Ukama pakati pehurumende nemasimba ehurumende hunoumba mamiriro ezvamatongerwe enyika eAmerica. Uku simba, kunorondedzerwa neBumbiro remitemo namazana amakore omuitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika, chinhu chipi nechipi chisati chiri chinhu. Apo masimba ehurumende nehurumende zvinobatira pamwe, kazhinji kazhinji zvinotungamirira kukuoma, kuvhara, uye dzimwe nguva gadziriro dzokusika. Kunzwisisa iyi mharadzano (apo chiremera cheWashington, D.C., kunosangana nouchangamire hwemaruwa 50 (jereruzivo yakakomba mumaitirwe, anodzorwa, uye anodenhwa munyika.) Kubva kukirasi kuenda kuchipatara, uye kubva kumugwagwa kuenda kunzvimbo yokuvhotera, aya mativi anobva mumiteve yoga yoga yoga yoga yoga yeAmerica anoumba upenyu hwenyika idzo dzose dziri pachena nedzinonyengera.

Mavambo Ebumbiro Remitemo Emasimba Anonyanyorova

Dare reMitemo reU.S. rinogadzira gadziriro yokutonga kunozivikanwa sehurumende. Panzvimbo pokugovera simba rose kuchiremera chikuru kana kuti kuriendesa chose chose kunyika, Vavambi vakagadzira gadziriro yakavhengana. Sandisitai Claus [[ (FLT, Claus 2) inozivisa kuti mutemo wehurumende ndiwo "Mutemo weNyika," unosunga vatongi vose vehurumende pasinei zvapo nemitemo ipi neipi inopesana. Nomutoo wakasiana, ] Conftformment ]] , kutsika (kana kuti vanhu) ipi neipi irege kugoverwa kuhurumende.

Iyi nhevedzano yapamutemo yakagadziridzwa namaune. Inobvumira kuchinjika, asi inovimbisawo rwisano. Mhaka yedare rapamusoro-soro ra1819 Mcloch v. Maryland yakasimbisa iyi zvokwadi. Mutongi mukuru John Marshall, anonyora nokuda kweDare, anosimbisa kuti nepo hurumende ine masimba anorongwa bedzi, ine uchenjeri hukuru hwokuvatakura kupfurikidza neSangano raClausces. Crucily, Dare rairangarira kuti haagoni kuisa mutero sangano renyika yose (Bank yeChipiri yeUnited States]), richisimbisa kuti "simba rokubvisa simba kuputsa simba kuti riparadze" uye kuti kusagona kudzosera zviri pachena chiito chiito chinoitwa.

Bumbiro reMitemo rinosimbisawo masimba akabatana --vane masimba anogoverwa nemitezo yose iri miviri yehurumende. Iyi inobatanidza simba remutero, kuvaka migwagwa, kutanga matare, uye kukwereta mari. Apo mwero yose iri miviri inoshandisa aya masimba panguva imwe cheteyo, kudzokera kusingadzivisiki. Chinetso chiri mukudzora rwisano dzinomuka apo zvinangwa zvavo zvinonyuruka.

Kukunda Kwazvinoita: Kukunda, Vawaiver, uye Kuparadza

Kunzwisisa apo hurumende namasimba ehurumende zvinobonderana kunoda kutarira pamiitiro mikuru inodzora kufambidzana kwavo. Chishandiso chakananga zvikurusa ndi jastrition. Mupasi peSuprematy Claus, mutemo wehurumende unogona kusunungura mutemo wehurumende munzira nhatu huru: kuratidzira kusunungurwa (Chorefor aududza zvakananga vavariro yako yokubvisa mutemo wehurumende), kunoreva kusunungurwa (mutemo wedare wakakomba wakakwana wakakwana) kwakakwana kwazvo zvokuti unova nokurwisana (mutemo wapakuvamba unorwisana zvakananga nomutemo womubatanidzwa nomutemo wenyika, uchiita kuwirirana navose zviri zviviri zvisingabviri).

Mutoo une simba zvishoma asi unobudirira zvikuru isimba rokushandisa rinowirirana naro rehurumende. Iyi ndiyo "karoti netsvimbo". Hurumende yehurumende inopa mari inokosha(yamigwagwa, dzidzo, kana kuti mamiriro outano) pamamiriro ezvinhu anotaura kuti anowirirana nemitemo yehurumende. Mhaka yechiratidzo [[FLT:] South Dakota v. Dole[[FLT] [[57] [1987] inotsigira mano eHurumende okunyima chikamu chemari yemugwagwa mukuru kutoti iendese zera ravo rokunwa ku21. Dare parinoisa miganhuro yepamutemo pairi simba iri (mazati-maspiritsiro, maererano negadziriro, uye kusaputsa mamwe mabumbiro emitemo) inoramba iri pesvedzero huru yehurumende.

