Table of Contents

Khoti Lapamwamba la United States lakhala likukhazikitsa malamulo alamulo kwa zaka zoposa mazana aŵiri, kupereka zigamulo zimene zasintha kwambiri mmene ufulu wa anthu wakukhala ndi chuma umaperekedwera, kumasulira, ndi kutsatiridwa. Malamulo apadera ameneŵa aumba malo atsopano m'maindasitale onse, kuyambira ku mankhwala ndi sayansi ya zinthu zamakono mpaka kukonza mapulogalamu. Kumvetsa kusinthika kwa lamulo la ufulu ku Supreme Court jurisprudence kuli kofunika kwa akatswiri opanga zinthu, maloya, atsogoleri amalonda, ndi aliyense woloŵetsedwa m'zachuma.

Lamulo logwirizana limakhalapo pa kugwirizanitsa ulamuliro wa lamulo, kumasulira kwa malamulo, ndi malamulo a boma. Malamulo amapatsa Bungwe mphamvu yopititsa patsogolo kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi ndi maluso othandiza mwa kusungitsa ufulu wokha kwa otulukira kwa nthaŵi zochepa. Lamulo la maziko limeneli layesedwa, kukonzedwa, ndi kufotokozedwa mwa zigamulo zosaŵerengeka za Khoti Lapamwamba zimene zimalinganiza zoyenera za opanga zinthu ndi chidwi cha anthu chaufulu ndi kupeza chidziŵitso.

Maziko a Lamulo Losafunika

Opanga malamulo a Konsichushoni anazindikira kufunika kwa kuyambitsa zinthu mwa kupatsa opanga malo amodzi amodzi a kanthaŵi pa ntchito zawo. Mfundo I, Chigawo 8, Claus 8 cha Malamulo amapatsa bungwe la malamulo a kukhazikitsa lamulo. Lamulo la malamulo latsogolera njira ya Khoti Lalikulu kukhazikitsa milandu, kutsimikizira kuti ufulu wa kudzisankhira ukwaniritse cholinga chawo chopititsa patsogolo luso la zopangapanga zinthu pamene likuletsa kuponderezedwa kwa mfundo zazikulu ndi zochitika zachilengedwe.

M’mbiri yonse ya ku America, Khoti Lalikulu lakhala likulimbana ndi kulongosola malire a nkhani zodziŵika bwino, kugamula chimene chili chinthu choyenera kupangidwa chotetezedwa mwalamulo, ndi kukhazikitsa miyezo ya kukhala yamphamvu ndi yoswa lamulo. Zosankha zimenezi zapanga lamulo locholoŵana limene likupitirizabe kusinthika ndi kupita patsogolo kwa luso la zopangapanga.

Zosankha Zakhoti Lalikulu Zomwe Zinasonkhezera Lamulo Losafunika

Milandu ingapo ya Khoti Lalikulu imaonekera kukhala yosonkhezera kwenikweni kulinganiza lamulo lamakono la ufulu. zosankha zimenezi zayankha mafunso ofunika ponena za zimene zingapangidwe, mmene kulinganiza kuyenera kupendedwera kaamba ka kutsimikizirika, ndi mankhwala amene alipo pamene zolembedwazo zipotozedwa.

Graham na. John Deere Co. (1966): Kukhazikitsa Chizoloŵezi cha Kugonana

Graham na. John Deere Co. ndi chigamulo cha khoti Lapamwamba lomwe limakhazikitsa muyezo wogamulapo kuwonekera pansi pa Gawo 103 la Patant Act ya U.S. Mlanduwu unakhazikitsa maziko aakulu opendera kaya chinthu chopangidwacho nchoyenera kutsimikizira ngati chidakhala chotsimikizirika kapena kaya chikanakhala chowonekera kwa munthu wokhala ndi luso lapadera m’munda wogwirizana ndi zimenezo.

Makhoti a Graham amafunika kuona zinthu zingapo poona bwinobwino: kukula ndi zinthu zimene zinalipo kale, kusiyana kwa luso lakale ndi zimene zikutchulidwa, kuchuluka kwa luso lapadera pa nkhani yokhudza malonda, ndi mfundo zina monga kupambana m'zamalonda, kusoŵa kwa nthawi yaitali, ndiponso kulephera kwa ena. Kufufuza zinthu zambiri kwasintha kwambiri kukhala maziko a mfundo zotsimikizirika za malamulo oyenerera.

Khotilo linagogomezera kuti mphamvu za kukhazikitsa zisaperekedwe ku zopangidwa zimene zimagwirizanitsa zinthu zimene zilipozo m’njira zodziŵikiratu kapena kupanga kuwongokera kowonekera bwino kwa tekinoloji yodziŵika. Chigamulo chimenechi chinasonyeza nkhaŵa ya Khotilo yakuti chitetezero chochuluka chodziwidwa ndi mphamvu zingaletse ntchito zina mmalo mwa kulimbikitsa. Kampala wa Graham imapitirizabe kutsogolera ofufuza ndi makhoti kusiyanitsa pakati pa zopereka zenizeni ndi zochitika zanthaŵi zonse zimene ziyenera kukhalabe m’malo a anthu onse.

Gawo linakhazikitsa mfundo zimene zimagwira ntchito m’mbali zonse za luso la zopangapanga, kuyambira pa zopangapanga, kupanga makemikolo, kufika pa mapulogalamu atsopano.

KSR International Co. v. Teleflex Inc. (2007): Kufufuza Kwapansipansi

Zaka makumi anayi pambuyo pa Graham, Khoti Lalikulu linabwerezanso muyezo wowonekera bwino ku KSR International Co v. Teleeflex Inc., mlandu umene unakhudza kwambiri mmene makhoti ndi ofufuza a kulinganiza amaonera ngati zopangidwazo zili zodziŵikiratu. Khoti Lapamwamba la KSR v. Teleflex linasintha chigamulo cha U.S. mwa kuchotsa lamulo lokhwima "kuphunzitsa, lingaliro, kapena chisonkhezero" (TSM) poyesa mosinthika, ndi njira yofala.

KSR isanafike, Federal Fridera adapanga mayeso a TSM, amene anafuna ofufuza aluso kusonyeza kuti chiphunzitso, lingaliro, kapena chisonkhezero china chinalipo m'zojambula zakale kuphatikiza zilozero zotchulidwa m’njira yolembedwa ndi kampaniyo. Kuyesa kumeneku kunali kovuta kwambiri, kukuchititsa kulephera kuchotsa mphamvu zodzisankhira ngakhale pamene zonenedwazo zinawonekera kukhala msanganizo wa zinthu zodziŵika.

Lingalirolo linalongosola kuti kugwiritsira ntchito kwa chiphanga pa malo oyenera kunena nkhani zowonekera bwino "sayenera kutsekerezedwa m'mayeso kapena kukakamizidwa kwambiri kukwaniritsa chifuno chake. Lingaliro linatsutsa njira zimene zimaletsa "kuzindikira kwachibadwa" m’zochitika zambiri. Khoti linagogomezera kuti munthu waluso lachibadwa m'zojambulazo sali wongojambula koma ali ndi luso lachibadwa ndi nzeru yachibadwa.

Chigamulochi chinagogomezera kuti munthu amene ali ndi luso lapadera lojambula ali ndi luso lachibadwa ndipo kuti kuphatikiza zinthu zodziŵika sizingatetezeke ngati atapeza zotsatira zodziŵika bwino. Mfundo imeneyi yakhala ndi tanthauzo lalikulu la kukhazikitsa ndi kumasulira zinthu, kuchititsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kutsutsa mfundo zimene zimatchula kuti pali kusiyanasiyana kapena kuphatikizana kwa luso lamakono.

Chigamulo cha KSR chinakhudza kwambiri makampani amene kawirikawiri asintha zinthu. M'makampani a galimoto, opanga makompyuta, ndi mapulogalamu a kompyuta, zimene zinathandiza kuti adziwe bwino zinthu zimene zilipo komanso kuti adziwe kuti sachita zinthu mobisa. Ofunsirawo tsopano akupereka umboni wamphamvu wakuti luso lawoli ndi longopeka osati kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo zodziwika bwino.

