Table of Contents

Ukama pakati pamasimba ehurumende ehurumende nehurumende hunoumba anenge rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu hweAmerica, kubva kunzira yatinofambisa tichienda kuzvikoro vana vedu vanopinda.Kunzwisisa kuti aya masimba anokamurwa sei, anogoveranwa, uye pane dzimwe nguva anokwikwidzwa kunobetsera vagari vemo kunzwisisa chimiro chehurumende chakaoma chinodzora United States. Iyi nhungamiro yakakwana inonzvera dzikamo yakaoma yesimba pakati pehurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende nehurumende, ichinzvera kuti gadziriro ino yehurumende inotapura sei zvisarudzo zvezuva riri rose nemitemo.

Chii Chiri Mubatanidzwa Wenyika uye Nei Chichikosha?

Iyi nheyo yakavakirwa pakudzora kweAmerica yakabuda muConstitutional Convention ya1787, apo Vavambi vakatsvaka kuumba hurumende yorudzi yakasimba zvikuru kupfuura yaivapo muNhengo dzeConfederation nepo vachingochengeta udzori hunokosha nokuda kwenyika imwe neimwe.

Gadziriro yehurumende inoita zvinhu nemhaka yokuti inotapura zvakananga kuti mitemo inoitwa sei, inoitwa sei, inoitwa, uye inodudzirwa munyika yose. Apo unobhadhara mitero, kunyoresa kuvhota, kuwana rezinesi rokutyaira, kana kuti kutumira vana vako kuchikoro, uri kusonganira neiyi boka ramasimba. Muitiro unoparira kunyanduka kukuru uko kwakavapo kwanopfuura mazana maviri amakore, kuchichinjira kuchinjo dzezvinodikanwa zvorudzi apo uchiedza kuchengetedza uchangamire hwehurumende.

Masimba anotsiva hurumende dzehurumende anobetsera kuchengeta dzikamo yesimba pakati padzo nehurumende yehurumende. Inobvumirawo kutaura rusununguko rwokuedza mifungo yakasiana- siyana namapurogiramu. Dzimwe nguva nyika dzinonzi "masangano ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu" nokuda kweichi chikonzero. Uku kuedza kunogonesa masangano akasiyana - siyana kuedza zvigadzikiso zvemiitiro yakasiana - siana, nezviito zvinobudirira zvinogamuchirwa nedzimwe nyika kana kuti kunyange pamwero womubatanidzwa.

Kunzwisisa Masimba Ehurumende Akabudirira

Hurumende yehurumende inoshanda mugadziriro yamasimba akaganhurirwa, akaganhurirwa. masimba akananga anopiwa kuhurumende yomubatanidzwa, uye zvikurukuru kuCongress, muBumbiro reMitemo reU.S.. kusafanana namamwe marudzi akawanda umo hurumende huru ine chiremera chikuru, chikuru, United States Constitution inoronga zvakananga icho hurumende yehurumende inogona kuita.

Kutangwa kweMitemo yeMasimba Ehurumende

Masimba mazhinjisa iwaya akarongwa muChikamu I, Chikamu 8. Anobatanidza chiremera chokuunganidza mitero nokuunganidza, mabasa, mapost, uye mabudisi; kubhadhara zvikwereti; kugovera nokuda kwedziviriro dzose negarikano yavose; kudzora kutengeserana namarudzi okumwe napakati pehurumende; kutanga matare ehurumende akaderera; kuisa mari; kusimudzira nokutsigira mauto ane zvombo; kuzivisa hondo; uye kuchengeta gadziriro yepositi. Muzvose, Chikamu I, Chikamu 8 chine zvikamu 27 zvine mativi akananga kugovera masimba ehurumende kuDare.

