Dare rehurumende reUnited States rine nzvimbo ine simba rakatanhamara mugadziriro yokutonga yorudzi. Kupfurikidza nechiremera charo chokududzira Bumbiro remitemo nemirau yehurumende, zvinoumba nguva dzose (napadzimwe nguva mirau) uye mirau yomunzvimbomo mumhatsa yakafara yenhau. Nyaya inonzvera mitoo iyo matare ehurumende anopesvedzera nayo hurumende nehurumende, kubva kuhwirudzuro yedare nechisarudzo chegariro kusvikira kukuchengetwa kwekodzero dzomunhu oga. Kunzwisisa aya masimba kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa kuti mutemo nemitemo zvinochinja sei mugadziriro yomubatanidzwa.

Kunzwisisa Tsika Yedare Rinotonga Nehurumende

Dare redare rehurumende rinoumbwa neChikamu III cheBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rinoshanda parutivi pemiitiro yedare rehurumende.

  • Dare roruwa reU.S.: Dare rokutonga apo mhaka dzomubatanidzwa dzinovamba. Kune maruwa 94 munyika yose, imwe neimwe inobata nhau dzevagari vemo nedzeutsotsi dzinomuka pasi pomutemo wehurumende.
  • U.S. Dare reZvikumbiro (Matare Edunhu): rakakamuraniswa kuva matunhu 13, aya matare anohwirudzura zvisarudzo zvakabva kumatare oruwa mukati momugariro wawo wenzvimbo. Anowanzova shoko rokupedzisira pakukwirira kukurusa kwomubatanidzwa, sezvo Dare Rapamusorosoro rinonzwa chikamu chiduku bedzi chenhau.
  • Dare repamusoro reUnited States: Dare rokupedzisira. Rine simba rokutonga pakukwirira kukurusa uye mirau yaro inosunga matare ose ehurumende nehurumende akaderera.

Dare rehurumende rinoshandisa simba pamusoro penhau dzinobatanidza mutemo womubatanidzwa, Bumbiro reMitemo, gakava pakati pehurumende, uye nhau umo United States iri mubatanidzwa.Ichi chibvumikiso chinopa chiremera chakananga panhau idzo kazhinji kazhinji dzinobatanidzwa nehurumende nemitemo yomunzvimbomo.

Mabasa Makuru Ane Simba Rokudzora Rokudyisa

Matare ehurumende nemitemo yomunzvimbomo zvinoumba hurumende nemitemo yomunzvimbomo kupfurikidza nemibato mitatu mikuru: hwirudzuro yedare, chisarudzo chegakava rehurumende, uye dziviriro yamaruramiro omunhu oga. Basa rimwe nerimwe rine revo dzinokosha nokuda kwenzira iyo nyika nenharaunda zvinodzora nayo.

Kuhwirudzura Kutonga

Simba rehwirudzuro yokutonga [1] chiremera chokuputsa mitemo inoputsa Bumbiro reMitemo() yakatangwa mu Marbury v. Madison (1803). Kubvira ipapo, matare ehurumende akashandisa simba iri kupedza simba rehurumende isingaverengeki nemitemo yomunzvimbomo. Kupfurikidza nenzvero yedare, matare anovimbisa kuti zviito zvehurumende zvinowirirana neBumbiro reMitemo, mirau yehurumende, uye zvibvumirano. Nemhaka dzinozivikanwa navose zvinobatanidza:

  • Mitemo yehurumende inorwisana nesimba rezvokutengeserana renyika (mutomo, Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824).
  • Mitemo yehurumende inoputsa rusununguko rweFirst Amendment (mue., Citints United v. FEC, 2010, kunyange zvazvo nhau iyoyo yaiitira hanya mutemo wehurumende; mitemo yemari yehurumende inowanzodenhwa).
  • Zviito zvehurumende zvinoputsa Dziviriro Yakaenzana kana kuti Nhevedzo yapatarwa Claus (jere, Lovang v. Virginia, 1967, zvakaparadza ganhuriro dzehurumende paroorano yamarudzi akasiana).

Kuongorora matare hakungogumiri pakuputsa mitemo; matare anotsigirawo mitemo yenyika paanenge achitonga mutemo.

Kupedza Kusawirirana Kwehurumende

Matare ehurumende anobatira seanodzora kusatora rutivi mugakava pakati pehurumende kana kuti pakati pehurumende yehurumende. Pasi peChikamu III, Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa rine maruramiro apakuvamba pamusoro penhau pakati pehurumende, asi matare ehurumende akaderera kazhinji kazhinji anonzwa nharo dzine chokuita. Mienzaniso inobatanidza:

  • Gakava rekodzero dzemvura pakati pemaruwa (sumo, TEXAS v. New Mexico, rinopfuurira kupfuudzira pamusoro peRio Grande).
  • Zvinetso zvinopa mitemo inofungidzirwa kuti inoremedza kutengeserana kwenyika dzakasiyana - siyana, zvakadai semitemo yenyika yokugadzira marori kana kuti kurasa tsvina.
  • Rwisano pamusoro pekupinzwa kwemutemo wehurumende kupfurikidza nemirau yehurumende, yakadai semitemo inodzora kubuda kwavanhu yakaitwa nemutemo wehurumende wokupinda munyika (mutoo, Arizona v. United States, 2012).