Diamondi (1980): Kufutukula Nkhani Yofunika Kuiganizira Nkhani ya Zomera Zokhala ndi Moyo

Pachigamulo chimodzi chopatulidwa kwambiri cha m’zaka za zana la 20, Khoti Lapamwamba linafotokoza ngati zamoyo zikhoza kupangidwa. Diamond v. Cakrabarty inakhazikitsa kuti chitetezo chachibadwa n’chopezeka kuti chikhale ndi kachipangizo kaching'onoka kamene kanapangidwa mwachibadwa osati mwachibadwa.

Dr. Ananda Chakrabarty, katswiri wa tizilombo tating’ono, adapanga kachilombo kokhoza kuchotsa mafuta osapotoka, chuma chothandiza kuchiritsa kutayika kwa mafuta. Paten Office inakana kufunsira kwake, ikumanena kuti zamoyo siziri nkhani yotsimikizirika pansi pa Gawo 101 la Patent Act. Mlanduwo unadzutsa mafunso ofunika ponena za kukula kwa zinthu zopangidwa mwachibadwa ndi kaya Nyumba ya Malamulo ikufuna kuchotsa zinthu zamoyo ku chitetezo cha chinsinsi.

Khoti Lalikulu linagamula kuti Chakrabarty ikugwirizana ndi mfundo yakuti zamoyo sizili ndi lamulo lokhudza malamulo alamulo. Khotilo linatchula motchuka kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo inakonza nkhani yodziwika kuti ikhale ngati chinthu chilichonse pansi pa dzuwa chimene munthu anapanga. Kumasulira kofala kumeneku kwa nkhani yodziwika bwino kunatsegula khomo la kusintha kwa sayansi ya zamoyo, kutheketsa makampani kupeza chitetezo chachibadwa cha maselo, maselo, ndi zinthu zina zopangidwa ndi zamoyo.

Chigamulo cha Chakrabarty chinakhudza kwambiri mafakitale a sayansi ya zamankhwala ndi zamankhwala.

Komabe, khotili linali losamala kwambiri kusiyanitsa pakati pa zamoyo zimene zimachitika mwachibadwa ndi zinthu zimene anthu anapanga. Chigamulochi chinagogomezera kuti malamulo a chilengedwe, zochitika zachilengedwe, ndi malingaliro osadziwika bwino satha kutetezedwa. Kusiyana kumeneku kudzakhala kofunika kwambiri m’nkhani zotsatirapo pofotokoza zinthu zimene zingathe kuchitika m’sayansi ya zamoyo ndi zinthu zina.

Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank International (2014: Kuchepetsa Makompyuta ndi Njira za Dongosolo la Unduna wa Zamalonda

Chigamulo cha Alice chimasonyeza chimodzi cha zigamulo zapadera kwambiri za khoti Lapamwamba pa kuvomerezedwa kwalamulo m’nyengo yamakono, makamaka kaamba ka mapulogalamu ndi njira za bizinesi zololeza. Nkhaniyo yolembedwa kaya ngati zonena za zopangidwa ndi makompyuta otsatizana ndi makompyuta zili zotsimikizirika kapena zongopeka chabe zopangidwa pa kompyuta yachibadwa.

Alice Corporation inasunga makompyuta ogwirizana ndi njira ya kompyuta yothetsera ngozi ya kudalirana kwa anthu m'zochitika zandalama. CLS Bank inatsutsa malo oikidwiratu, ikumati iwo sananene kanthu kena kosakhala kachidziŵikire kochitidwa pa kompyuta. Khoti Lapamwamba linavomereza, kukhazikitsa maziko a masitepe aŵiri opendera kulimba kwa ufulu pansi pa Gawo 101.

Pansi pa kuyesa kwa Alice, makhoti choyamba ayenera kuwona ngati mawuwo aperekedwa ku lingaliro lotsimikizirika monga lingaliro losatsimikizirika, lamulo la chilengedwe, kapena chinthu chachibadwa. Ngati nditero, makhoti ayenera kusanthula ngati zonenazo ziri ndi "lingaliro lotsimikizirika" lokwanira kusintha lingaliro losaoneka kukhala lotsimikizirika. Khotilo linakhulupirira kuti kungogwiritsira ntchito lingaliro lopanda pake pa kompyuta yapadera sikuli kokwanira kukwaniritsa chofunika chimenechi.

Chigamulo cha Alice chinakhudza mwamsanga ndi mochititsa chidwi mapulogalamu a pulogalamu ya pulogalamu. Malamulo ambiri ophatikiza njira za makompyuta zogwiritsa ntchito kompyuta, madongosolo a zachuma, ndi mapulogalamu a pulogalamu ya pakompyuta anachotsedwa pa pulogalamu ya Alice. Chigamulocho chinachititsa kuti mapulogalamu a pulogalamu a pulogalamu asakhale odziwika bwino ndipo chinayambitsa mikangano yopitirizabe yakuti kaya Khoti likhoza kuyambitsa kulinganiza zinthu ndi kuletsa mphamvu za mphamvu ya kukonza zinthu.

Otsutsa chosankha cha Alice akunena kuti chapangitsa kukhala kovuta kwambiri kupeza chitetezo chanzeru cha kukonza mapulogalamu a pulogalamu, kukhoza kusokoneza kukonza mapulogalamu a kompyuta. Ochirikiza akugwirizana kuti chigamulocho chili ndi malire oyenera pa mfundo zazikulu zimene ziyenera kukhala zopezeka kwa onse. Nkhaniyo ikupitirizabe monga makhoti ndi ntchito ya pa Patant Office kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zamakono.

Bilski v. Kappos (2010): Ayansi ya Business Method Paents

Mu Bilski v. Kappos, khotilo linatsutsa kuti njira yothetsera ngozi m'malonda ndi nzeru yosadziŵika bwino ndipo motero nkhani yosadziŵika pansi pa Gawo 101. Kuyesa makina-o kapena transformation si njira yokha yoyesera ngati njirayo ili yovomerezeka.

Nkhani ya Bilski inachokera ku kufunsira kololeka konena njira yoperekera ngozi m'malonda. Federal Tturtles adanena kuti kuyesa makina kapena kutembenuza kunali kuyesa kokha kuti aone ngati njirayo ili yovomerezeka. Pansi pa kuyesa kumeneku, njira imavomerezedwa kokha ngati igwirizanitsidwa ndi makina kapena chiwiya chinachake, kapena ngati isintha nkhani yakutiyakuti kukhala yosiyana ndi dziko kapena chinthu.

Khoti Lapamwamba linakana njira yolimba ya Federal Friesting, likumati pamene kuli kwakuti kuyesa makina kapena kutembenuza kuli njira yothandiza ndi yofunika yopezera mphamvu, siyekha. Khotilo linagogomezera kuti Chigawo 101 nchotakata ndi kuti luso latsopano lingafunikire njira zosavuta kudziŵira kuti n’zotheka kukhala woyenerera.

Komabe, Khotilo linavomereza kuti zonena za Bilski sizinali zovomerezedwa ndi boma chifukwa chakuti zinalunjikitsidwa ku lingaliro losatsimikizirika la kuwopsa kwa ngozi. Chigamulocho chinalongosola kuti njira za bizinesi siziri zopatulidwa kotheratu ku chitetezero chotsimikizirika, koma ziyenera kukwaniritsa zofunika zofananazo monga zopangidwa zina ndipo sizingangonena malingaliro osatsimikizirika kapena machitachita aakulu a zachuma.

Chigamulo cha Bilski chinayala maziko a chigamulo cha pambuyo pake cha Alice ndipo chinathandizira ku kukayikira kosalekeza ponena za malire a nkhani zodziŵika bwino za njira za bizinesi ndi zopanga pulogalamu. Inasonyeza kuyesayesa kwa Khoti kusungitsa kusinthika m'malamulo aufulu pamene ikuletsa kupatsidwa mphamvu pa mfundo zazikulu zimene ziyenera kukhalabe m’malo a anthu onse.