Aya masimba anoverengwa anoumba hwaro hwamashoko hwechiremera chose chehurumende. Vagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo vakasarudza namaune kududza masimba ehurumende panzvimbo pokupa chiremera chakafara, chisingarondedzereki. Uyu mutoo wakaratidzira itiro hanya dzavo pamusoro pokusika hurumende ine simba zvikuru ingatyisidzira rusununguko rwomunhu nouchangamire hwehurumende.

Masimba Makuru Ari Kushandiswa

National Defense and Military Affairs: Hurumende yehurumende ine chiremera chakakwana pamusoro pedziviriro yorudzi, kubatanidza simba rokuzivisa hondo, kusimudza nokutsigira mauto, kuchengeta mauto ehondo, uye kudzora mauto. Iri simba rehondo rapakati rinovimbisa kuronga gadziriro yechengeteko yorudzi uye rinodzivisa nyika imwe neimwe kuita mabasa ayo ehondo dzokumwe.

[[FLT: 0] Transvolutions neImmigration: Nhau dzose dzine chokuita nomutemo wokumwe, kurukurirano dzebvumirano, uye ukama hwemibatanidzwa zvinoderera pasi pehurumende. Mienzaniso pakati pamasimba ane gumi namasere akarongwa imomo inobatanidza simba rinodzora kutama nokuchinja, mari yemari uye dzora mari, kutanga mahofisi eposi, uye kupa zvinyorwa zvekodzero dzokutumira mashoko kusimudzira sayenzi neunyanzvi. Uku kudzora kwehurumende kugarirano kunovimbisa United States kutaura nenzwi rimwe munhau dzenyika dzose.

Currency and Interstate Communist: Hurumende yehurumende ine chiremera bedzi chokuumba mari nokudzora ukoshi hwayo, kuvimbisa mari yenyika yakafanana. Commerce Claus yazova mamwe amavambo anokosha zvikurusa esimba rehurumende, achibvumira Chibvumirano kudzora mubato wemari unopaza mitsetse yenyika.

[[FLT: 0] Mhindu yemateru: Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa Congress simba rokusimudzira sayenzi nounyanzvi kupfurikidza nokuwana maruramiro nekodzero dzekodzero. Ikoku kunogadzira gadziriro yenyika yakafanana yokudzivirira maruramiro ezvinhu zvouchenjeri, inopa mavambo echinjo nebasa rokusika mumiganhu yenyika.

Kukura Kwesimba Renyika Kupfurikidza Nokududzira

Nepo Bumbiro reMitemo richidudza masimba chaiwo omubatanidzwa, ukuru hwaaya masimba hwakakura nenzira inokosha kupfurikidza nokududzira kwokutonga nokushandiswa kwezvikamu zvakati zvemitemo.

Chinodikanwa neChinodikanwa Claus: Chinodikanwa neSeant Claus rinopa Congress chiremera chokuita mitemo inodikanwa kuita masimba ayo anorongwa. Iyi ndima inovimbisa kuti Congress ine mutoo wokushandisa masimba anonyorwa muBumbiro remitemo, ichisimbisa ukuru hwendazati yakarongwa.

MuMcCulloch v. Maryland (1819), Dare Rapamusoro rakatonga kuti pasi peChinodikanwa neSeant Clausce Congress raiva nesimba rokugadza bhangi renyika kuti riite masimba aro okutora mitero, kubhadhara zvikwereti, uye kukwereta mari. iyi chisarudzo chakatanhamara chakagadza kuti masimba ehurumende anobatanidza kwete bedzi ayo akarongwa zvakajeka asiwo ayo anorehwa nenzira ine mufungo sezvinodikanwa kuti aite masimba anodudzwa.

Dare reChongedzero Claus: MuGibbons v. Ogden, 22 U.S., Dare Rapamusoro rakaziva simba rakafara reCongress rokudzora kutengeserana kwenyika. Muchiitiko ichocho, Dare Rapamusoro rakaputsa mutemo weNew York uyo wakapa reze rezinesi rehurumende rokutengesa pamhenderekedzo yegungwa raitora nzvimbo yokutanga. Dare rakasimbisa kuti Shemmakessicone akapa chiremera kwete bedzi pamusoro pechitsinhanhanharo yezvinhu asi pamusoro pemitsetse yezvokufambisa zvinhu uyewo mimwe mitsetse iyo inodzo inodzika mitsetse, ichisimbisa nheyo yesimba rehurumende yeNew York munhungamiro yezvokutengeserana yenyika.