Chishandiso chechitatu, chakakurumbira zvikuru i rederr. VaRaiver vanobvumira bazu rehurumende kupa kuchinjika kutsika nezvinodikanwa zvetsika. Iyi nzira yazova chinhu chikuru kumiitiro yokuvandudza youtano (Medicaid rave kurapwird musi weChikamu 1115) uye dzidzo (Mamijaho kubva kuHaichina Child Left by bysecrols). VaRaiver vanomirira kutaurirana kwemitemo, apo mvumo yehurumende inopa hurumende INDAURO kuedza, kupfupikisa mitsetse yechiremera.

Miitiro Yechiremera Chiripo

Kunzvera idzi nharaunda kunozivisa miuyo inoshanda yehurumende yehurumende.

Dzidzo: Zvinangwa Zvenyika, Kudzora Kwomunzvimbomo

Dzidzo yave iri chinyorwa chenhau. Kudzora kwehurumende nenzvimbo. Kudzora kweUnited States, rugwaro rwomudzidzisi, zvikamu zvemari zvokupa mari zvechikoro, uye zvinodikanwa zvokupedza kufunda. Zvisinei, hurumende yehurumende yakawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma basa rayo chifo chapakati pezana ramakore rechi20. Elemetical neSecondary Education Act (EA) ya1965, inotenderwazve sechibvumirano sechiteko cha Mu 2015, inoendesa mabhiriyoni emadhora eSakhi kunoshanda muzvikoro zvinouya pasi. Mutsinhanhano, maererano nemiraudzo yemite yemitezo yavadzidzi.

Iyi Hurumende inoparira kusawirirana. Hurumende yehurumende inoshandisa simba rayo renyika kumanikidza kuzvidavirira nokuyera. Zvikuru nerevo dzinodzivisa zvavanorangarira sedziri pasi, kukwira kwemipimo yezvikamu zvapasi. Common Core State Arego Arefe restion, nepo isiri gadziriro yehurumende, yakadenhwa zvikuru sechitsotsi, kuratidzira kunzwira tsitsi kukuru kwehurumende mudzidzo. Kupfuurirazve, mitemo yehurumende yakaita se IX (kusarura vatano nekodzero dzevatano dzinotsigirwa nemitemo yehurumende) uye Indida nerectal Ex Acts recult (ID)[FLT] inoumba zvikoro, apo chikoro chinoumba pamutemo panofanira kuwirirana nekodzero dzehurumende.

Kutarisira Utano: Nzvimbo Yakaoma Yezvinzvimbo

Nharaunda shomanene dzinoratidzira kuoma kwamasimba anopfuudzwa zviri nani kupfuura tarisiro. Act yeCaretable Care (ACA) yakagadziridza nenzira inoshamisa mipimo yezvoutano kupfurikidza nokugadza mipimo yehurumende yemisika yeinishuwarenzi youtano, ichida kupfuudzwa nokuda kwemigariro inotangira, uye kuparira tsinhirano yemitengo yemari inodzo yakaderera yeAmerica. Zvisinei, ACA inotsamira zvikuru pabatira pamwero. Yakaraira pakuvamba kuti ipfuure [[FLT:] MEdicaid[ kukwidziridza vakuru kuti vawande 138% yourombo hwomubatanidzwa. Apo Dare gurusa renyika inotonga mu [FLT:] National Conservetion.[5]

Muuyo idimu renyika inoganhurirwa. Kusvikira muna 2024, nyika gumi hadzina kukudza Medicaid, dzichisiya mamirioni avanhu vakuru vanowana mari shoma mu "chikamu chapachivara" umo vanowana mari yakawanda nokuda kwemagamuchidzanwa Medicaid asi vashoma zvikuru nokuda kweACA . Uku kuparira miuyo yakadzika muutano mumigumisiro yemiuyo yehurumende. Kuwedzera, masangano anodzora madhipati einishuwa yeinishuwarenzi, kunzvera chipatara, uye kudzora basa rokurapa, apo hurumende yehurumende inopa mibato yezvoutano [[FLT:]] Medicus , inoisa mipimo yemirimo yemirimo yemirimo kupfurikidza ne [FLT:], [FLT] uye inoita kuti mamiriro ezvoutano.[FFT][5]