Festo Corp. v. Shoketsu Kinzoku Kogyo Kabushiki Co. (2002): Kuchepetsa Chiphunzitso cha Equiences

Chosankha cha Festo chinafotokoza imodzi ya ziphunzitso zofunika koposa m’kuswa lamulo lalamulo lalamulo: chiphunzitso cha ofanana. Chiphunzitso chimenechi chimalola eni ake kufutukula ufulu wawo kupyola pa ukulu weniweni wa kuikidwiratu kwawo kuphimba zinthu kapena zochita zimene ziri zofanana kwambiri ndi zimene anazipanga, ngakhale ngati iwo samawaswa kwenikweni.

Mlandu wokhudza mbiri ya oweruza umati ukhale ngati unkaletsa chiphunzitso cha munthu wofanana ndi amene walembetsa mlanduwo pamene walembetsa mlanduwo alephera kukwaniritsa zimene akufuna asanaimbidwe kapena kukwaniritsa zofunika zina za kuyenera kwa munthu. Bungwe la Federal Transport linavomereza kuti kukonza kulikonse kopangidwa chifukwa cha kutsimikizirika kwa ufulu kumapanga chipilala chathunthu chonenera kuti chinthucho nchofanana ndi chinthucho.

Khoti Lapamwamba linakana njira yolimba imeneyi, posunga kuti kuweruza mbiri yakale si chopinga chenicheni ku chiphunzitso cha zinthu zofanana. Mmalomwake, Bwalo lamilandulo linakhazikitsa lingaliro lotsutsa lakuti kusintha kopangidwa kukwaniritsa zofunika za kuyenera kumachotsa malo pakati pa mawu oyambirira ndi osinthidwa. Olemba mlandu angagonjetse lingaliro limeneli mwa kusonyeza kuti kukonza kwa mutu kumakhala ndi unansi wofanana ndi wofanana ndi wofunsidwa.

Chosankha cha Festo chinafuna kulinganiza zikondwerero zopikisana za opanga ndi anthu. Chinazindikira kuti eni ake sayenera kukhoza kuvomerezanso chiphunzitso cha zinthu zofanana zimene anapereka panthaŵi ya mlandu, pamene kuli kwakuti anavomereza kuti chipilala chathunthu chingakhale chankhanza kwambiri ndipo chikhoza kulepheretsa ufulu woyenerera. Chigamulocho chinali ndi tanthauzo lalikulu la kukhazikitsa lamulo ndi kutsendereza.

EBay Inc. v. Merc Extrain, L.L.C. (2006): Kusintha Paten Injructions

Chigamulo cha eBay chinasintha kwenikweni njira ya mankhwala oyenera mwa kupereka pamene makhoti ayenera kupereka malamulo okhazikika m’kutsutsa milandu yovomerezedwa mwalamulo. Asanaikidwe ku EBay, nthaŵi zonse khoti linapereka malamulo achikhalire achipambano a atsamunda opanga maluso awo pansi pa lamulo lachisawawa limene limatsutsa kuvulaza kwalamulo kwa chilolezo kwa mwini wake.

Merc Exki adapambana chigamulo cha ajuli chotsutsa Bay kaamba ka kuswa lamulo lalamulo koma anakanidwa lamulo lachikhalire ndi khoti la chigawo. Federal Transport inasintha, kugwiritsa ntchito lamulo lake lachisawawa lakuti malamulo achikhalire ayenera kuphonya mikhalidwe yapadera. Khoti Lapamwamba linakana kachitidwe kameneka, kupangitsa malamulo amwambo oyenera kugwira ntchito pa zosankha zovomerezedwa ndi lamulo la lamulo.

Khotilo linakhazikitsa mayeso anayi a malamulo achikhalire m’milandu yokha. Woweruza ayenera kusonyeza: (1) kuti lavulazidwa mosachiritsika; (2) kuti mankhwala opezeka pa lamulo ngosakwanira kubwezera kupwetekako; (3) kuti polingalira za kulinganiza kwa mavuto pakati pa wodwala ndi woimbidwa mlandu, mankhwala ochiritsira pa malamulo afunikira; ndipo (4) kuti chikondwerero cha anthu sichingasungidwe ndi lamulo lachikhalire.

Chigamulo cha aBay chinali ndi zotsatirapo zazikulu makamaka kwa mabungwe osapanga (kaŵirikaŵiri otchedwa "matupi apamwamba") amene samapanga zinthu koma mmalo mwake laisensi kapena kutchula mphamvu zawo. Popanda kuyenera kwachibadwa kwa lamulo, mabungwe ameneŵa anayenera kudalira kwambiri pa zowonongedwa za ndalama, zimene zingakhale zosavuta kwa oimbidwa mlandu kuyang'anira kuposa malamulo amene angatseke mabizinesi awo kapena kukakamiza zikalata zopendutsa ndalama.

Komabe, makhoti apitirizabe kupereka malamulo kwa mabungwe amene amapikisana mwachindunji ndi ophwanya malamulo, pamene akukayikira kwambiri zimene mabungwe osakhala a boma apempha.

Mayo Colotantive Services (Kulimbana ndi Matenda a Zamankhwala) (202): Kuletsa Kupima Matenda a Paents

Chigamulo cha Mayo chinafotokoza kuthekera kwa njira zamankhwala ndi kukhazikitsa malire ofunika pa maoda otchula malamulo a chilengedwe ndi zochitika zachilengedwe. Ma promesus Laborator adapatsidwa mphamvu za njira zopangira kuchuluka kwa mankhwala a thiopurine ogwiritsidwa ntchito kuchiritsa matenda a autoimmune. Malamulowo anayesa njira zopimira metabolite m'mwazi wa odwala ndi kuyerekezera masitepeti oikidwiratu kuti aone ngati kukonzanso kwa kachipangizoko kunali kofunika.

Khoti Lapamwambalo linavomereza kuti mapanganowo anali olakwika chifukwa chakuti anali kunena malamulo a chilengedwe mogwira mtima. Khotilo linafotokoza kuti kugwirizana pakati pa milingo ya metabolite ndi mphamvu ya mankhwala osokoneza bongo kuli kwachibadwa, ndipo kuvomereza kwa chinsinsiko kunachita zambiri kuposa kulangiza madokotala kugwiritsira ntchito lamulo lachilengedwe limeneli. Masitepe owonjezereka pa kunena kwakuti . "Kutumikira mankhwalawo ndi kupima milingo ya mankhwala ndi metabolite" kunali ndandanda ya zochita, ntchito zamwambo zimene sizinasinthe lamulo lachibadwa kukhala loyenera kugwiritsa ntchito.

Chigamulo cha Mayo chinakhazikitsa maziko opendera kutsimikizirika kwapadera kumene kwagwiritsiridwa ntchito mokulira kuposa kupima kwa zamankhwala. Khotilo linatsutsa kuti mawu operekedwa ku malamulo a chilengedwe ayenera kukhala ndi mbali zina kapena misanganizo ya zinthu zimene zimaimira kwambiri kuposa lamulo lachilengedwe. Routine, ntchito zozoloŵereka siziri zokwanira kukwaniritsa chofunika chimenechi.

Makina ambiri ofufuza zinthu zachipatala alephera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa pulogalamu ya Mayo, ndipo zimenezi zachititsa kuti anthu asamafunenso kugwiritsa ntchito njira zina zofufuzira.

Gulu la Molecule Pathology v. Myriad Genetics (2013): Kutsutsana kwa Gene Paten

Nkhani ya Myriad Genes inayankha imodzi ya mafunso otsutsana kwambiri m'lamulo lotsimikizirika: kaya majini a munthu angapangidwe. Majini a myriad adasungidwa ndi maluso a DNA yakutali yogwirizana ndi majini a BRCA1 ndi BRCA2, kusintha kumene kumagwirizanitsa ndi upandu wowonjezereka wa kansa ya maŵere ndi ya chiberekero. Kampaniyo inagwiritsira ntchito ma ma ma ma jini kusungitsa kudalira pa kupima kwa majini a BRCA.

