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Kuzindikira Zofunika Zofunika Zofunika Kuti Tikhale Omasuka ndi Osauka
Kulephera ndi kulanda katundu ndi zida zina zamphamvu kwambiri zimene zilipo kwa mabungwe osungitsa lamulo. Amalola boma kutenga katundu amene atengedwa kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuthandiza upandu. Zochita zimenezi zingaphatikizepo ndalama, magalimoto, malo, ndi zinthu zina. Pamene kuli kwakuti mphamvu ya kulanda katundu ili yothandiza kusokoneza makampani aupandu ndi kubwezeretsa zotsatira za upandu, zimawonjezeranso nkhaŵa zazikulu za lamulo. Mtengo wa Fomiter Enerfect imateteza anthu ku ku ku kufufuza kosayenera ndi kudwala, ndipo njira yoyenerera imafunikira kuti eni ake alandire chidziŵitso cholungama ndi mwaŵi wakumvedwa boma lisanatenge chuma chawo.
Nkhani ino ikufotokoza bwino kwambiri mfundo zimene zimafunika kuteteza katundu ndi kulanda katundu wa anthu onse. Akatswiri a zamalamulo, akuluakulu a malamulo, ndi ofufuza malamulo apeza kusanthula mozama malamulo, chitetezo cha pulogalamu, ndi mikangano yopitirizabe imene imaumba mbali imeneyi ya lamulo. Kumvetsa zofunika zimenezi n’kofunika kuti kutsimikizire kuti zimene munthu wachita zalephera n’zovomerezeka, n’zogwirizana, ndiponso zolungama.
Maziko a Malamulo: Kusintha kwa Kachinayi ndi Kachitidwe Koyenera
Chikalata chachinayi chowonjezera chija cha Lamulo la United States chimapereka lamulo loyambirira lolanda katundu. Chikutsimikizira kuti [iye] ali ndi ufulu wokhala mwa anthu, nyumba, mapepala, ndi zotsatirapo, kufunafuna ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri.” Kugwidwa ndi katundu kumayamba pamene munthu akudodometsedwa ndi chikondwerero cha munthu chapadera cha katunduyo. Khoti Lapamwamba lanena kuti chitetezo cha Lamulo la Four Amendment chimakhala mwa anthu aupandu ndi a anthu opalamula kuwonongeka, koma zofunika zapadera za kuchuluka kwa zinthuzo zimasiyana malinga ndi nkhani ya lamulo.
Kuwonjezera pa Lamulo Lachinayi, bungwe la Demendment la Access la Find 5 Castem likufuna kuti boma lipereke njira zoyenerera lisanamanitse munthu katundu. Mwachitsanzo, pomulanda katundu, nthaŵi yokwanira imapereka chikalata kwa eni ake a katundu ndi mpata wolimbana ndi kulanda katunduyo. Komabe, nthaŵi ndi mtundu wa mpata umenewu umasiyana kwambiri pakati pa milandu ya apandu ndi milandu yachiŵeniŵeni. Boma limakhoza kulanda katundu popanda chilolezo cha kulandidwa, mwachitsanzo, lakhala gwero la kusintha kokulira ndi malamulo a boma.
Zofunika Zosalekeza m’Chiwawa Choikidwa
Boma liyenera kutsimikizira mlandu wa woimbidwa mlanduyo kuti wachotsedwa kwamuyaya, komabe, kulanda katundu woyamba pa kufufuza kwa upandu kumalamulidwa ndi lamulo la Lamulo la Lamulo la Malamulo Lachinayi.
