Madongosolo a osankhidwa a osankhidwa, kumene wosankhidwa kapena chipani chimene chimalandira mavoti ambiri amapata mpando kapena kulamulira boma, ali ndi chiyambukiro chachikulu ndi chosakondweretsa pa mmene nzika zimaphunzirira za dongosolo lawo la ndale zadziko. Chifukwa chakuti madongosolo ameneŵa amakokera malo oseŵera ku magawo aakulu ndi kupanga opambana owonekera bwino, amaumba zolembedwa, kusumika maganizo, ndi kukhutiritsa maphunziro a wosankha ndi mipikisano ya za kuŵerengera anthu. Kumvetsetsa unansi umenewu nkofunika kwa oyang'anira masankho, mabungwe a anthu, ndi opanga malamulo amene amatsimikiza kuchirikiza chidziŵitso ndi kulinganiza.

Kodi Njira Zothandiza Anthu Ambiri N’zotani?

Madongosolo a alongansidwe kupanga wopambana wotsimikizirika, makamaka mwa kufuna wobatizidwa kupeza mavoti ambiri kuposa mdani aliyense mmalo mwa kugaŵana mbali kochuluka kwa voti. Mpangidwe wofala kwambiri ndi woyamba mbuyo pepala (FPP) , wogwiritsidwa ntchito m’mayiko monga United Kingdom, United States, Canada, ndi India. M'dzikolo limagaŵidwa m'zigawo za chigawo chimodzi, ndi woloŵa ntchito ndi voti yaikulu kwambiri apambana mpando, ngakhale ngati alephera kugwiritsa ntchito anthu ambiri.

Madongosolo ena aakulu amaphatikizapo dongosolo la milingo iŵiri (ogwiritsiridwa ntchito m'masankho a malamulo a Falansa ndi masankho a pulezidenti) ndi instant-ruff coption ] (ogwiritsiridwa ntchito m'masankho a m'nyumba yotsika ya Australian). M’nkhani iliyonse, malingaliro achibadwa amakhalabe chimodzimodzi: wopambanayo ndiye amene amasonkhanitsa mavoti ambiri, mothekera ndi kutulutsa madongosolo oimira ambiri. Zimenezi zikusiyana ndi madongosolo oimira, kumene mipando imagawiridwa mogwirizana ndi kugawana kwa magulu onse kapena ogwirizana.

Kufeŵetsa zinthu kwa dongosolo la opanga makampani kaŵirikaŵiri kumanenedwa kukhala mwaŵi: ovota amafuna kokha chizindikiro cha wobatizidwa mmodzi, ndipo chotulukapo kaŵirikaŵiri chimawonekera bwino pausiku wa chisankho. Komabe, kuwonekera kwa kupepuka kumeneku kumaphimba mokulira m’njira imene mavoti amatembenuzira ku mphamvu, imene imakhudzanso mkupiti wa maphunziro umene uli wofunikira ndi wogwira mtima.

Mmene Madongosolo Aakulu Ayambukirira Mkhalidwe wa Zandale

Asanapende mpikisano wa kuvota mwachindunji, nkofunika kumvetsetsa zisonkhezero za makhalidwe zopangidwa ndi malamulo a akulu. Chifukwa chakuti womaliza woyamba yekha wa malo amapata mpando, zipani zazing'ono ndi oyembekezera kusankhidwa amavutika molinganiza. Ochirikiza gulu laling'ono angamve kuti voti yawo "inaikidwa" ngati chipani chimenecho chilibe mwaŵi weniweni wa kupambana. Zimenezi zimatsogolera ku zochitika ziŵiri zotchuka: . Stactgic vtition ndi njira yosanthula ziŵiri [FLT:].

Chisankho chanzeru chimachitika pamene nzika isankha munthu wosankhidwa kukhala wosankhidwa ndi munthu wosafuna kwambiri kupambana. M'dongosolo la ofufuza apadera, nthaŵi zambiri kuvota n’kwanzeru, koma kumafuna ovota kuti amvetsetse osati zofuna zawo zokha komanso zochita za aliyense wofunsira m’chigawo chawo. Zimenezi zimafuna kuti munthu aliyense adziwe kwambiri zandale ndi kuzindikira kuposa mmene zimafunidwira m'madongosolo olinganiza, kumene wovotayo angasonyezere moona mtima zofuna zawo popanda kuopa "kusanthula" voti yawo.