Tsananguro yeCommerce Claus yakatanga zvinoshamisa nokufamba kwenguva. Simba reCongress rokudzora kutengeserana kwenyika dzakapoteredza rakabvumikisa zvakafanana kuva nzira yokugonesa nayo Hurumende kudzora chinhu chipi nechipi. Simba rokudzora kutengeserana kwenyika dzenyika, Dare Rapamusorosoro rakabatanidza simba rokudzora zvinhu izvo "chitima" kutengeserana kwenyika, uye chinenge chinhu chiri chose, chinochinja, chinotapura kutengeserana kwenyika.

Kupa mari nesimba rokushandisa mari: Simba rokutera, somuenzaniso, rinogonesa Congress kusimudza chinenge chitsama chisina kuganhurirwa chemari uye nenzira inobudirira kudzora pfuma yorudzi. Dare ipapo rinogona kushandisa iyi mari, muchimiro chemipiro yemapano kuhurumende, kupesvedzera hurumende kuita mitemo yokuti Congress haitenderwi kuzviita imene.

Semuenzaniso, Congress haina simba rokudzora zera dukusa rokutenga kana kuti kunwa doro.

Ganhuriro Dzazvino Uno Pasimba Rehurumende

Pasinei zvapo nokukura kukuru kwechiremera chehurumende, Dare Gurusa panhambo nenhambo rakaisa miganhu pasimba rehurumende. Mhaka yeUnited States v. Lopez muna 1995 yakaita chibvumirano chisina kuwirirana neGun Free School Zone Act nemhaka yokuti yakapfuura simba reCongress ku "reguatement kutengeserana... pakati penyika dzinoverengeka". Mutongi Mukuru William Rehnquist akanyora, "Tinotanga nenheyo dzokutanga. Bumbiro reMitemo rinogadzira Federal Government of respected." Kwenguva yokutanga mumakore makumi matanhatu Dare rakawana kuti mukuita mutemo wehurumende, Congress akanga apfuure apiwa simba naDomast Claus Claus.

Ichi chisarudzo chakaratidzira kuti kuchine ganhuriro dzine revo kuchiremera chehurumende, kunyange mugadziriro huru dzebumbiro remitemo dzakafanana neClaus yeChommerce.

Masimba eHurumende nechiremera Chakakarirwa

Hurumende yehurumende painoshanda pasi pemasimba akarongwa, hurumende dzehurumende dzinoshanda zvakasiyana.

Penjero Yegumi Nesimba Rakachengetedzwa

Masimba asina kupiwa United States neBumbiro Remitemo, kana kuti anorambidzwa neUnited States, anochengeterwa kuUnited States, kana kuti kuvanhu.

Dare reThine Re Amendment rinorayira kuti hurumende ine masimba aya bedzi anopiwa kwariri neBumbiro reMitemo, uye kuti mamwe masimba ose asina kurambidzwa neBumbiro reMitemo anochengetwa nehurumende imwe neimwe, kana kuti kuvanhu. Donzo reiyi chinjo nderokusimbisazve nheyo dzehurumende ndokusimbisa mufungo wehurumende yehurumende inochengeta masimba akaganhurirwa bedzi, akaganhurirwa.

Zvikurukuru, inochengetera kunyika (kana kuti vanhu) masimba api naapi Constitution asingapi hurumende yomubatanidzwa, kunze kwamasimba Constitution inodzivisa zvakananga kubva kunyika. Ikoku kunoreva kuti chiremera chehurumende hachina kududzwa asi panzvimbo pezvo chinoitwazve (zvigadziko zvinogona kushandisa simba ripi neripi risati rapiwa kuhurumende yomubatanidzwa kana kuti rinorambidzwa kwavari neBumbiro reMitemo.