Zimene Zimachititsa Kuti Tizigwira Ntchito Mwanzeru
Asanatenge malo pa mlandu waupandu, iwo ayenera kupempha chilolezo chofufuza kapena chilolezo cha kulanda kwa woweruza wokana usilikali. Chikalatacho chiyenera kuchirikizidwa ndi chochititsa choyenera – chikhulupiriro choyenera, chozikidwa pa mfundo zenizeni, kuti katundu amene afunkhidwayo saloledwa, umboni wa upandu, kapena kuwonjezereka kwa ntchito yosakhala ya lamulo. Chikalatacho chiyenera kuphatikizapo chikalata cholumbira chofotokoza mwatsatanetsatane umboni umene umatsimikizira kuti chifukwa chake. Chiyeneretso chimenechi chimatsimikizira kuti kugwidwa ndi chiwembu ndi kuti kazembe wa khotilo lalamulo silili lodziimira pa mlandu.
Malo amene afunika kutengedwa ayenera kufotokozedwa mwapadera. Lamulo lachinayi limafuna kuti “mokulira anthu afotokoze malo oti afufuzidwe, ndipo anthu kapena zinthu zoti akwaniritsidwe. [1] Kusintha kochuluka kapena kufotokoza zinthu mopambanitsa kungatsogolere ku kuchotsedwa ntchito ndi kutsekeredwa m’khoti. Mwachitsanzo, chilolezo chimene chimatchula “zinthu zonse zogwirizana ndi malonda a mankhwala osokoneza bongo [1] popanda kutchula zinthuzo chingakhale chosakwanira.
Kuphedwa kwa Ntchito Yosaloledwa ndi Kubwereranso
Ataperekedwa, chilolezocho chiyenera kuperekedwa mkati mwa nthaŵi yabwino, kaŵirikaŵiri mkati mwa masiku 10 mpaka 14 kudalira pa ulamuliro. Federal Launce of Criminal Procedure 41 imafuna kuti zilamuliro ziphedwe masana kusiyapo ngati woweruzayo alola kuphedwa usiku kaamba ka chifukwa chabwino. Mkati mwa kuphedwa, apolisi ayenera kupereka kope la chilolezo ndi kuŵerengera katundu wolandidwa kwa munthu amene katunduyo amatengedwa kapena kusiyidwa pa malowo. Zimenezi, zodziŵika monga kubwerera kwa ntchito, zimaperekedwa ndi bwalo la milandu ndi kutsimikizira kuŵerengeredwa mlandu.
Ngati katundu wagwidwa ndi chilolezo chotsimikizirika, woimbidwa mlanduyo pambuyo pake angatsutse kulandako m’kutsendereza, akumanena kuti chilolezocho sichinali chochititsa kapena kuti kuphedwa kwakeko kuposa chilolezo. Kutsendereza kwachipambano kungaletse boma kugwiritsira ntchito zinthu zolandidwazo monga umboni ndipo kungatsogolere ku kubwerera kwa katunduyo.
Kusiyanitsidwa ndi Lamulo la Upandu Wosazengereza
Makhoti avomereza kuti malamulo a boma alamulo atha kulanda katundu popanda chilolezo pa milandu ya apandu.
- Mikhalidwe yosadziŵika [1] [1] Pamene kuchitapo kanthu mwamsanga kuli kofunika kuchinjiriza kuwonongedwa kwa umboni, kuthawa kwa wokayikira, kapena ngozi kwa apolisi kapena anthu. Mwachitsanzo, apolisi amene akuwona wonyumwiridwa kuyesa kuchotsa mankhwala m’chimbudzi angawagwire popanda chilolezo.
- Kawonedwe koonekera bwino ka chiphunzitso – apolisi amene alipo mololedwa pamalopo angagwire zinthu zimene zili zowongoka. Ngati mkulu wa asilikali woimitsa galimoto awona thumba la ndalama ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo ku mpando wakutsogolo, umboniwo ungagwire popanda chilolezo.
- Consion [[FLT :1] -- Ngati mwini malo avomereza dala kufunafuna ndi kulanda, palibe chilolezo chofunikira. Kuvomereza kuyenera kuperekedwa kwaulere, popanda kukakamiza, ndipo munthuyo ayenera kukhala ndi ulamuliro pa katundu.