Khoti Lalikululo linavomereza kuti mbali za DNA zimene zimakhalapo mwachibadwa ndizo zinapangidwa ndi chilengedwe ndipo sizili zovomerezedwa ndi munthu chifukwa chakuti zinapatulidwa ku zinthu zachibadwa. Khotilo linalingalira kuti Myriad sanalenge kapena kusintha chidziŵitso cha majini cholembedwa m’majini a BRCA; ilo linangopeza ndi kugaŵikana kwa majini kumene kunaliko kale m’chilengedwe.

Komabe, Khotilo linasiyanitsa pakati pa DNA yokhayokha ndi DNA yogwirizana (CDNA), imene imapangidwa mwaluso m'laboletale. Khotilo linavomereza kuti CDNA ili ndi mphamvu yeniyeni chifukwa chakuti si mwachibadwa kuchitika. Nthano za mu DNA zimene zimakhalapo mwachilengedwe zimachotsedwa popanga cDNA. Kusiyana kumeneku kunateteza mphamvu zina za kuyambitsa majini pamene kumachepetsa mphamvu zachibadwa pa ndandanda ya majini ochitika.

Chigamulo cha Myriad chinakhudza mwamsanga kuyesa majini. Malaboletale ambiri anayamba kupereka kuyesa BRCA popikisana ndi Myriad, nthaŵi zambiri pamtengo wotsika kwambiri ndipo panthaŵi yosintha mofulumira. Chigamulocho chinakhudzanso indasitale ya sayansi ya zamoyo, kudzutsa mafunso onena za kutsimikizirika kwa mphamvu za majini zikwizikwi ndi njira zosonkhezera kutetezera ziŵiya za biotechnology.

Mlanduwu unabutsa mikangano yopitirizabe yonena za kutetezeredwa kwa mphamvu kwa sayansi ya biotechnology ndi ngati lamulo lopanga limapereka zisonkhezero zoyenerera kaamba ka kuyambitsidwa kwa maluso a zamankhwala ndi kupezeka kwa anthu onse.

Markman na. Westview Instruments, Inc. (1996): Kudzinenera Kumanga kukhala Nkhani ya Chilamulo

Markman ndi Westview Instruments zinatsimikizira kuti kumanga ndiko nkhani ya bwalo lamilandu. chigamulo chowonekera kukhala chaluso chimenechi chakhala ndi zotulukapo zazikulu zothandizira kukhazikitsa chinsinsi.

Pamaso pa Markman, panali kukayikira kaya ngati ajuli kapena oweruza ayenera kumasulira tanthauzo la mawu odziwitsa. Khoti Lapamwambalo linavomereza kuti kumanga ndiko nkhani ya lamulo lokha kwa oweruza kugamula, osati nkhani ya ajuli. Khoti linalingalira kuti kumasulira kofanana kwa mawu a kuyenera nkofunika kaamba ka kutsimikizirika ndi kutsimikizirika kwa ufulu wa kuyenerera, ndipo oweruza ali oyenerera bwino koposa oweruza kupereka mafomu a kulingana kumeneku.

Chigamulo cha Markman chinatsogolera ku kachitidwe kofala ka "Markman akumva," kumene oweruza ovomereza anatsutsa mawu a m’chenicheni asanazenge mlandu. Kaŵirikaŵiri mayeso ameneŵa amasankha zotulukapo za milandu ya kugamula, monga mmene kumasulira kwa mawu aakulu kungagamule kaya kuswa kwachitika. Chigamulocho chapanga nkhani ina yofunika kwambiri ndi yotchuka kwambiri m'nkhani zotsimikizirika.

Chigamulocho chakhudzanso njira zopangira mapulani. Maloya a boma tsopano asamalira kwambiri za chinenero ndi mafotokozedwe olembedwa, podziŵa kuti oweruza adzamasulira mawu ozikidwa pa umboni weniweni wa mbiri ya kuyenera ndi kumangidwa. Chigamulocho chathandizira kulongosola kwatsatanetsatane kowonjezereka ndi kutsimikiza kowonjezereka kwa kupanga mapulani.

Zotulukapo Zochititsa Chidwi, Inc. ndi Lexmark International, Inc. (2017): Paten Exaustion Doctrine

Chigamulo cha Malo Ochititsa Chidwi chinafotokoza chiphunzitso chololeka, chimene chimachepetsa ufulu wa mwini wake wopanga zinthu ataloledwa kugulitsa chinthu choikidwiratu. Lexmark adagulitsa gologolo yosindikiza pansi pa zithunzi ziŵiri zojambula: chosankha chokwanira chopanda ziletso ndi chochepetsedwa pamene makasitomala anavomereza kugwiritsira ntchito tridge kamodzi kokha ndi kuibwezera ku Lexmark. Lexmark adagulitsanso magoloji kunja pa mitengo yosiyana.

Khoti Lapamwamba linavomereza kuti chigamulo cha wopatsidwa chilolezo cha kugulitsa katundu chimachotsa ufulu wonse walamulo m'chinthu chimenecho, mosasamala kanthu za ziletso zilizonse zimene oikidwiratu ayesa kukhazikitsa kapena kumene kugulitsa kunachitika m'dziko. Khotilo linalingalira kuti pamene munthu walamulo agulitsa chinthu, iyo yasangalala ndi mphotho kaamba ka kupangidwa kwake ndipo iyenera kukhala yosakhoza kulamulira mmene ogula amagwiritsira ntchito kapena kugulitsa chinthucho kupyolera mwa lamulo lalamulo la boma.

Chigamulocho chinamveketsedwa kuti ziletso zapambuyo pa zinthu zopangidwa ziyenera kutsatiridwa mwa lamulo la pangano, osati lamulo la loloza. Kusiyanitsa kumeneku nkofunika chifukwa chakuti kuphwanya lamulo lachilolezo kuli ndi mankhwala osiyanasiyana ndi malamulo achibadwa kuposa kuswa pangano. Chigamulocho chinakhazikitsanso kuti kutopa kwapadziko lonse kumagwira ntchito . "kugulitsa kulikonse m'mayiko onse a U.S.

Chigamulo cha Zopanga Zodabwitsa chili ndi tanthauzo lalikulu kwa opanga malonda ozikidwa pa kugulitsa zinthu zogwiritsiridwa ntchito, monga ngati goloji yosindikiza, ma programu a programu, ndi zipangizo zamankhwala. Makampani samadaliranso pa lamulo lalamulo lalamulo kuti agwiritse ntchito njira imodzi kapena kubwerera, ngakhale kuti angagwiritsirebe ntchito mapangano, njira zamakono, kapena zida zina zalamulo kutsata ziletso zimenezo.

Mafuta a Manereshoni, LLC v. Greene's Energy Group , LLC (208): Kutsatira malamulo a Paten Review Proceedsings

Chigamulo cha Oiri chinathetsa mavuto a lamulo la kupenda (IPR), lamulo lopitiriza lopangidwa ndi America Intents Act limene limalola Paten Trial ndi Appeal Board kupenda ndi kuchotsa zilolezo zoperekedwa. Otsutsa anatsutsa kuti IPR imaswa bungwe la malamulo mwa kulola bungwe la boma mmalo mwa kaundula III kulanda ufulu wodzisankhira.

Khoti Lalikulu linachirikiza lamulo la IPR, likumasunga kuti malolezo ali ufulu wa anthu umene ungapendedwe ndi mabungwe a boma. Khotilo linalingalira kuti malinga ndi mbiri yakale, kupereka zilolezo kwa munthu wina kwakhala koyenera kupendedwa ndi kukanidwa, ndi kuti IPR ndiyo njira yololeka kaamba ka boma kulingaliranso chigamulo chake cha kuvomereza kuyenera kwa kupatsidwa.

Chigamulocho chinasunga njira yofunika kwambiri yopezera kutsimikizirika kokhala ndi mphamvu kunja kwa mlandu wa khoti la boma wokwera mtengo. Kufufuza kwa IPR kwakhala njira yofala yotokosa kupatsidwa zilolezo, makamaka m'mbali ya zaumisiri, chifukwa chakuti kaŵirikaŵiri nzofulumira ndi zotsika mtengo kuposa kuperekedwa kwa khoti la chigawo. Komabe, chigamulocho chinasiya mafunso ena alamulo ponena za IPR, kuphatikizapo ngati chimaswa Sendetic Amendment kuyenera kwa oweruza milandu.