Masimba Ehurumende Nemabasa

Comment] nyika dzine chiremera chikuru pamusoro pomuitiro wedzidzo, kubatanidza mipimo yedzidzo, mudzidzisi chinyorwa, nzira dzokushandisa mari, uye zvinodikanwa zvokupedza chikoro. Nepo hurumende yehurumende ichigovera mari ndokuisa zvinodikanwa zvakati (mutoo wezvokurangarira pamusoro pekodzero dzevagari vemo navadzidzi vane urema), nyika namaruwa ezvikoro zvomunzvimbomo zvinoita zvisarudzo zvedzidzo zvizhinjisa. Ikoku kunotsanangura chikonzero nei gadziriro dzedzidzo dzichisiana zvikuru kubva kuhurumende kuenda kuhurumende mumitezo yemari, mipimo yedzidzo, uye gadziriro yesangano.

Public Safety and Criminal Law:[ nyika dzine chiremera chakafara chokurondedzera mhaka, kutanga zvirango zvoutsotsi, uye kuchengeta masangano ezvomutemo. Kutonga kwakawanda kwoutsotsi kunoitika mumatare ehurumende pasi pomutemo wehurumende. United States inosarudza kuti mufambiro unoita mhosva ipi inoumba mhosva (pane mhosva dzomubatanidzwa), inogadza nhungamiro, inotarisira majeri, uye inodzora mapato emapurisa omunzvimbomo. Ndicho chikonzero nei mitemo yeutsotsi inogona kusiana zvikuru pakati pemaruware nehurumende imwe ingava mhaka yakakomba mune imwe.

Mutemo Wemhuri:[[[FLT: 1] roorano, chatanuro, kodzero yokuchengeta mwana, kurera mwana, uye nhaka zvinhu zvikuru zvemitemo yehurumende. Manyika anogadza zvinodikanwa zverezinesi reroorano, hwaro hwechatanuro, mipimo yechisarudzo chekodzero dzokuchengeta mwana, uye anotonga kugoverwa kwezvinhu apo mumwe munhu anofa. Iyi Hurumende inotsanangura chikonzero nei roorano nechatanuro zvichisiana mumitezo yehurumende.

[[NHAU: 0] Mutemo wapamutemo neContract:[[FLT: 1] Masangano anogadza mitemo inodzora kuva nenzvimbo, kutengeserana kwenzvimbo, ukama hwemuridzi, uye kuchengetwa kwebvumirano. matare ehurumende anobata nharo zhinjisa dzinobatanidza kodzero dzezvinhu nebvumirano. Uku chiremera chinobvumira nyika kugadziridza nzvimbo nebvumirano mutemo kumigariro yomunzvimbomo nezvisarudzo.

Mitemo inodzora uye nyanzvi dzeraibhurari kubatanidza vanachiremba, magweta, vakoti, vadzidzisi, vamiriri venzvimbo, uye mamwe mabasa asingaverengeki. Hurumende imwe neimwe inogadza mipimo yayo imene nokuda kwezvikwaniriso zvenyanzvi, mufambiro, uye nyanzvi dzinoranga vanoputsa mipimo yetsika kana kuti yemitemo.

Trapment Infractation Inslactive: Hurumende yehurumende inogovera mari inokosha nokuda kwemigwagwa mikuru uye inogadza mipimo yakati yekotsekano, masangano ane mutoro mukuru wokuvaka nokuchengeta migwagwa, kubudisa marezerezesi okutyaira, kunyoresa motokari, uye kugadza mitemo yemotokari.

Utano hwePublic: nyika dzine chiremera chakafara chokudzivirira utano hwavanhu, kubatanidza kudzorwa kwemaresitorendi nekotsekano yezvokudya, nzvimbo dzinotarisira utano, kudzora hosha dzinotapukira, uye kutarisira migariro youtano yavose.

