPU a pepala lofufuza tsamba [FFF:]

Kufuna Kukakamiza ndi Kuika Malamulo m’Malamulo

Mavuto Ovuta

Oimira malire amayang'anizana ndi kachitidwe kovuta kulinganiza. Amapatsidwa ntchito yokhazikitsa malamulo mazana ambiri pa madoko oloŵera, ndipo zipangizo za magetsi zikhoza kukhala ndi umboni wa chinyengo cha miyambo, kugulitsa anthu, ndi ziwopsezo za dziko. Komabe, malo alamulo amagawidwa. Kufufuza kumene kuli kololedwa pa doko limodzi la kuloŵa kungakhale kosagwirizana ndi lamulo lina. Dipatimenti ya Justice yalimbikitsa Khoti Lapamwamba kukhazikitsa kugaŵidwa kwa madera, koma malinga ndi kulemba kwake khotilo lakana kumva mlandu wopereka nkhaniyo. Panthaŵiyi, makampani ayenera kuphunzitsa anthu kuti amvetsetse miyezo yosiyana, imene ingasokoneze.

Kugwirizana ndi Miyezo Yosinthasintha

Mabungwe osungitsa malamulo akugwiritsira ntchito malamulo owonjezereka oletsa kupeŵa kuikidwa. Kugwira kwa Gardera'kuimirira Kolszuz kuyang'ana m'dera limenelo (Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina), koma oimira angapangebe kufunafuna kosafunikira kwina. [FLT:] Kutulutsa kwa Homeland Security [FLT: 3] kwapereka chitsogozo chimene kalirole CBP, koma mayeso akusonyeza kusasintha kwa zinthu kwa [1] Kusunga ndi nthaŵi zambiri. Kugwirizana ndi malamulo a malamulo, kufunikira kusungitsa zinthu zotsimikizira, zimene zikuwonongedwa, ndi kuyang'anira.

Kukula kwa M’tsogolo ndi Kuyesayesa kwa Malamulo

Malamulo Oikidwa

Mapepala angapo apangidwa m'makhoti olinganizidwa kumveketsa lamulo lofunikira pa malire. [[FLT: 0] Sali Chisankho cha Fourth Development Ndicho Chikalata cha Salute ndi [[FLT:] Burder Kufufuza kwa Ziŵiya za Electronic Act [[FLT: 3] Kufuna malamulo oletsa kufunafuna lamulo lozikidwa pa zifukwa zomveka bwino asanafufuze U.S. Chipangizo cha nzika pa malire, ndi zochitika zina zachitetezo za dziko. Monga 2025, ngongole zimenezi sizinapangidwe, koma zikuonetsa nkhaŵa ya zachinsinsi m'mapale. Mukhoza kuyang'ana mkhalidwe wa [FL:]

Chitsogozo cha Khoti Lalikulu Koposa

Khoti Lalikulu lakana mobwerezabwereza kukhazikitsa muyezo wa dzikolo wovuta mwachindunji pamilandu yosaloledwa ku malire a manambala. Zimenezi zimasiya makhoti aang'ono akusokonekera. Komabe, pamene chiŵerengero cha madera ofuna chilolezo kapena kukayikira koyenera chikukula, kukakamiza khoti kuti lithetse nkhaniyo kudzakula. Mlandu wamtsogolo ungakhazikitse muyezo wa dziko: kaya kutsimikizira kuti kufunafuna malire kumagwira ntchito ku zipangizo za kompyuta monga momwe kumachitira ku katundu, kapena kusunga chilocho chimene chikufunikira kuchotsedwa. Akatswiri a zamalamulo akuneneratu kuti potsirizira pake khoti lidzalemera, kupereka ziwo ndi kugawanika kwa nthaŵi zonse.

Kumaliza: Kulinganiza Ubwino ndi Kukhala Wekha

Chiyeneretso chofunsira zipangizo zamagetsi pa malire a United States chidakali chimodzi cha mbali zazikulu za lamulo la Four Amendment. Chizoloŵezi chamakono ndi ntchito yochepera: maulamuliro ena amalola kufufuza kofunikira koma amafuna kukayikira koyenera kaamba ka kufufuza kokhala ndi makompyuta; ena amafuna chilolezo cha kufufuza kulikonse kwatanthauzo kwa makina. Oyendera, ochirikiza, ndi alamulo a mabungwe a kusungitsa zonsezo ali ndi chidwi chachikulu pa malamulo omveka bwino, malamulo ofanana amene a boma amafunikira zonse ziŵiri chisungiko ndi zikondwerero zazikulu zimene zipangizo za magetsi zikusunga. Kufikira pamene Congress kapena Supreme Court imapereka chitsogozo chotsimikizirika, malo apitiriza kutembenuzidwa, kupangidwa ndi dongosolo la zopanga zinthu, ndi kusintha kwa tekinoloji.