Maboma olamulira mafuta akhala ndi tanthauzo lothandiza kwambiri pa lumbiro lamphamvu. Makampani oyang'anizana ndi zinenezo zotsutsana ndi zinenezo zochitidwa kaŵirikaŵiri tsopano zolembedwa pa IPR kuti atsutse kutsimikizirika kwa kutsimikizirika, ndipo eni ake a IPR ayenera kulingalira za kuthekera kwa IPR poyesa mphamvu ya mayenso awo. Chigamulocho chasonkhezeranso kugamula kwalamulo, popeza ofunsirawo amayesa kupanga zikalata zimene sizingachitike m'malamulo a IPR.

SAS Institute Inc. v. Ianco (208): Partigrim Institution in IPR Proceedings

Chigamulo cha SAS Institute chinakhudza nkhani za IPR, makamaka ngati Patent Trial and Appeal Board iyenera kuyankha zonse zimene wopempha kapena angayambitse kufunsa pa zimene ananena. Ofesi ya Paten inali itatengera njira ya bungwe laling’ono, ikuyang’ana chabe zina mwa zimene anthu anatsutsa.

Khoti Lapamwambalo linavomereza kuti pamene Paten Ofesi ikhazikitsa IPR, iyenera kugamula kuyenera kwa zinenezo zonse zotsutsidwa ndi wopemphayo, osati zina za izo zokha. Khotilo linazika chigamulo chake pa chinenero chalamulo cha America Indents Act, chimene chimafuna kuti Ofesi ya Patant ipereke chigamulo chomaliza cholembedwa chosonyeza kuyenera kwa mawu a "achilolezo chilichonse chotopetsedwa ndi wopemphayo.

Chigamulo chimenechi chili ndi zotsatirapo zothandiza pa njira ya IPR ndi kuyendetsa bwino zinthu. Chimaletsa Ofesi ya Patent kusankha zimene zimafuna kupenda ndi kutsimikizira kuti opemphawo alandire chigamulo chonse pa zonse zimene anatsutsa. Komabe, chingawonjezerenso mtolo pa Ofesi ya Patenst ndi kuwonjezera IPR mwa kufuna kupenda mawu akuti Board ikanakana.

Chiyambukiro cha Zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu pa Ntchito Zosiyanasiyana

Zigamulo za bungwe lapamwamba lamilandu zololeza zakhudza mafakitale mosiyanasiyana malinga ndi kudalira kwawo mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya makampani ndi zifanizo zawo zatsopano. Kumvetsa ziyambukiro za maindasitale ameneŵa kumathandiza kudziŵa zotsatirapo zazikulu za chuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu za chisinthiko chalamulo chodzisankhira.

Mafakitale Opangira Mankhwala ndi Mankhwala

Makampani a zamankhwala ndi biotechnology ayambukiridwa kwambiri ndi zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu pa kuyenerera ndi kupatsidwa mphamvu. Chigamulo cha Cakrabarty chinatheketsa makampani amakono a sayansi ya zamankhwala mwa kulola mphamvu za zamoyo zosinthidwa chibadwa. Chigamulo cha m’Miriyad chinachepetsa mphamvu ya majini koma chinasungidwa kutetezera zinthu zopangidwa ndi majini. Chigamu cha Mayo chapangitsa kukhala chovuta kwambiri kupeza luso la kutulukira njira zopimira, zomwe zingakhudze kugula malonda a mankhwala a munthu mwiniyo.

Mafakitale ameneŵa amadalira kwambiri makampani opanga zinthu chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa nthaŵi yopita patsogolo ndi mtengo wokwera wogwirizana ndi kubweretsa mankhwala atsopano ndi mankhwala. Mankhwala achipambano angafune mazana a madola mamiliyoni ambiri m'kufufuza ndi kutukuka, ndipo makampani akupereka mphamvu zokhala ndi ntchito zofunikira kukonzanso ndalama zimenezi. Zigamulo za Khoti Lapamwamba zimene zimachepetsa mphamvu ya kuvomerezedwa kapena kupanga kulembedwa kosavuta kuti zivute kutsa malonda a zamankhwala.

Chigamulo cha a Bay sichinakhudze kwambiri makampani opanga mankhwala kuposa makampani ena chifukwa chakuti makampani opanga mankhwala kwenikweni amapikisana ndi opanga zinthu za mtundu wina, kupangitsa kuvulala kosachiritsika kupitiriza. Makhoti apitiriza kupereka malamulo m’nkhani za kukonza mankhwala, kuzindikira kufunika kwa kutulutsa mphamvu ya kuyenera kwa mankhwala m’maindasitale ameneŵa.

Zopangapanga za Makompyuta ndi Zaluso

Makompyuta ndi makompyuta asintha kwambiri pa nkhani ya malamulo opanga malamulo a boma kudzera m’zosankha monga Alice, Bilski, ndi KSR.

Chigamulo cha KSR chakhudza makampani amakono mwa kuchititsa kuti zikhale zovuta kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zodziwika. Kusintha mofulumira monga makompyuta komanso njira zolankhulirana ndi anthu, kumene kukonza zinthu zatsopano kumaphatikiza zinthu zimene zilipo, KSR yachititsa kuti anthu asamapeze mphamvu zodzitetezera.

Chigamulo cha aBay chakhala ndi zotsatira zazikulu za makampani a tekinoloji mwa kuchepetsa mphamvu ya mabungwe osawagwiritsira ntchito kuti apeze malamulo. Zimenezi zasintha mphamvu za kutchula zinthu mwaluso m'chigawo cha maluso a zasayansi, kumene mabungwe odzisankhira akhala ogwira ntchito kwambiri. Makampani amene akuyang'anizana ndi zinenezo zotsutsidwa ndi mabungwe osapanga amene tsopano ali ndi njira zambiri zolankhulira ndi mawu oyenerera mmalo moyang'anizana ndi malamulo oletsa za bizinesi.

Kupanga Zinthu ndi Malonda Amwambo

Makampani opanga zinthu ayambukiridwa ndi zigamulo za Bwalo Lapamwamba za kuwonekera, kunena kuti kumanga, ndi kutopa kwa mphamvu. Zigamulo za Graham ndi KSR zinakhazikitsa miyezo yokhalira yowonekera imene imagwira ntchito m’maindasitale onse, koma ziyambukiro zawo zimasiyanasiyana malinga ndi mtundu wa kusintha m’mbali iriyonse.

Chigamulo cha Markman chakhudza kwambiri mafakitale onse pokhazikitsa mfundo yakuti kumanga ndi nkhani ya lamulo kwa oweruza.

Chigamulo cha Makampani Opanga Zinthu Zodabwitsa chakhudza kwambiri makampani amene amagwiritsira ntchito makampani opanga zinthu zopangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito malamulo, monga opanga makina osindikizira, ndi opanga zipangizo zamakono. Makampaniwa asintha makampani awo amalonda kuti aone ngati alephera kukhazikitsa malamulo ovomerezeka.

Ntchito ya Gulu la Madera ndi Bwalo Lamilandu Lalikulu

Congress adapanga Bwalo la Apilo kaamba ka Federal Friest mu 1982 kuti abweretse kugwirizana ndi ukatswiri ku lamulo lovomerezeka. Federal Cedera lili ndi mphamvu yokha pa zikalata zalamulo kuchokera ku makhoti achigawo ndi ku Ofesi ya Patant, kuipanga kukhala khoti lalikulu la milandu ya kuvomereza. Komabe, Khoti Lapamwambalo lili ndi ulamuliro wotheratu pa lamulo la ufulu ndipo lakhala ndi ulamuliro wowonjezereka m’zaka makumi angapo zapitazo.