Chikhoterero cha kulamulira kwa mbali ziŵiri chimakhudzanso nkhani zandale. Kampeni, manyuzipepala, ndi mapulatifomu a zipani zimayendera pamodzi pa nkhani zochepera zimene zimakopa wovota wa ofalitsa. Zipani zazing'ono zimene zimaimira zikondwerero za malo kapena madera otsika zimene zimalimbana kuti ziwone, ndi osankha amene amagwirizanitsa ndi magulu amenewo angalephere kulowa m’gululo. Zimenezi zimayambitsa mavuto ndi mipata ya kuwerenga, imene iyenera kusankha mmene angachitire ndi kusiyana kwa malamulo osankhidwa ndi zokumana nazo ndi zokumana nazo za Fovention.

Maphunziro a Zopangapanga m’Madongosolo Otchuka: Zoyesayesa ndi Mavuto

Mkupiti wa maphunziro a zopangapanga umakhala wodziŵitsa anthu za nthaŵi ndi njira yovotera, zofunika za kulembetsa, ndi kukonza mapepala osindikizira. M'madongosolo aakulu, zophatikizidwa m'mikupiti imeneyi kaŵirikaŵiri zimapita patsogolo kukambitsirana za masinthidwe apadera ndi ziyambukiro za mphamvu za chigawo.

Kufotokoza Momvekera Bwino Kachitidwe Kake Kotulutsa Michere

Chifukwa chakuti madongosolo apamwamba angaphatikizepo maluso ovuta a kujambula (m., madongosolo aŵiri ozungulira, mapulogalamu apadera a mavoti m'mafuko ena a chigawo), cholinga chachikulu cha maphunziro a ovota ndicho kutsimikizira kuti ovota adziŵe bwino mmene angadziŵire bwino mavoti awo. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kufotokoza bwino ngati angavotere munthu mmodzi yekha, kaya ayenera kusankha pa malo amodzi, ndi zimene zimachitika ngati palibe wokhoza kukwaniritsa ochuluka. Mwachitsanzo, m'mafilimu aŵiri a pulogalamu ya ku France, Chovota ayenera kuphunzira za kukafika pa chitseko chachiŵiri ndi malamulo a wosankha. Ku Canada 'FTPP , uthenga waukulu ndi wosavuta: kuvotera mmodzi, ndi kupambana. Komabe, chivomerezo chenicheni cha kusokoneza njira yofanana ndi chivoti, makamaka pamene ogwirizana ambiri ali ogwirizana.

Kuika Malo Oyenera

Chimodzi cha mbali zapadera kwambiri za maphunziro a ovota m'nkhani zikuluzikulu ndicho kufunika kwa kusanthula. Pamene kuli kwakuti akuluakulu a boma amapeŵa kulimbikitsa kuvota kwapadera m'kusakhala ndi uchete, mabungwe a boma ndi manyuzipepala kaŵirikaŵiri amapanga zitsogozo zimene zimalongosola mmene kulinga kwa "osankha" kuletsa munthu wosankhidwa pang'onopang'ono kuti asapambane. Mkupiti umenewu ungakhale wotsutsana chifukwa amapempha ovota kuchotsa zokonda zawo zenizeni ndi kuvota kuti asankhe "kuipa kwa Chiŵeruzo". Nkhani yosankha yotchuka imakhala mutu wa maphunziro a boma: nzika ziyenera kuzindikira malonda pakati pa kuvota ndi machenjera a dala, ndi zotulukapo za nthaŵi yaitali za kuvota kwa gulu losankha pa mpikisano.

Kulimbikitsa Antchito Yogwira Ntchito M’mabwalo Onse a Nyanja

Madongosolo a maphunziro amapanga "mipando yotetezereka" kumene chipani chimodzi chimapambana mokhazikika ndi malire aakulu. M'madera ameneŵa, ovota angamve kuti mavoti awo alibe chiyambukiro chachikulu pa zotulukapo za dziko, kutsogolera ku kutsika. Chifukwa chake ndawala za maphunziro zimagogomezera kufunika kwa kuvota ngakhale m'mipando yotetezereka. Zimagogomezera kuti kuimira kwa kumaloko kudakali nkhani, kuti kukwera kwa wailesi kungayambukire njira za mpikisano, ndi kuti mipando ya m’mphepete ikhoza kusuntha. Makishoni amakumbutsanso kuti nkhani za kumaloko kaŵirikaŵiri zimapyola pa za ndale zadziko, ndi kuti woloŵa ntchito wodziimira kapena gulu laling'ono lomwe likukwera nthaŵi zina zingaswetse ntchito za magulu aakulu aŵiri.