Iyi mitemo inomanikidza kana kuti kuwedzera zvirongwa zvinowanika kuhurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo, kazhinji kazhinji ichida kuti zvigadziridze mapurogiramu kana kuti kurega mitoo yakati yokudzora.

Kudzivirira Kodzero Dzomunhu Mumwe Nomumwe

Dare reFederal inhau huru yokusimbisa kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo mukurwisana nechiito chehurumende yomunzvimbomo. Bill of Rights yakashandiswa pakuvamba bedzi kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende, asi kupfurikidza nedzidziso yokubatanidzwa yeKineth Amendment, dziviriro zhinjisa zvino dzinoshanda kunyika. Nharaunda huru dzinobatanidza:

  • Procedial : Yechipiri, yeshanu, yetanhatu, uye ye8h Amendments, yakabatanidzwa, inoda kudzikamiswa kwemitemo nokwemitezo yomunzvimbomo kuti itevere mitemo yorumano pamusoro pokunzvera, bvunzurudzo, uye miedzo. Zviitiko zvemarked zvakadai se marinda v. Arizona [1966] uye Mapp v.[[FLT:]] [1961]
  • Free Special neGungano: Matare anohwirudzura nguva dzose mamiriro ezvinhu nemitemo yomunzvimbomo pakuramba, mari yenhimbe, uye kutaura kwavose. Cohen v. California[ [19971] uye [[FLT] ... ... MPUNDO .[ [2011] inoratidzira kuti matare anodzikamisa sei kodzero dzokutaura panhau dzehurumende.
  • DZIDZIVIRIRO: Rugwaro muI14th Amendment rwakaparira chinjo mudzidzo, dzimba, basa, uye kuvhota. Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa mu Brown v. Board of Education [1954] inoramba iri muenzaniso mukurusa wemifananidzo, asi mhedziso dzinotevera dzakawedzera dziviriro kuLBTQ, vanhu vane urema, uye vamwe.

Dare reFederal rinosungisawo mitemo yekodzero dzevanhu, yakadai seTitle VI of the Civil Rights Act ya1946, Umutwe IX weDzidzo Amendments ye1972, uye vaAmerica vane Chiratidzo Chokusashanda zvakanaka. Iyi mitemo inopa vanhu kodzero yokukwirira hurumende nenzvimbo nokuda kwemitemo yokusasarura.

Pesvedzero Panzvimbo Chaidzo Dzinorongwa

Pasi apa pane nzvimbo dzinoverengeka umo zvisarudzo zvokutonga zvakava nemiuyo yakasimba zvikuru.

Dzidzo

Matare eFederal ave ari anokosha kugadziridza muitiro wedzidzo yavose. Pashure pe Brown v. Board of Education, matare akatungamirira zvirango zvezvikoro zvaida gadziriro dzechikoro kubhadharira vadzidzi, kukweverazve nzvimbo dzinopinda, uye kushandisa magineti mapurogiramu. Zvisarudzo gare gare zvataurwa:

  • Nhamba neurema: Board of Education v. Rowley [1998] naAweya Ane Dicturebration Education Act (IDA) inoda nyika kugovera dzidzo yapachena yapachena yavanhu vose kuvana vane urema. matare eFederal anomanikidzira iyi mira mirayiro.
  • Mari inotsigirwa: Dare Gurusa parikaramba kuwana maruramiro ehurumende kumari yechikoro yakaenzana mu San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez [7773]), dare rehurumende raizivisa kupesvedzera pasi pemirayiro yenyika yave ichipesvedzera. Zvisinei, matare ehurumende achiri kunzwa denho dzokushandisa magadziro ekodzero dzehurumende.
  • Kutaura nechirango zvokusangwarira: . Des Moines Independent Community School District [1969]) yakasimbisa kuti vadzidzi havasati vachirega kodzero dzavo dzeFirst Amendment pageo rechikoro. Kutevera mirau yanatsa miganhu yekutaura kwevadzidzi, kubatanidza kubvisa mashoko paIndaneti.
  • Title IX: matare eForence akadudzira musoro weIX kuraira zvikoro kuti zvikurukure kunetswa kwevatano nedenho, somu Davis v. Monroe County Board of Education (1999) uye Gebser v. Lagosta Independent School Distric [[FLT:]][1998]. Izvi zvisarudzo zvakamanikidzira maruwa echikoro kugamuchira miitiro yakananga yokunyunyuta.