Unansi pakati pa Khoti Lalikulu ndi Federal Tturtles nthaŵi zina wakhala wotsutsana. Zigamulo zingapo za Khoti Lapamwamba zasintha njira za Federal Zoyendera kapena kutsutsa njira ya Federal Cederary ya kukhazikitsa lamulo. Chiweruzo cha KSR chinakana kufunsira kolimba kwa Federal Transferal struction pa kuyesa TSM. Chigamulocho chinathetsa malamulo a Federal chigawo oyanja malamulo. Chigamulo cha Federal Federal Stock chakana chiletso chachibe chachike cha m'dambo wa Federal chigawo cha Qualistry pa zogwirizana ndi mbiri yakale yonena za mlandu.

Kusintha kumeneku kumasonyeza mafilosofi achiweruzo osiyanasiyana ponena za lamulo lalamulo lovomerezedwa. Federal , ndi luso lake lapadera m'lamulo lololeka, nthaŵi zina atsatira malamulo otsimikizirika olinganizidwa kupereka chitsimikizo ndi kuneneratu. Khoti Lalikulu lakonda miyezo yosinthika kwambiri, yodalirana ndi mawu ozungulira amene amalola kusanthula milandu ndi chigawo chimodzi. Kupsinjika kumeneku pakati pa kutsimikizirika ndi kusinthika kuli mutu walamulo la chinsinsi.

Chisamaliro chowonjezereka cha Khoti Lalikulu ku kukhazikitsa milandu m'zaka zaposachedwapa chatsogolera ku masinthidwe aakulu m'chiphunzitso cha lamulo lotsimikizirika. Pakati pa 2000 ndi 2020, Bwalo Lamilandu Lalikulu linagamula milandu ya kugamulapo yaufulu yochuluka kuposa m'nyengo iliyonse yofanana m'mbiri yake. Chipangano chokangalika chimenechi chasinthanso lamulo lakusankha m’njira zazikulu, chikumasamalira nkhani zoyambira pa kulimba kwachibadwa ndi kuchiritsa ndi njira zopendera za kulamulira.

Kupambana ndi Kutsutsana kwa 101

Chigawo 101 cha Patenst Act chimafotokoza nkhani zodziŵika bwino monga "mchitidwe uliwonse watsopano ndi wothandiza, makina, kupanga, kapena kupanga zinthu, kapena kuwongolera kwake kwatsopano kothandiza. Mosasamala kanthu za chinenero chofala chimenechi, Bwalo Lapamwamba lazindikira kusakhala kwachindunji kwa malamulo a chilengedwe, zochitika zachilengedwe, ndi malingaliro ongopeka. Zosankha zaposachedwapa za Khotilo zogwiritsira ntchito kupatula zinthu zimenezi zayambitsa mkangano ndi kusatsimikizirika kwapadera.

Zigamulo za Mayo ndi Alice zinakhazikitsa njira ziŵiri zopendera kutsimikizirika kwa ufulu. Choyamba, makhoti amatsimikizira kaya ngati zonenazo zaperekedwa ku lingaliro lachindunji. Chachiŵiri, ngati ndi tero, makhoti amasanthula ngati zinenezozo ziri ndi lingaliro lopanga lokwanira kusintha lingaliro losatsimikizirika kukhala lotsimikizirika. Chipangidwe chimenechi chatsimikizira kukhala chovuta kugwiritsira ntchito mosasintha, kutsogolera ku zotulukapo zosatsimikizirika ndi zopitirizabe ponena za kukula kwake koyenera.

Otsutsa chigawo cha 101 jurisprudence atsutsa kuti chachititsa kusatsimikizirika kwambiri ndipo chapangitsa kukhala kovuta kwambiri kupeza maluso m'mbali zofunika monga pulogalamu, makompyuta, ndi mankhwala aumwini. Amatsutsa kuti mfundo yosadziŵika bwino yagwiritsidwa ntchito mokulira, kusakhala ndi nzeru pa zinthu zenizeni. Ena apempha kuti malamulo asinthe kuti asinthe zinthu kuti amvetsetse bwino nkhani yogwirizana ndi malamulo.

Ochirikiza a Mayo-Alice amanena kuti moyenerera ilo limavomereza pa malingaliro ofunika omwe ayenera kukhala opezeka momasuka kwa onse kuwagwiritsira ntchito. Amatsutsa kuti kulinganiza kochuluka kwa malingaliro osawoneka ndi zochitika zachilengedwe kungaletsetse kupangidwa mwa kuletsa ena kumanga pa chidziŵitso choyambirira. Nkhaniyi imasonyeza kusagwirizana kwakukulu ponena za ukulu woyenera wa chitetezo ndi kulinganizika pakati pa kuyambitsa zinthu zatsopano ndi kusungitsa anthu kukhala ndi chidziŵitso.

Njira Zothandiza ndi Zokakamiza

Zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu zakhudza kwambiri njira zimene zilipo zopangira anthu omanga nyumba ndi zachuma zosungitsa lamulo lovomerezeka. Chigamulo cha banjalo chinasintha lamulo la malamulo a boma, kupangitsa kukhala kovuta kwambiri kuti mabungwe osafuna kukhazikitsa malamulo apeze pamene nthaŵi zambiri amasunga mpumulo wosayenera kwa anthu opikisana ndi ophwanya malamulo.

Kuwonongeka kudakali njira yaikulu m'milandu yambiri yokha, makamaka imene imakhudza zinthu zosagwiritsidwa ntchito. Khoti Lapamwamba lakhala likutchula mbali zosiyanasiyana za kuwonongeka kwa ufulu, kuphatikizapo kuŵerengera kwa ufumu woyenerera ndi kugawidwa kwa zowonongeka za zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Zosankha zimenezi zayesa kutsimikizira kuti kubwezera mphoto n’kogwirizana ndi phindu lenileni la chinthu chopangidwacho m’malo mwa phindu la zinthu zazikulu zimene zapangidwa.

Zigamulo zimenezi zakhala zikuthandiza kuti pasakhale kusokoneza dala maganizo a anthu chifukwa choopa kuvulazidwa kopitirira muyeso kumene kungayambitse mpikisano ndi zinthu zina zatsopano.

Kupenda ndi Ntchito ya Oyang’anira America

America Indents Act ya 2011 inakhazikitsa njira zatsopano zopezera kutsimikizirika kokhala ndi ufulu, kuphatikizapo kupenda mbali zina, kupenda pambuyo pa makampani, ndi njira zofufuzira za bizinesi. Njira zimenezi zimalola mamembala kutsutsa kulembedwa kwa makampani a Paten Trial ndi Appeal Board monga njira ina ya khoti la chigawo.

Zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu monga Mafuta a ku United States ndi SAS Institute zayankha mafunso a lamulo ndi ogwirizana ndi njira zoyendera zoyendera. Zigamulo za Mafuta zinatsimikizira kuti njira yofunika kwambiri imeneyi yopangira ufulu wofuna kuvomereza idakalipo. Chigamulo cha SAS Institute chinafotokoza bwino zimene zimafunika pa IPR, zimene zikukhudza mmene ntchitoyi ikuyendera.

Kupenda kolinganiza kwauyang'anira kwakhala mbali yofunika ya malo oyenera, ndi masauzande a ma IPR operekedwa chaka chilichonse. Kupenda kumeneku kwakhudza njira ya kukhazikitsa, njira zopangira, ndi kutsata kwa chuma. Zimapereka njira yachidule ndi yosakwera mtengo yokayikitsa kuti ndi yovomerezeka, ngakhale kuti zimapangitsanso kusatsimikizira kowonjezereka kwa eni ake amene angayang'ane ndi mavuto ambiri.

Kufufuza Lamulo Losagwirizana ndi la ku United States

Ngakhale kuti zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu la Kumwamba zimalamulira mwachindunji lamulo la ku United States lokha, kaŵirikaŵiri dziko la United States lili ndi tanthauzo lalikulu la maluso ambiri a zaumisiri, ndipo chitetezo cha chinsinsi cha United States nchofunika kwambiri kwa makampani padziko lonse.

Chigamulo cha Mabuku Osonyeza Kutopa kwa mayiko osiyanasiyana chimakhudza mwachindunji mayiko onse, popeza chikunena kuti malonda alionse padziko lonse amachotsa ufulu wa dziko la United States wodzisankhira ufulu wa kugula zinthu.