Kugadziridzwa Kwemhoteredzo: Nyika Savashandi Dzinorwisana Nokudiwa Kwemipimo Yakaenzana

Mutemo wemhoteredzo unoratidzira kuti zvose zviri zviviri zvinogona sei kudzivisa nokutungamirira mukutarisana nemitemo yehurumende. Mitemo yeFederal yakafanana ne Sceshot Air Act yePurce uye mvura inochenesa Chiratidzo cheIP] inogadza mipimo yorudzi yorudzi neganhuriro. EPA ibasa nokudzikamisa iyi mipimo. Bva Ceaooo - Air Act inobatanidza zvakajeka "cocopubligationism," kuronzesa chiremera chinokosha kupfurikidza ne "Regation Impliation publication" (IP). Mitengo inogona kuronga gadziriro yavo vamene yokusangana namabhirikiti, kubatanidza mapurogiramu okutengesa nokutengesa mapepa omunzvimbomo.

Chishandiso chine simba zvikurusa nokuda kwemiitiro yemhoteredzo inodzorwa nehurumende i EPAIVER. Munsi mefekitari Clease Air Act, California inogamuchira chishandiso chakasiyana kuti ive mutezo wayo, wakasimba wemotokari nemhaka yezvinetso zvayo zvakakomba zvemhoteredzo. Dzimwe nyika dzinogona kusarudza kutevera mipimo yeCalifornia panzvimbo pechivako chehurumende. Izvi zvakagadzira nzvimbo huru inodzorwa, zvinomanikidzira vagadziri vemotokari kugadzira motokari kuti vavake chikamu chinokosha cheU.S. Musika. Apo kutungamirira California yakabvisa California, yakamutsa hondo huru yapamutemo, inokwidziridza kuti sei muboka renyika renyika ishapuko renyika inodzo. Kudzodzodzodzodzodzodzo dzinodzorwa kwapamutemo dzinodzorwa mumugariro wehurumende yehurumende.

Zvokufambisa: Kugadzira nzvimbo ine mafaramendi

Chikamu chenyika chinoshanda semuenzaniso wekudzora kwemasangano anodzorwa. Federal Highway Administration inogadza mipimo yemigwagwa mirefu yeruwa uye inogovera mari yakawanda kupfurikidza neHighway Trust Fund, inosimudzirwa nomutero wegasi wehurumende. Masangano, zvisinei, uye anochengeta migwagwa, anogadza muganhu wejeko (ne nhungamiro dzehurumende dzinobva kuNicon zera), uye anoisa mabasa awo okuvaka. Iyi , yakagadzirwa mukati mokusikwa kweNhevetstate Sy System pasi paPrienhole, inobatira pamwe chete. Zvisinei, mirangariro yehurumende inomuka mumitengo yezvakapoteredza pasi pe [FLD [FF:2]

Kutsakatika Kwenguva Ino: Panonyanyisa Kurwisana

Kunze kwemhesano dzakatsiga dzehurumende, nhau dzakati dzinoparira hondo dzakakomba dzapamutemo nedzezvamatongerwe enyika idzo dzinorondedzera miganhu yesimba rehurumende nerehurumende.

Kunyoreswa Pamutemo: Kurwisana Musoro

Kutenderwa kwapamutemo kwapamutemo kwembanje nokuda kwokurapa uye nhandaro kunomirira denho yakananga zvikurusa neinopfuurira kuukuru hwehurumende munguva dzazvino uno. Mupasi pomubatanidzwa Controld Substancess Act [CSA], mbanje inoramba iri [FLT:] I zvinodhaka [[[FLT]]] zvinonzi zvine simba guru rokushandisa zvisina kufanira uye zvino zvinogamuchirwa pakurapa.

Ikoku kunoparira kusaziva pamutemo kukuru. Maturakiti ehurumende anoputsa mutemo wehurumende. Kwamakumi amakore, Department of Justice inoshandisa ikoku kupfurikidza nokubudisa mabasa enhungamiro (seCole Memors) ayo akatungamirira vachuchisi vehurumende kubvisa kuchengetwa kwemitemo muhurumende namabhizimisi anodzorwa nemitemo inorema. Zvisinei, iyi mibato haisati iri mutemo uye inogona kubviswa panguva ipi neipi. Kurwisana kunotambanukira kubhangi (mutemo wehurumende kukuita kuti kuve kwakaoma kuti vabhangi vashandise mabasa ezvokubhangi anokosha), mutero (Chikamu cheIC 28080 chepasiti yemitengo inobvisa mipimo yemitengo yemiitiro yemirimo yemirimo yemirimo). Zvisinei, uye kutengeserana kwechibvumirano cheMitengo yeMitengo yeHurumende yeMitemo yeHurumende yeHurumende yeHurumende yeSangano reHurumende reSangano renyika neyamendero yeAmerica inosara imwe yenhau huru zvikuru yenhauro yehurumende yeAmerica.