Kurapwa

Affordble Care Act (ACA) yakaparira rwisano yezivikanwo yehurumende yakatapura zvakananga gadziriro yokutarisira utano hwehurumende. Mu National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (202) Dare Gurusa rakatsigira murairo womunhu mumwe nomumwe semutero asi rakaita kuti kukura kweACA’s Médicaid kuve kwokusasarudzwa nokuda kwehurumende kuti hurumende haigoni kunyima mari yose iripo yeMidicaid nokuda kwemitengo isiri yokutengeserana. Ichi chisarudzo chakatungamirira kubasa revo rehurumende pakufutunurwa kwezvisarudzo. Gare gare gare, [FLT.] Mambo Bur Bur[FFFFFF:2] [20] (20) akasimbiswa kuti hurumende yaiwanika mumitengodzoro mukuru mukuru wezvo, haana kuisa upfumi hwezvo.

Matare akahwirudzurawo mitemo yehurumende yokubvisa mimba, kubatanidza nhambo dzokumirira, mirairo yekiriniki, uye ganhuriro dzemari. Mu Women’s Health v. Hellerst (20], Dare rakadzosa Texas ganhuriro pamitoro yokubvisa mimba somutoro usati wakafanira pasi po [[FLT:]]] Rati yemanyuko. Casey[[[FLT:]] [19]] [199]] (1992, [[FLT]]]], v. Jackson’s Health Organization [FLT:][FLT]]] [5]]) inodzosera kudzosera mutemo mutsva.

Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo Nokupiwa Mabasa

Dare reFederal rave richibetsera mukufambisira mberi maruramiro avagari vemo kupfurikidza nenhau pamusoro pokuvhota, rusaruro, uye miitiro yamapurisa. Voting Rights Act ya 1965 (VRA) yave iri nhau inowanzoitirwa mvumo. Mu Shelby County v. Haker[[FL:1] [202013] , Dare Rapamusoro rakakunda mutoo wekubhadharwa wePrexance, nenzira inobudirira kubva pachinodikanwa kuwana tendero yehurumende pamberi pokuchinja mitemo yokuvhota. Kubvira ipapo, matare ehurumende akahwinangurira matsva, maro anoramba mavhoti, uye kubvisa mavhotera mapepa pasi peVRA 2

Munzvimbo yamapurisa neruramisiro yamatsotsi, matare ehurumende akatonga hurumende nomunzvimbomo nokuda kwemiitiro isingawirirani nemitemo. Somuenzaniso, Monell v. Department of Social Service [1988]) akazivisa kuti matura ehurumende anogona kupiwa mhaka pasi peChikamu 1983 nokuda kwemitemo yehurumende inoparira kupunzika kwemitemo. Matare akaisawo mitemo inoda madhipatimendi emapurisa kuti aite chinjo, yakadai semuGenesovise, Missouri, uye Baltimoreland, Maryland.

LGBTQ+ kodzero dzakaumbwa zvikuru nezvisarudzo zvedare rehurumende. bergefell v. Hodges (2015], Dare Gurusa reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reMitezo yokuroora, zvirambidzo zvehurumende zvisingashandi. ] Bostock v. Clayton County[] 2020) Chititimuchitiso chakadziro kurumbidzo ye VII yakavakirwa pachimiro chevatano nechiratidzo chevatano nevatano, inotapura mamiriro ezvinhu ehurumende nemitemo yomunzvimbomo. Izvi zvinotaura kubudisa mareze eroorano uye kugarisa vanhu vamwe vanhu mumabasa, dzimba, uye kuchengetesave.

Kudzorwa Kwemhoteredzo

Matare ehurumende anowanzosarudza ukuru hwehurumende nechiremera chomunzvimbomo. Cease Air Act and Clean Water Act inosvika kazhinji kazhinji kumatare, umo vatongi vanodudzira kana mipimo yehurumende isati yadzikwa kana kuti kana masangano angagamuchira mitemo yorumano. Mu Massachusetts v. EPA [2007] [2007], Dare Rapamusoro raidavira kuti EPA rinofanira kudzora magasi anodziya mabhanairwa emhepo inopisa pasi peChea Air Act, chisarudzo chetsika yemamiriro okunze enhau. Njodzi. Nomutoo. Virginia. EPA [FLT]][2] [2002] [2]]2] (2]) yakaganhurira chiremera cheEPA kudzora simba remiti, kusimbisazve mabasa ezve, anoisazve mabasa ehurumende.