Pamene maiko ayesa kugwirizanitsa madongosolo awo alamulo kupyolera m’mapangano ndi mapangano a mitundu yonse, zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu la United States pa nkhani zazikulu monga kukhala ndi ufulu wodzisankhira ndi kuonekeratu kungayambukire njira ya kupangidwa kwa malamulo a dziko lonse.

Tsogolo la Chilamulo Choipa: Nkhani Zomadza ndi Zovuta

Luso la zopangapanga likupitiriza kusintha, ndipo zimenezi zikuchititsa kuti anthu ayambe kukayikira kuti pali winawake amene angakwanitse kupanga zinthu zatsopano.

Luntha Lopanga ndi Kupanga

Kukula kwa luntha lachibadwidwe kwabutsa mafunso ponena za ngati ma system AI angakhale opanga pansi pa lamulo lotsimikizirika. Lamulo lamakono likufuna kuti opanga akhale anthu achilengedwe, koma pamene makompyuta a Al akhala otsogola ndi odzilamulira okha m'zopangapanga, kukakamiza kungayambike kuti apendenso chofunika chimenechi. Khoti Lapamwamba lingafunikire kudziŵa ngati lamulo lotsimikizirika liyenera kusinthira ku zopangidwa ndi AI.

Mafunso ena amaphatikizapo mmene angadziŵire bwino lomwe pamene ma system a Al angapeze malo aakulu othetserapo zinthu, ndi kaya zopangidwa ndi Al ziyenera kulandira chitetezo chotsimikizirika chofanana ndi chopangidwa ndi anthu. Nkhani zimenezi zikuphatikizapo mafunso ofunika ponena za chifuno cha lamulo lakudzisankhira ndi unansi pakati pa luso la munthu ndi luntha la makina.

Apamwamba ndi Anzake

Opereka malangizo ofunika kwambiri pogwiritsira ntchito mapuligalamu a zopangapanga amadzutsa mavuto apadera a malamulo odziŵika bwino. Malo a malamulo apadera amaikizidwa kuvomereza iwo pa mawu abwino, ololera, ndi osagamulapo (FRAND). Komabe, mikangano yokhudza zimene zimapanga mawu otsatsa ndi mankhwala amene alipo opotoza kutchuka kwa anthu yapangitsa kufotokoza bwino kwambiri.

Khoti Lapamwamba silinafotokoze mwachindunji nkhani zambiri zazikulu zokhudza malamulo apamwamba, koma nkhani zimenezi zingafikire khoti pamene zikukula kukhala zofunika kwambiri m'mafakitale onga a foni, kumene miyezo ili yofunika kuti munthu agwirizane. Mafunso okhudza kupezeka kwa malamulo a ufulu wapamwamba, kuŵerengera kwa FRAND achifumu, ndi kusungitsa malamulo a FRAND kungafunikire chigamulo cha Supreme Court.

Kusintha Koyenera

Kukayikira kochititsidwa ndi Mayo-Alice kwachititsa kuti pakhale kusintha kwa malamulo. Malingaliro osiyanasiyana ayambitsidwa m'Congress kufotokoza bwino malire a nkhani zodziŵika bwino ndi kutsimikizira kwa opanga ndi ofunsira. Ngati Nyumba za Macess zidzapanga kusintha kumeneku sizikudziŵikabe, koma mkanganowo ukusonyeza nkhaŵa yomapitirizabe ponena za mkhalidwe wamakono wa Chigawo 101 jurispudence.

Ngati Nyumba ya Malamulo ikhazikitsa masinthidwe opanga kukhala oyenerera, Bwalo Lapamwamba lingafunikire kumasulira chinenero chatsopano cha malamulo ndi kugamula mmene chimayambukirira zochitika zamakono. Kugwirizana pakati pa kusintha kwa malamulo ndi kumasulira kwa chiweruzo kudzaumba mtsogolo mwa lamulo la ufulu.

Kugwirizanitsa Dziko Lonse

Zoyesayesa za kugwirizana kwa lamulo la ufulu m'maiko osiyanasiyana zikupitirizabe, mosonkhezeredwa ndi mkhalidwe wa dziko lonse wa kumanga ndi malonda. Mapangano ndi mapangano a mitundu yonse amafuna kugwirizanitsa miyezo, njira, ndi njira zosungitsira. Kumasulira kwa Khoti Lalikulu la U.S. lamulo lalamulo lalamulo la ku United States kumayambukira zoyesayesa zimenezi ndi kusonkhezera kupangidwa kwa malamulo a ufulu wa dziko lonse.

Zigamulo za m’tsogolo za Khoti Lalikulu la Kumwamba zingafunikire kulingalira za tanthauzo la maiko onse la lamulo la kuvomerezedwa kwa U.S. ndi mmene lamulo la United States limagwirizanira ndi dongosolo lamphamvu la dziko lonse la kuyenerana.

Zofalitsa Zogwira Ntchito za Maluso Otchuka ndi Osintha Zinthu

Zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu zimakhudza mwachindunji akatswiri opanga zinthu, opanga zinthu, ndi mabizinesi amene amadalira chitetezo cha boma.

Njira Yozenga Mlandu wa Patent

Zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu zimakhudza mmene mayeso a kuyenera kuikidwa ndi kuchitidwa milandu. Chigamulo cha Alice chimafunika kuonetsetsa kuti pulogalamu ya pulogalamu ndi njira za bizinesi zikuphatikizapo mfundo zokwanira ndi zopeka zosakhala zanzeru. Chigamulo cha Mayo chikufuna njira zopimira kuti ayese zinthu zimene sizingatsatire malamulo achilengedwe. Chiweruzo cha KSR chimafunika kusonyezedwa bwino kwambiri kwa kusazindikira ndi kulongosola kowonjezereka kwa chifukwa chake zonena kuti n’zosamveka bwino.

Oweruza otsutsa ayenera kukhala ndi zigamulo za Bwalo Lapamwamba ndi mapempho awo ndi makhoti ang'onoang'ono ndi Ofesi ya Patent. Njira zodzinenera ziyenera kuŵerengera kaamba ka mkhalidwe wamakono wa lamulo la kuyenerera kwa kuvomerezedwa kwa ufulu, miyezo yowonekera bwino, ndi zisinthiko zina za chiphunzitso. Mbiri ya kuzunza iyenera kuthetsedwa mosamalitsa kupeŵa kuyambitsa nkhani zoletsa zimene zingachepetse chiphunzitso cha kufanana ndi zimenezo.

Njira Yopimira Manja

Zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu zasintha njira yopangira ufulu. Chigamulo cha Markman chinapangidwa kuti chimangirire kumangidwa kwa mlandu wotsutsa milandu, kaŵirikaŵiri kugamula zotsatirapo asanazenge mlandu. Chigamulo cha EBay chinasintha chigamulo cha Calculus kaamba ka kufunafuna malamulo ndi kukambirana kwa kukambirana. Kupezeka kwa IPR ndi njira zina zofufuzira za boma zimapereka njira zatsopano zopezera kuyenerera kwa kuyenerera.

Ofufuza malamulo apamwamba ayenera kupenda njira za Supreme Court popanga njira zopangira masinthidwe, kupenda mphamvu za masinthidwe, ndi kupenda njira zopezera malo. Boma lamakono la lamulo lalamulo lalamulo lovomerezedwa limakhudza chilichonse kuyambira pa kusankha malo, kufika pa njira zaukatswiri zochitira umboni zowononga ziphunzitso.

Njira Yothetsera Malonda

Zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu zimakhudza zigamulo za malonda opanga zinthu zatsopano, zopanga makampani opanga makampani, ndi njira za mpikisano. Makampani ayenera kuganizira za lamulo lamakono la ufulu posankha kuti ndi ndalama zingati zimene angagwiritse ntchito pa zinthu zatsopano zosiyanasiyana, kaya kufunafuna chitetezo chenicheni kapena kudalira zinsinsi za malonda, ndi mmene angalinganizire njira zosinthira zinthu ndi luso lamakono.