Administrations: United States ine mutoro mukuru wokuitisa sarudzo, kunyange mahofisi ehurumende. United States inosarudza miitiro yokuvhota, kutanga nzvimbo dzokuvhota, kuronga mavhota, uye kuverenga mavhoti. Uku kudzora kwenyika kwakatungamirira kumhatsa huru mumiitiro yokuvhota munyika yose, kubatanidza misiyano mukuvapo kwokuvhota kwapakuvamba, mitemo yokuvhota, uye zvinodikanwa zvokuvhota.

Miganhu Yebumbiro remitemo reHurumende

Kunyange zvazvo nyika dzine masimba akakura, hadzigoni kushandisa masimba anokosha anopiwa zvakananga neBumbiro reMitemo kuhurumende yehurumende, zvakadai sokuumba mari kana kuti kuitisa ukama hwokumwe.

Mukuwedzera, hurumende imwe neimwe ine bumbiro rayo imene remitemo iro ringaisa ganhuriro dzakawedzerwa pasimba rehurumende.

Simba Riri Kubatanidzwa: Apo Chiremera Chehurumende Nehurumende Chinoderera

Mamwe masimba ehurumende akabatana, kureva kuti dzose dziri mbiri hurumende dzehurumende nedzehurumende dzinogona kuashandisa panguva imwe cheteyo.Ichi chiremera chakagoveranwa chinoparira nhevedzano yakaoma pakati pemwero yakasiana - siana yehurumende uye pane dzimwe nguva chinogona kutungamirira kurwisano kana kuti denho dzokushandira pamwe.

Kubhadhara Mutero

Hurumende dzose dziri mbiri dzehurumende nedzehurumende dzine simba remitero yepevy. Hurumende yehurumende inounganidza mitero yemari inotambirwa, mitero yemitero yemitero yemitero yepeni, mitero yenzvimbo, uye mitero yakasiana - siana. Mitero yemari inogona kumanikidzira mitero yavo vamene yemari, mitero yokutengesa, mitero yezvinhu (inowanzopiwa kuhurumende dzomunzvimbomo), uye mimwe mitero. Ikoku kunoreva kubhadhara mitero vanhu nemitero yavanobhadharwa zvikuru kumitero yehurumende pamitengo mimwe cheteyo kana kuti kutengeserana.

Zvisinei, zvinorevawo kuti vabhadhari vemitero vanofanira kutarisana nemitero yakaoma uye vanofanira kuwirirana nemitero yakawanda. Dzimwe nyika hadzina mitero yemari inobhadharwa, asi dzimwe dzinoisa mwero yemari yakakwirira, zvichiratidza kuti mitero yakasiyana - siyana pamusoro pokuti inoita sei.

Kumanikidzwa Nomutemo

Hurumende dzose dziri mbiri dzehurumende nedzehurumende dzinochengeta masangano emitemo uye dzinogona kupomera mhaka. Masangano eFAMBIRA akadai seFBI, DEA, uye ATF anosungisa mitemo yehurumende yeutsotsi, nepo mapurisa omunzvimbomo neyomunzvimbomo achiisa mitemo yehurumende. Zvimwe mufambiro unogona kuputsa zvose zviri zviviri mutemo womubatanidzwa nehurumende, sezvinobvira kuisa vanhu vamwe navamwe mumatare ose ari maviri (kunyange ikoku kusingawanzowanzoshandiswa).

Ichi chiremera chapanguva imwe cheteyo chinogonesa kuchengetwa chaikoiko kwemhosva dzakati dzehurumende (sokutengesa mirimo, ugandanga, uye utsotsi hwakarongwa) nepo chichibvumira nyika kubata ruzhinji rukurusa rwekuroverera mhaka.