- Chochitika cha kufufuza kuti agwire - Apolisi angafufuze munthu amene agwidwa ndi malo amene angawalamulire mwamsanga kaamba ka zida kapena umboni, ndipo angagwire chibalo chilichonse chopezedwa. Kupatula kumeneku kumabisa katundu pa thupi la womangidwayo kapena m’galimoto imene anali kukhalamo ngati agwidwa mogwirizana ndi umboni wa upanduwo.
Ngakhale ngati chilolezo china chikugwira ntchito, kulandako kuyenera kukhala koyenerabe m’mikhalidwe yonse.
Zofunika Zopereka m’Kuyenera kwa Chiŵeniŵeni
Kulandidwa katundu wa boma kumagwira ntchito pa malamulo osiyana. M'nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni, katundu amaonedwa kukhala woimbidwa mlandu , wodziŵika monga m'boma. Boma silifunikira kupeza chilolezo asanatenge katundu m'milandu yambiri ya boma. Mmalomwake, lamulo lolamulira limapatsa ulamuliro wolanda katundu pachifukwa chimene chingachitike kuti katunduyo atayidwe.
Kubisa Mopanda Mlandu: Malo a Malamulo ndi Malire
M'kulandidwa kwa boma, lamulo losungidwa lingalande katundu popanda chilolezo ngati ali ndi chifukwa chothekera chokhulupirira katunduyo kukhala wogwirizana ndi ntchito yosakhala ya lamulo. Ulamuliro umenewu umachokera ku malamulo monga 21 U.S.C. 881 (kutayidwa ndi mankhwala) ndi 18 U.S.C. . . . . . 981 (kutayidwa kwa chuma chifukwa cha maupandu osiyanasiyana a boma). Khoti Lapamwamba lachirikiza kusalola kugwidwa ndi anthu pansi pa chiphunzitso chakuti chuma chenichenicho ndi cholakwa, ndipo boma likuchita zinthu zosoŵetsa mtendere kapena kulanda chibalo kapena kulanda chibalo kapena kutuluka.
Komabe, Lamulo Lachinayi la Kusintha zinthu likugwirabe ntchito. Ngati kugwidwa ndi njirisi kumafuna “kufufuza” nyumba kapena malo ena otetezedwa, chilolezo chimafunika. Folida v. White, 526 U.S. 559 (1999), Khoti Lapamwamba linkafuna kuti lamulo likhoza kulanda galimoto m'malo a anthu onse popanda chilolezo ngati ali ndi chifukwa chomveka chobedwa. Koma ngati galimotoyo yaimikidwa pa katundu, chilolezo kapena chosiyana ndi (monga mikhalidwe yosadziŵika) n’kofunika. Lamulo la lamulo limagwiranso ntchito pa njiri: kusoŵa kapena kuvomereza.
Kudziŵa Zomwe Zinandichitikira Atachokapo
Pambuyo pa kugwidwa m’malo mwa boma popanda chifukwa chokanika, ntchito yake imafunikira kuti mwini malo adziŵitsidwe mwamsanga kuti wagwidwa ndi kulephera. Boma liyenera kuyambitsa kulephera, makamaka mwa kudandaula ndi khoti. Mwiniwake ali ndi ufulu wolemba chinenezo ndi kutsutsa kutaya. Pakali pano, boma limakhala ndi mtolo wa kutsimikizira ndi umboni wotsimikizirika wakuti chumacho chingatayidwe. M’nkhani zina, monga ngati eni ake osalakwa, katunduyo angasunthe.
Mowonekeratu, Khoti Lalikulu la United States mu United States v. James Daniel Good Real Intect profect [FL:1], 510 U.S. 43 (1993) adakhulupirira kuti boma silingatenge katundu weniweni popanda choyamba kupereka chidziŵitso ndi kuweruza ngati mikhalidwe yosatsimikizirika ilipo. Chigamulo chimenechi chinachepetsa kwambiri mphamvu ya boma ya kutenga nyumba popanda kuchitapo kanthu. Komabe, chitetezo chimodzimodzicho sichimagwira ntchito pa chuma chaumwini monga galimoto, ndalama, kapena mabwato.