Kutama Kuchimanikidza: Kuganhurirwa Kwobatira Pamwe Kwokuzvidira

Mutemo wokutora unongova simba rehurumende chairo. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakasimbisa Arizona v. United States (2012) kuti hurumende ine "brand, pasina panikiro simba pamusoro pomuganho wokupinda munyika. ” Bva hurumende dzinoedza nguva dzose kuzvibatanidza dzimene, kuchitungamirira kurwisano dzakakomba. SB 1070 (2010) yakatsvaka kuita kuti mutemo wehurumende uve rutivi rukuru rwokuchengetwa kwokupinda munyika kupfurikidza nokuda vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru kunzvera mugariro wokutama womunhu upi noupi wavakamiswa nenzira yapamutemo. Dare Gurusare rairova gadziriro dzinoverengeka dzomutemo sedzatemwa, asi rakasiya `ndiratidza mapepa ako", anoramba achinzirwa pamutemo.

Mukupesana, "guta renyika inomira kumira mitemo" inomirira nyika nenzvimbo dzinoramba nokushingaira kubatira pamwe nezviremera zvokubuda zvehurumende. Iyi miitiro inowanzoganhurira mano okuita kuti mutemo womunzvimbomo upedze vanhu vakavakirwa pamirayiro yokupinda munyika. Gurukota reTrump rinoramba riri muenzaniso une simba wehurumende inodzivisa mitemo yehurumende nemitemo yenzvimbo tsvene. Idzodzo dzinoedza kunyima mari yehurumende pamitemo yehurumende nemitemo inoyera. Gadziro yehurumende yehurumende haigoni kuisa migariro mitsva pakushandisa pasina mvumo yakajeka. Iyi chinyorwa chinoramba chiri muenzaniso une simba wehurumende inodzivisa miganhuro yehurumende kupfurikidza nemabasa, kuedzwa ganhuriro dzechidziro dzechinorwisana nedzidziso inorwisana nenzvimbo tsvene. Hurumende yenyika haigoni kudzora kuronga kurongazve zvirongwa zvehurumende.

Kugamuchira Kodzero: Kudzokera Kudzorwa neHurumende

Kodzero yokuvhota yakashandurwa ne Countring Rights Act ye 1965 (VLT), iyo yakatanga utarisiri hwakasimba hwehurumende hwemiitiro yesarudzo yehurumende muvhotasis nenhau yorusaruro. Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusarudzo mu Shelby County v. Raker[ (2013) yakaputsa mutoo wakashandiswa kusarudza kuti itsika yaifukidzwa neiyi fashoni, ichiita kuti iparadzike zvakanaka chisakiso chikuru chekuchengeta VRA.

Muuyo wakanga uri kuchinjwa kwesimba kwapakarepo uye kunoshamisa kudzokera kunyika. Mukutevera kwe Shelby County, nyika dzakawanda dzakagadza mitemo mitsva yokuvhota, kubatanidza mitemo yeidiviti yevhoti, inoderedza kuvhota pakuvamba, uye kubvisa kwevhota. Hurumende yehurumende yakaedza kuita nemitemo yakafanana neJohn Leving Rights Advation Act, asi jirock iri muCongress yakadzivisa kupfuudza kwayo. Imba yaVamiririri vanogona kupfuudza chibvumirano nevoruzhinji, asi 60-vote pachikumbaridzo muDare rakabvumikisa mhinganidzo yokuita mipimo mitsva yehurumende. Iyi haisitongo inosano inoratidzira zvakajeka kuti masimba okupindana anogona sei mumitengo yadzoro yadzoro iri panzvimbo yavanhu vose.

Kodzero Dzokubvisa Pamuviri Nenzvimbo Yakanaka Yeshure

Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa mu Dobts v. Jackson Vakadzi’s Health Organization [2022]) yakashandura zvikurukuru mamiriro ehurumende kupfurikidza nokuputsa Roe v. Wade[[[FLT]] [[FLT] [19773]. [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] Roe [[ akanga aita mutemo wehurumende kuti maruramiro ehurumende omutemo okubvisa pamuviri, anorambidza muitiro wacho pamberi pokuvapo kwechipo. Dobs [[FLT]] [FFLT:7] yakadzorera mubvunzo wokubvisa mimba kukutaura kwose, kuzivisa kuti mutemo hautsiviswe kurudyi.