Kukayikira kochititsidwa ndi zigamulo zina za Khoti Lalikulu, makamaka pankhani ya kukhala ndi ufulu wokwanira, kumayambukira zigamulo za kusungitsa ndalama ndi makonzedwe a malonda. Makampani m’maindasitale oyambukiridwa kwambiri ndi zosankha zaposachedwapa angafunikire kuchulukitsa maluso awo a zaluntha ndi kulingalira njira zina mmalo mwa kutetezera mwalamulo.

Mkangano wa Kukambitsirana kwa Mgwirizano: Kulinganiza Zosintha ndi Kupezeka kwa Anthu Onse

Zigamulo za khoti lalikulu zovomereza ufulu wa munthu zimasonyeza kutsutsana kosalekeza kwa mfundo yakuti munthu ayenera kutetezedwa ndi mphamvu yake.

Chitetezo champhamvu chingalimbikitse kukonza zinthu mwa kupatsa opanga ufulu wokha kuti apeze phindu kuchokera ku zopangapanga zawo . Izi n’zofunika kwambiri makamaka m'mafakitale okhala ndi kufufuza kwapamwamba ndi kutukuka ndi mapulogalamu a nthaŵi yaitali, monga mankhwala ndi sayansi ya zamankhwala. Komabe, kuchuluka kapena kupezeka mosavuta kungaletse kuyambitsa zinthu zina mwa kuletsa ena kumanga chidziŵitso chimene chilipo kapena mwa kupanga zidutswa zokongola zimene zimachipangitsa kukhala chovuta kupanga zinthu zatsopano popanda kuphwanya malamulo ambiri.

Zigamulo zaposachedwapa za Khoti Lalikulu zimasonyeza nkhaŵa ya kuchuluka kwa malo ndi chikhumbo cha kutsimikizira kuti chitetezo chachindunji chiri cholekezera ku ziŵiya zenizeni. Zosankha zonga KSR, Alice, ndi Mayo zapangitsa kukhala kovuta kwambiri kupeza ndi kusungitsa mitundu ina ya kuyenera kwa kulinganiza, kuwunikira chikaikiro ponena za ngati zolembedwa zonse zonenedwa zimapereka zopereka zokwanira ku chitetezero chotsimikizirika.

Komabe, zosankha zimenezi zachititsanso anthu kudera nkhaŵa kuti kaya chipangizochi chasintha kwambiri kuti chisamatetezedwe mwaluso.

Kutsutsana kopitirizabe kumaphatikizapo mafunso onena za mitundu ya zinthu zatsopano zimene ziyenera kukhala zotsimikizirika, ukulu wa chitetezo, njira zokhalira ndi mphamvu zochitira zinthu, ndi mmene mungalinganizire zikondwerero za okhala ndi ziŵiya zodzisankhira, opikisana nawo, ndi anthu ena. Zigamulo za Bwalo Lapamwamba zimachita mbali yofunika kwambiri m’kukambitsirana kumeneku mwakukhazikitsa dongosolo lalamulo limene zikondwerero zopikisana zimenezi ziri zolinganizika.

Zomwe Tingachite Kuti Tiphunzirenso

Kwa awo ofuna kuphunzira zambiri ponena za zigamulo zalamulo za Khoti Lalikulu ndi ziyambukiro zake, zinthu zambiri ziripo. Webusaiti ya Khoti la Supt imapereka chitsogozo pa mmene zosankha za Khoti Lalikulu zimakhudzira kusanthula ndi kuweruza kwalamulo. U.S. Patrant ndi Trearkmark .

Malo osungiramo zinthu zalamulo ndi magazini a maphunziro amapereka tsatanetsatane wa zigamulo za ufulu wa Khoti Lapamwamba ndi mayeso awo. Magulu onga American Intectial Preasureals Law Association ndi [FLT] Faces Proces Association akupereka maprogramu a maphunziro ndi zofalitsa za malamulo ololeka.

Machipatala a malamulo ndi maprogramu ophunzitsa malamulo opitiriza amapereka mwaŵi wa kuphunzira malamulo alamulo otsimikizirika mozama ndi kumvetsetsa mmene zigamulo za Khoti Lapamwamba zimagwiritsidwira ntchito.

Kumaliza: Kupitiriza Kusintha kwa Chilamulo Chosafunika

Zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu zaumba kwakukulukulu malamulo otsimikizirika, kukhazikitsa malamulo olamulira zimene zingapangidwe, mmene kulinganiza kwa zinthu kumafufuzidwa ndi kutsutsidwa, ndi mankhwala amene alipo oswera. Kuyambira pa chosankha cha Graham chachidziŵikire kufikira pa chigamulo chaposachedwapa cha maprogramu olembedwa ndi olembedwa, malamulo ameneŵa alinganiza zikondwerero zopikisana ndi malamulo oyenerera kusintha maluso ndi mikhalidwe ya zachuma.

Chipangano chokangalika cha Khoti Lalikulu ndi lamulo lovomerezedwa m'zaka makumi angapo aposachedwapa chabweretsa masinthidwe aakulu ku chiphunzitso chotsimikizirika, kaŵirikaŵiri kusintha kapena kuyenga zotsatizana za Frikization . Zigamulo zimenezi zawonjezera kusatsimikizirika m'mbali zina pamene zikupereka kumvekera bwino kwambiri kwa ena. Zimasonyeza mikangano yopitirizabe ponena za ukulu woyenera wa chitetezo chalamulo ndi kulinganiza pakati pa kuyambika kwa zinthu ndi kusungitsa kupezeka kwa anthu onse pa chidziŵitso.

Luso la zopangapanga, luso lopanga zinthu, kukonza zinthu zokhala ndi mphamvu, komanso luso lina lopanga zinthu, lidzayambitsa mafunso atsopano okhudza kutha kwa luso, luso, ndiponso luso lopanga zinthu. Khoti Lapamwamba lidzapitiriza kuchita mbali yofunika kwambiri pothetsa mavuto amenewa ndiponso kutsimikizira kuti lamulo lopanga zinthu lidakali lothandiza ndiponso lothandiza kuyambitsa zinthu zina.

Kwa opanga, olemba makampani, ndi mabizinesi, kumvetsetsa zigamulo za bungwe la Supreme Court za kupatsidwa chilolezo chalamulo nkofunika kaamba ka njira yogwira ntchito ya luntha. Zigamulo zimenezi zimakhudza zonse kuyambira pa kuvomerezedwa ndi kuperekedwa kwa lamulo lalamulo lachindunji mpaka kulinganiza kwa malonda. Kukhalabe wodziŵa za kupangidwa kwalamulo ndi matanthauzo ake opindulitsa nkofunika kwa aliyense woloŵetsedwa m’kukonza ndi luso la zopanga zinthu.

Kusinthika kwa lamulo lalamulo lopanga zinthu kupyolera m’zigamulo za Bwalo Lapamwamba kumasonyeza mkhalidwe wamphamvu wa lamulo la chuma cha anthu ndi kulabadira kwake masinthidwe a luso la zopangapanga, chuma, ndi kakhalidwe ka anthu. Pamene tiyang’ana mtsogolo, Bwalo Lamilandu Lalikulu mosakaikira lidzapitirizabe kupanga lamulo lalamulo lalamulo, kuyankha zitokoso zatsopano ndi kuwongolera ziphunzitso zimene ziripo kutsimikizira kuti lamulo lalamulo lalamulo likwaniritse chifuno chake cha kupititsa patsogolo sayansi ndi luso la zopanga zinthu zothandiza.

Kaya ndinu wopanga zinthu zongopeka, loya wodziwa bwino ntchito yanu akulangiza makasitomala, woyang’anira malonda akukonza zinthu zanzeru, kapena munthu amene akungofuna kudziŵa mmene malamulo amasinthira zinthu zatsopano, zigamulo za khoti lalikulu zodziwika bwino zimapereka chidziŵitso chofunika kwambiri cha malamulo amene amalamulira kupita patsogolo kwa luso la zopangapanga. Zosankha zimenezi zikuimira khama limene lilipo polinganiza zinthu zopikisanazo pamtengo wovomerezeka ndi kutsimikizira kuti dongosolo lopanga zinthu likwaniritse cholinga chake cha kupititsa patsogolo ntchito ya anthu onse.