Ntchito Yothandiza Anthu ndi Osawagwira Ntchito
Mbali yaikulu ya kulephera kwa boma imachitika mwa kuyang'anira, makamaka chifukwa cha katundu woŵerengeredwa pa $500,000. M’nkhani zimenezi, bungwe lotenga anthu limayang'anira wosaloŵetsedwamo ndi khoti, pokhapokha ngati mwiniwake walemba mawu. Kulephera kwa ntchito sikufuna chilolezo cha kugwidwa koyamba, koma mwiniwake ayenera kupatsidwa chidziŵitso ndi mpata wa kupikisana pa nthaŵi yeniyeni (makamaka 30 mpaka 60). Ngati mwiniwake walephera kuyankha, katunduyo amatayidwa ndi ulamuliro.
Ngakhale kuti pamakhala lamulo loletsa kutero, bungwe la Fourth Amendment limaletsabe kulanda katundu ngati afufuza mopanda nzeru kapena ngati palibe chifukwa chomveka chofufuzira, mwiniwake angatsutse kuti walephera kutero chifukwa cha malamulo a boma.
Kuyerekezera Chiŵeniŵeni ndi Chigaŵenga: Kusiyana Kokulirapo m’Machitidwe
Tafula lili pansipa likulongosola mwachidule kusiyana kwakukulu kwa choyenera ndi zofunika za mwambo pakati pa chuma cha boma ndi chaupandu:
| Aspect | Criminal Forfeiture | Civil Forfeiture |
|---|---|---|
| Target of proceeding | Defendant (person) | Property (in rem) |
| Warrant required before seizure? | Generally yes, unless exception applies | No (but warrant may be required for searches of homes) |
| Probable cause standard | For warrant: probable cause that property is evidence of crime or proceeds | Probable cause that property is subject to forfeiture |
| Burden of proof at trial | Beyond a reasonable doubt (for conviction) | Preponderance of the evidence |
| Innocent owner defense | Available (owner unaware of illegal use) but limited | Available (owner must show lack of knowledge or consent) |
| Notice and hearing | Part of criminal proceedings (arraignment, preliminary hearing) | Post-seizure notice and opportunity to challenge |
| Exigent circumstances exception | Applies to warrant requirement | Applies to requirement of prior notice for real property |
Komabe, njira yoyenerera ndi yotetezera yachinayi, ndiponso mayiko ambiri asintha zinthu kuti pakhale chigamulo cha upandu, katundu asanalandidwe kapena kuchotsedwa.
Matchalitchi Otsutsa ndi Masinthidwe Ozungulira Nkhondo Zosasintha
Kulephera kwakhala nkhani ya mkangano waukulu wa anthu ndi wandale, wochuluka wa iyo inali yokhudza kaya chilolezo chamakono ndi miyezo yoyenerera imatetezera mokwanira eni katundu. Otsutsa amanena kuti kulephera kwa boma kumachepetsa ufulu wa katundu mwa kulola boma kutenga katundu popanda kuimbidwa mlandu. Mtolo wotsika wa umboni (wosonyeza umboni) ndi zisonkhezero za ndalama za mabungwe osungitsa malamulo (kupyolera mwa kugawana ndi kuwonongeka kwa maprogramu a boma) wakhala wotsutsana kwambiri.
Kugaŵana Mosakondera ndi “Kupeza Phindu” Vuto
Pansi pa programu ya kugawana kwa boma koyenera, mabungwe a boma ndi a boma a m’malowo angagwirizane ndi akuluakulu a boma kulanda katundu, ndiyeno kulandira gawo la ndalamazo. Chifukwa chakuti malamulo a boma kaŵirikaŵiri ali ndi zitetezero zofooka m’malo mwa malamulo a boma, osuliza amatsutsa kuti mabungwe angazembe zinsinsi zotetezera kwambiri za boma mwa kuvomereza kufufuza kwa boma. M’kuyankha, maboma ena apereka malamulo ofuna chigamulo cha upandu katundu asanatayidwe, kapena kufuna kuti chitayikocho chilunjikitsidwe ku maphunziro kapena ndalama zina mmalo mwa kukhazikitsa malamulo.