Chisarudzo ichi chakashandura pakarepo yunifomu, yakadzivirirwa norudzi kuva nhau yehurumende inodzorwa nehurumende. Mitemo yetsika yakarongwa munyika dzakawanda muRepublika yakakakwa nokukurumidza kana kuti yakaganhurirwa zvakakomba kubvisa pamuviri, nepo hurumende dzeDemocratic-read dzakagadza mitemo yokudzivirira kusvika. Iyi yaparira kusawirirana kutsva kwapamutemo, kubatanidza rwisano pamusoro pokuti vatengi vokubvisa pamuviri vanogona kupiwa muhurumende nemitemo yokuita miitiro yevagari vemo munyika umo iri yapamutemo, uye kana nyika dzichigona kurambidza kutumirwa kwemishonga yokubvisa pamuviri inotenderwa neFDA. Madoks chisarudzo pamusoro pokuti kudzorwa kwouchangamire hwehurumende inopesana, ichiita mugariro mukuru wehondo wehondo yehondo yokubvisa kubvisa pamuviri.

Kuva Wega: Kutsiura Kunoita Kuti Uzive Zvaunofanira Kuita

Mukusavapo kwomutemo wamashoko akavanzika wehurumende unobatanidza zvose, matauriro atungamirira. California Consumerfic Act (CCPA) uye Calinia Confiction Rights Act (CPRA) yakatanga maruramiro akapararira avanhu pamusoro pekuunganidzwa nokutengeswa kwemashoko omunhu oga. Kutevera kutungamirira kweCalifornia, kufanana naVirginia (VCDPA), Coloradovation (CPA), Connecticut (CDPA), naUCPA (CPUC) zvakaumba zvirongwa zvavo zvoungwa.

Ikoku kunoparira ngwavaira inowirirana nokuda kwamabhizimisi anoshanda munyika yose. Kambani inofanira kunzvera basa remitemo yenyika ine rondedzero dzakasiana- siyana dze "data inotapurika," maruramiro evatengi akasiana-- siyana (opt-in v. ctof) uye miitiro yakasiana---wiriranisa (kodzero yechiito. Gweta rinodzika pamutemo rehurumende rinofanira kudirana iyi, asi Congress yakundikana kusvika panguva ino kubvumirana pamipimo inodzikamisa kuvandikano yechivande nefariro dzebhizimisi nechengeteko yenyika. Uyu muenzaniso mukuru wokushanda se "masangano edemocracy" mutarisana nechaunga chamabasa ehurumende inodzoserwa, kubudisa simba renyika nepo nepokuparira mhoteredzo yemari panguva imwe chete.

Mugumisiro: Kutsungirira Kwechiuto cheAmerica

Kubatana kwamasimba ehurumende nehurumende dzehurumende hakusi chipukanana; rutivi runorondedzera rwegadziriro yebumbiro remitemo yeU.S. James Madison akaidzana mu Federalist N. 51 kuti kukamukana kwesimba pakati pehurumende nehurumende dzehurumende kunogovera "chengeteko yakapetwa kaviri" nokuda kwamaruramiro avanhu. Kuoma kuri muiyi gadziriro kunopfuurira kukurukura, kurukurirano, uye kujekeswa kwapamutemo. Nepo ikoku kuchigona kutungamirira kukubudirira nokusabvumirana, kugamuchira kwomunzvimbomo, uye kunzvera kukuru pasimba guru.

Kuvambira mukirasi nekamuri rekurumidziro kusvikira kunzvimbo yokuvhotera nenzvimbo inogoverwa zvinhu yomunzvimbomo, miganhu yechiremera iri kuedzwa nguva dzose nokutorwazve. Vagari vanonzwisisa simba iri vakashongedzerwa zviri nani kuti vaite nehurumende yavo, vatsigire zvavanoda, uye vadzore nzvimbo dzemitemo dzakaoma kunzwisisa dzinorondedzera upenyu hwezuva nezuva muUnited States. Sangano yacho haiwanzova yakatsvinda, asi simba rayo rinopa mamiriro ezvinhu akasimba nokuda kwenyika dzakasiyana - siyana uye nyika dzakawanda. Kukurukurirana kunopfuurira pakati pehurumende nehurumende yemubatanidzwa wenyika injini yeAmerica yokutonga, ichivimbisa kuti nyika ishanduke pasina kurasikirwa nokuzvipira kwayo kwenheyo kuparadzira uchangamire.