Kampani Yophunzitsa Kuwerenga ndi Kuphunzira: Zolinga ndi Zosintha

Mkupiti wa kuŵerengera kuŵerenga ndi kuŵerenga uposa mavoti kuphunzitsa nzika za ufulu wawo, mathayo, ndi kugwira ntchito kwa dongosolo la ndale zadziko lokulirapo. M'dongosolo lalikulu la ndale zadziko, ndawala zimenezi zimayang'anizana ndi chitokoso cha kulongosola chifukwa chake "mavoti anu" m'dongosolo limene kaŵirikaŵiri limawoneka kukhala lofupa awo okha m'zigawo za mpikisano kapena m'maiko ozungulira.

Kumvetsa Maluso ndi Zithunzi Zojambulidwa

Cholinga chachikulu cha anthu odziŵa kulemba ndi kuŵerenga m'madongosolo aakulu ndicho kuthandiza nzika kumvetsetsa mmene mavoti amatembenuzira ku mipando. Chifukwa FPTP ingathe kutulutsa "ogwirizana ndi anthu ambiri" – kumene gulu limodzi limapeza mipando yambiri ndi voti yoŵerengeka yotchuka, nzika zimene zifunikira kuwona mpata pakati pa kugawana mavoti ndi kukhala ndi gawo. Magulu a kampeni angagwiritsire ntchito mavoti ndi zitsanzo kusonyeza mmene gulu limene limapambana 40% ya voti m’dziko lonselo lingasungire 55% ya mipando ngati chichirikizo chake chikugawiridwa bwino madera onse. Kuzindikira kumeneku n’ko motsutsana ndi zotsatirapo za masankho ndi kugawa. Mabungwe onga [FLD: 0] A Reformation Society Apanga zinthu zophunzitsa zimene zikufotokoza ndi njira zina zothandizira kutsutsa zimenezi.

Kugogomezera Zosankha Zosagwirizana ndi Gulu Lokhulupirika

Madongosolo a opaleshoni kaŵirikaŵiri amalimbikitsa kudziŵidwa kwa magawo chifukwa chakuti kusankha kwa aŵiri pakati pa zigawo zazikulu kumakupangitsa kukhala kosavuta kuvota mozikidwa pa kukhulupirika kwa pa pagulu. Ndende za kuwerenga ndi kuŵerenga kubwerera ndi ovota kuyang'ana malamulo, ziyeneretso zoyenerera, ndi nkhani za kumaloko. Zimapereka zida zonga ngati zoperekera malangizo oyerekezera mapulatifomu a gulu pa mitu, kapena mawebusaiti amene amalola ofufuzawo kulinganiza malingaliro awo ndi otsata. Kuyesa kusiyanitsa kwa ofufuzawo ndi ofufuza kutsutsana ndi gulu lakhungu. Kuyesa koteroko kumatsutsa chikhoterero cha gulu lakhungu ndi kuchirikiza kuyang'anira kotchuka.

Kulankhula ndi Chibwana ndi Kutsutsa Chipwirikiti

Wopambanayo angaletse kukhala ndi phande pakati pa osankha amene amalingalira kuti osankhidwawo alibe mwaŵi. Ndende za kusadziŵa kuŵerenga ndi kulemba ziyenera kuyang'anizana mwachindunji ndi kusasamalaku mwa kufotokoza kufunika kwakukulu kwa kuvota kupyola pamapeto. Zikugogomezera kuti kukwera kwa chigamulo kumalimbitsa unduna wa demokrase, kuti kuvota kungasonkhezere mapulatifomu ngakhale pamene wofunsira wa kumaloko atataya, ndi kuti kubwerera pansi kwa munthuyo kungagwiritse mkhalidwe wapamwamba. Mkupitikiti wina umagwiritsira ntchito "vote ngakhale ngati wofunsirayo sulilakika kuti apambane" kupambana kulowa m'voti yogwiritsidwa mwadala. Kuwonjezerapo, iwo angapereke maphunziro onena za [[FLT:] kusintha kwa kayendetsedwe ka ka kayendetsedwe ka zinthu, pofotokoza mmene kusintha njira yopanga mavotidwe olingana.