Khoti Lapamwamba linafotokoza mbali imodzi ya zimenezi mu Timbs v. Indiana, 586 U.S._(2014), likumati Mapediresi Opitirira Oposa a Seth Amendment amathandiza kulephera kwa boma. Chiweruzocho chimaletsa boma kutenga katundu wofanana kwambiri ndi upandu, ngakhale ngati kulandako kuchitidwa popanda chilolezo.
Masinthidwe Ovomerezedwa Posachedwapa
Maboma angapo apanga masinthidwe okhwima amene angafunikire kugonjetsedwa ndi boma. Mwachitsanzo, New Mexico ndi Nebraska tsopano amafunikira chigamulo cha upandu asanalakwe. Mayiko ena, monga Colorado ndi Montana, amafuna kuti lamulo likhale ndi chigamulo cha chiweruzo cha chochititsa chothekera asanatenge katundu, kukhazikitsa lamulo loyenerera kuti munthu adwale matenda a chiŵeniŵeni komanso kuti apeze umboni wokwanira. Pamlingo wa boma, Findred Amendment Intelligement Reconsoletion (FAIR) Act yayambitsidwa kangapo koma sinapitidwe.
Malamulo Abwino Kwambiri
Kuti apewe mavuto a lamulo ndi kuti anthu aziwakhulupirira, mabungwe osungitsa malamulo ayenera kutsatira njira zotsatirazi:
- Pezani chilolezo pamene chitheka, ngakhale m’milandu yokaikiridwa ndi boma, kuti mukhutiritse Lamulo Lachinayi ndi kupeŵa kuvomereza zinthu zofunikira.
- Mwinamwake zolembedwazo zimayambitsa kotheratu m’ma affidavits, ndi kutsimikizira kuti mafotokozedwe a zinthu apadera.
- Perekani chidziŵitso cha panthaŵi yake ndi chomvekera kwa eni malo a kuyenera kwawo kwa kupikisana ndi kugwidwa kwa njirisiyo.
- Musamagwiritse ntchito mphamvu ya kulipira ndalama kapena kutaya ndalama zimene mwapatsidwa posagwirizana ndi zolinga zovomerezeka za malamulo.
Njira zimenezi zimathandiza kutsimikizira kuti njirinjiri njololedwa, njoyenerera, ndi yolemekeza kuyenera kwa katundu.
Kumaliza
Ziyeneretso zofunikira kaamba ka kulandidwa katundu ndi kugwidwa zimasonyeza kusagwirizana kwakukulu pakati pa malamulo ogwira ntchito bwino ndi malamulo otetezera. Mlandu wachinayi, Kusintha zinthu kaŵirikaŵiri kumafuna chilolezo chozikidwa pa chifukwa chothekera kutengedwa, kuikidwa ndi zinthu zina. Polephera ndi boma, boma lingapeze popanda chilolezo, koma liyenera kupereka chidziŵitso cha mwamsanga ndi mpata wotsutsa kugwidwa. Malamulo ameneŵa amapitirizabe kuchitika mwa malamulo, zigamulo za khoti, ndi kusintha kwa malamulo.
Akatswiri a zalamulo ayenera kuzindikira kusiyana kumeneku kuti apereke malangizo omveka bwino kwa makasitomala, kaya kulepheretsa kulanda lamulo kapena kuchita zinthu zosayenera. Oyang’anira malamulo ayeneranso kudziŵa malire a ulamuliro wawo. Kuti aŵerengenso, Cornell Legal Information Institute imapereka malangizo a zinthu zimene zawonongeka. ALUU yofufuza pa katundu wa boma. [FLT:] imagogomezera kwambiri za Astective Forfeito Program ndi kukonzanso, ndipo imafuna kupereka malangizo pa malamulo amakono. [FLT:]