Zvisarudzo zvevhu zvinoshandiswawo kumatare ehurumende, zvikurukuru apo kodzero dzezvinhu dziri kukurukurwa. Kutora Clause of the Findth Amendment, kwakashandiswa kudzimwe nyika kupfurikidza ne 144th Amendment, kwave kuri hwaro hwemitemo inoda muripo apo mirau inosvika kure. Mu Kelo v. City of New London (2005], Dare rakatsigira kushandiswa kwenzvimbo yakatanhamara yepfuma nokuda kwebudiriro yemari, kuchimutsa mhinduro dzehurumende.

Matambudziko Nenzvimbo Dzinoitirana Manetsi Dzakapoteredza Pesvedzero Yedare Rinotonga

Kukakavadzana kuviri kunopfuurira kunonangidzirwa pakuita chiito chokutonga mukupesana nokuzvidzora uye kupfupikisa kwomuitiro wokugadza.

Kutonga Kunopesana.

Vatsoropodzi vanowanzopomera vatongi vehurumende kuti vanodarika basa ravo nokuita zvisarudzo zvemitemo kubva pabhenji. Chiito chedare chinoreva zvisarudzo zvinoonekwa sezvakavakirwa pamirangariro yomunhu oga yemutongi panzvimbo perugwaro rweBumbiro remitemo kana kuti mirau. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti apo matare anorova mitemo yehurumende inoiswa nehurumende, vanozvidza kuzvitonga. Somuenzaniso, chisarudzo cheDare repamusoro mu Reev. Vakadzi [[FLT]] [127]))) vaidzorwa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji neiyi tsoropo. Nhevedzo yedare kuzviisa pasi pemitemo kuzviisa pasi pemitemo kupfurikidza nokusakafanira kupfurikidza nomutemo. [FLT:] Dobbs v. Jacksons Organization’S Health Organization [2]

Vatsigiri vezviito vanotaura kuti matare anofanira kudzivirira maruramiro mashomanene muzvinhu zvikuru zvakakurumbira(jeka guru rokuongorora.) dzikamo iri pakati pouhu uzivi inopfuurira kupesvedzera kupesvedzera kwemitemo yomubatanidzwa.

Kugadzwa Kwokugadzwa Kwokutonga

Muitiro wokugadza vatongi vehurumende, zvikurukuru vatongi veDare Rapamusoro, wazova mutsigiri mukuru. Vatsoropodzi vapanguva pfupi yapfuura vanorwisana neMerick Garland muna 2016, Brett Kavaugh muna 2018, Amy Coney Barrett muna 2020, uye Ketanji Brown Jackson muna 2022.Njengarirei kuti pfungwa dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinoumba sei mutongi. Vatsoropodzi vanonetseka kuti uku kutendeka kunokanganisa chivimbo chavanhu mukusasarura kwematare uye kunotungamirira kukutonga kunowirirana nezvikamu zvebato panzvimbo penheyo yemitemo.

Kumuka kwe “kunyora mashoko emitemo ” senhau yenhimbe kunoreva kuti kuumbwa kwebhenji rehurumende kunogona kuchinja zvinoshamisa zvichienderana nokuti ndeipi boka rinodzora White House neDare.

Mirayiro iyi, inowanzopiwa nevatongi voruwa mumwe chete, yakashandiswa kumisa zviito zvevakuru vakuru pakubuda munyika, mitemo yezvakatipoteredza, uye kupiwa zviremera zvoutano.

mhedziso

Matare eFederal isimba guru mukuumba mamiriro ezvinhu nemitemo zvomunzvimbomo, achishanda kupfurikidza nemiitiro yebumbiro remitemo yehwirudzuro, chisarudzo chegakava, uye kuchengetwa kwamaruramiro. Zvisarudzo zvawo zvinotapura rutivi rwuri rwose rwehurumende(kubva pakuti zvikoro zvinodzidzisa sei vana, kunzira iyo hurumende yokutarisira utano, kunzira iyo mapurisa ehurumende anoshanda nayo migwagwa. Nepo iyi pesvedzero iri madikanwa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kutsigira nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo, inosimudzirawo itiro dzapamutemo pamusoro pebasa rakafanira ravatongi muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Gakavariranwa riri kupfuurira kurondedzera ukurusai nesimba redare redare rehurumende kwamakore akawanda kunouya. Nokuda kwevagadziri vemitemo, vadzidzisi, vadzidzi vemitemo, uye vagari vehurumende, kunzwisisa kuchengetwa pakati pematare ehurumende nehurumende kunokosha pakufamba kwomutemo weAmerica.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, nzvera pawebsite yeDare Rapamusoro-soro, [[FLT:] LGALLD Institute paCornell Law School, uye [[FLT]OYEZ[[FLT:]] nokuda kwenhau nenharo dzomumuromo.