Kufufuza za Matenda: Madongosolo Opanga Maselo Otchuka

Kupenda zitsanzo zenizeni za dziko kumasonyeza mmene maphunziro ndi ntchito yophunzitsa anthu kulemba ndi kuŵerenga zimasinthira ku mbali za dongosolo la kayendetsedwe ka zinthu la dziko lililonse.

Ufumu wa United Kingdom

Bungwe la UK's FPP la Nyumba ya Communist lasulizidwa kwa nthaŵi yaitali kaamba ka kupanga mavoti otayidwa ndi mipando yotetezereka. Ndende za maphunziro zochitidwa ndi Electoral Commission zimakhudza kulembetsa, kufufuza malo a pa siteshoni, ndi njira zothandizira. Panthaŵiyi, mabungwe onga Ectoral Reformation Society Advoctacy Society [1] imayendetsa mbali yaikulu ya chidziŵitso, yophunzitsa mpikisano wa kuŵerengera ndi kulongosola zolakwa za FPPP ndi kupititsa patsogolo kulinganiza. M'patuko, Zotsogolera za masankhomo zofalitsidwa ndi manyuzipepala ngati Guardian imakhala mbali yaikulu ya chidziŵitso, yophunzitsa m’mipando ya kupambana ndi kupambana kwa mwaŵi wa kupambana kwa FPPP. Mphunzitsi wosanja wa maphunziro wogwirizana ndi wothandiza kuchirikiza maphunziro.

United States

Mu US, Electoral College ndi chigawo chimodzi cha bungwe la United States chimapanga dongosolo lapamwamba la zolamulira pa chigawo cha boma. Masewera a maphunziro a vidiyo ayenera kulongosola osati kokha mmene angasankhire komanso ntchito ya ma primeary, caucuses, ndi Electoral College . Conference of State Legislatures [FORN] Committee ya Bomal [1] Comment of Legactives [[FORNT: 1] imapatsa chuma pa lamulo la chisankhomo, pamene magulu osagwirizana monga Leany Voters ndi Rock akuyang'ana pa kulembetsa ndi kutembetsa U. CBIN imaphatikizaponso kuphunzitsa za Gerlerman – kuthandizira chigawo chimodzi cha chigawo chachikulu cha chipani cha Uniorgen.

Canada

Fakitale ya Canada FPP imatulutsa kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa voti yotchuka ndi mpando. . . . Canada, bungwe lodzisankhira, likuchititsa maprogramu a maphunziro okhutiritsa amene amaphatikizapo kupeka, kutsata sukulu, ndi chuma cha zinenero zambiri. Mbali yapadera ya kuŵerengera kwa anthu a ku Canada ndiyo mkangano wopitirizabe wa kusintha kwa masankho, umene unasonyezedwa kwambiri m'masankhoti a boma. Makipiti onga "Fair Vote Canada" amaphunzitsa nzika za anthu ponena za kuimira kwa malingana ndi njira zina. Zimenezi zimasonyeza mmene madongosolo aakulu a anthu a ku Canada angakhale nkhani ya maphunziro a boma, monga nzika za mmene njira yosanthula zinthu sizikugwirira ntchito kokha koma zimene boma limapereka.

Kuyerekezera: Madongosolo a Maselo a M’thupi

Kuyerekezera maphunziro a voti m'madongosolo apamwamba ndi kuimira (PR) ndi kulinganiza kwake kwapadera. M'madongosolo a PR, ovota kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi zosankha zambiri pakati pa zipani zambiri, ndipo voti iriyonse imathandizira mwachindunji kuŵerengera kwa malo. Maphunziro a Voter mu PR amasumika maganizo pa kumvetsetsa mapangidwe a mgwirizano, kulinganiza, ndi kusanthula. Kusiyana, madongosolo a opanga zinthu amafuna ovoti kuti agwirizane ndi malingaliro onga "voti yotetezedwa," mipando yotetezeka, ndi mipando iŵiri yomasintha. Mtolo wowonjezerekawukirapo ungasonkhe ku kugwirizanitsa kwambiri anthu okondwerera zandale kapena kutsogolera ku ku kugwiritsidwa mwalamwano ndi kuchotsako kwa omvera ochepa.

Kufufuza kuchokera ku [[FLT: 0] .ACE Electoral Knote kumasonyeza kuti maphunziro a wovota m'madongosolo aakulu ali othekera kugogomezera mkhalidwe wampikisano wa mafuko akumaloko, kulimbikitsa ovota kupenda kuthekera kwa chipambano cha wobatizidwa aliyense. M'madongosolo a PR, mkupiti wa maphunziro kaŵirikaŵiri umagogomezera kusiyanasiyana kwa zosankha ndi kufunika kwa voti mavoti onse. Mavoti onse aŵiri ali ndi kuyenerera, koma kugogomezera kwa dongosolo lalikulu la "kupambana" kungatsogolere ku ku modzi wochepa, wosanthula wotchuka kwambiri m’malo mwa wodziŵa bwino.

Mwayi Wosintha Zinthu Pophunzitsa Zopanga Zopanga

Ngakhale kuti pali mavuto, madongosolo aakulu amaperekanso mipata yapadera yopititsa patsogolo maphunziro a ovota ndi kulemba ndi kuŵerenga kwa anthu. Kufewetsa kwa oimba angakonze zinthu zomveka bwino ndi zopezeka zimene zimasumika pa chidziŵitso chovuta kwambiri: amene akufuna kubatizidwa ndi zimene amaimira. Chifukwa chakuti pa chigawo chilichonse pali anthu aŵiri kapena atatu okha amene atha kubatizidwa, osankha sayang'anizana ndi chosankha chachikulu chofala m'makampani a PR ndi zipani zambiri. Motero makampani a maphunziro angatsegule mozama m'mabuku ndi m'malo apamwamba a anthu ofunsira.

Mwayi wina uli wogwiritsa ntchito luso la zopangapanga. M’mayiko aakulu monga United States, mapulatifomu ambiri a maphunziro amalola ogwiritsa ntchito kuti alowe maadiresi awo ndi kulandira chiloti chokhala ndi chidziŵitso choyenerera, kuvomereza, ndi kuyerekezera malamulo. Njira imeneyi "malola" ndi yoyenerera madera amodzi, kumene wovota aliyense amayambukira mwachindunji woimira wina. Mpikisano wa kuwerenga ndi kulemba ndi kuŵerenga ungagogomezenso kufunika kwa masankho aakulu, amene ali mbali yapadera ya madongosolo aakulu amene kaŵirikaŵiri amasankha kupambana masankho a anthu onse oyenerera mipando yotetezeka.

Ndiponso, kusakhutira ndi dongosolo la malamulo kungachititse kugawikana kwa anthu. Kampeni zimene zimaphunzitsa nzika za ubwino ndi kuipa kwa masankho osiyanasiyana sizimangowongolera luntha komanso zimapatsa nzika mphamvu kuti zichirikize kusintha monga kuvota kapena kuimira . Maphunziro ameneŵa a "meta-cbic" ndi ofala kwambiri ku Canada ndi United Kingdom, kumene magulu audzu athandiza anthu kuzindikira bwino za kusintha kwa masankhoti.

Kumaliza

Madongosolo a osandutsa makampani apamwamba amakhudza kwambiri maphunziro a ovota ndi machitachita a kuŵerengera ndi kulemba. Amapeputsa ntchito ya kuvota koma amasokoneza ntchito ya wovotayo ya kupanga chosankha chatanthauzo, makamaka m'mipando yotetezeka kumene gulu limodzi limalamulira. Kuti akhale opambana, makampani a maphunziro ayenera kuyang'anira ntchito yosankha, kuvota mopanda pake, ndi kusiyana pakati pa chichirikizo cha anthu ambiri ndi malo oyenera kukhala. Ayeneranso kutsutsa wovota m'madera osagwirizana ndi kugaŵira ziŵiro za kukwaniritsa chigwirizano chodalirika.

Pamene kuli kwakuti zitokoso zimenezi nzachindunji, siziri zopanda kutsutsidwa. Mwakugwirizanitsa mauthenga ndi zenizeni za mpikisano wa opanga, kugwiritsa ntchito chidziŵitso cha kumaloko, ndi kuyambitsa mikangano yaikulu ponena za kusintha kwa osankhidwa, aphunzitsi a boma angasankhire malire a dongosololo kukhala mipata ya pangano la demokrase yokulira. Potsirizira pake, wosankhidwa amene amamvetsetsa onse aŵiri okonza ndi zotulukapo za dongosolo lake losandutsa zinthu ali okonzeka bwino kuchititsa oimira ndi kuwongolera kumene kuli kofunika. Cholinga cha maphunziro a votirchi m'dongosolo lililonse – la maaumboni otchuka – amakhalabe: kupatsa nzika zonse mphamvu ya kukhala ndi chidziŵitso chokwanira ndi mchitidwe wademocracy.