Kuvaka Dzidzo

Mitezo yose iri miviri yehurumende inogona kuvaka nokuchengeta zvirongwa. Hurumende yehurumende inovaka nokuchengeta migwagwa mikuru yakati (zvikurukuru migwagwa iri pakati penyika), zvivako zvehurumende, kuiswa kwehondo, uye zvimwe zvivako. Nyika dzinovaka migwagwa yehurumende, mabhiriji, zvivako zvavose, uye zvimwe zvinhu. Kazhinji kazhinji, zvirongwa zvezvivako zvinobatanidza kushandira pamwe pakati pehurumende dzehurumende nehurumende, nemari inotsigira kuvaka hurumende.

Kudzorwa Kwemhoteredzo

Kudzivirirwa kwemhoteredzo kunobatanidza zvose zviri zviviri chiremera chehurumende nehurumende. mitemo yeFederal yakadai seCease Air Act neClean Water Act inogadza mipimo yenyika ndokudzora zvinoshatisa zvakati, nepo nyika kazhinji kazhinji dzichishandisa ndokushandisa iyi mipimo yehurumende uye dzinogona kuisa zvinodikanwa zvakawedzerwa, zvakadzikama zvikuru.

Zvisinei, zvinogonawo kuita kuti zvinhu zvinotarisirwa pasi zviome maererano nezvinodiwa nehurumende uye nehurumende.

Kuchengetedza Mari Nokuchengetedzazve Mari

Chikamu chezvemari chinotarisana nemirau inobva kuzvose zviri zviviri zviremera zvehurumende nehurumende. Mabhangi eHurumende anohaya uye anodzorwa zvikurukuru namasangano ehurumende, nepo mabhangi ane zvirongwa zvehurumende akatarisana nemirau yehurumende (pamwe nokutarisira kwehurumende). Inishuwarenzi inodzorwa zvikurukuru pamwero wehurumende, nepo maruramiro anodzorwa nehurumende. Kudzivirira kwemari kunobatanidza zvose zviri zviviri masangano ehurumende namagweta ehurumende.

Nhema: Apo Mitemo yeHurumende neHurumende Inorwisana

Nemhaka yokuoma kwemasimba ehurumende nehurumende, rwisano dzinomuka nenzira isingadzivisiki. Bumbiro reMitemo rinokurukura ikoku kupfurikidza neSupremacy Claus, inowanwa muChikamu VI, icho chinosimbisa kuti Bumbiro reMitemo, mitemo yehurumende, uye zvibvumirano i “Mutemo mukurusa weNyika. ” Ikoku kunoreva kuti apo mitemo yehurumende nehurumende inorwisana, mutemo wehurumende unovapo.

Dzidziso Yenhema

Kusunungurwa kwemitemo kunoitika apo mutemo womubatanidzwa unobvisa kana kuti kudzivisa mutemo wehurumende munharaunda yakati. Kusunungurwa kunogona kuratidzirwa (apo mutemo womubatanidzwa unoutaura zvakajeka kuti unosunungura mutemo wehurumende) kana kuti unorehwa (apo matare anosarudza mutemo womubatanidzwa wacho chose chose unosunungura murairo womugariro).

Kutemerwa:[[FLT: 1] Dzimwe nguva Congress inotaura zvakajeka kuti mutemo wehurumende unobvisa mutemo wehurumende munharaunda yakati. Somuenzaniso, mutemo wehurumende wendege unokanganisa zvakajeka murairo wehurumende wemwero yendege, nzira, uye mabasa. Apo Congress inoratidzira zvakajeka vavariro yayo kutangira mutemo wenyika, matare achagombedzera kusunungura.

Window Prefection: Kunyange pasina mutauro, matare angawana kuti Congress yakaitirwa kuva nzvimbo yose yokutungamirira, isingasiyi nzvimbo nokuda kwemirau yehurumende. Ikoku kunowanzoitika munharaunda dzehurumende, dzakadai sedzokubuda munyika kana kuti nhau dzokumwe.

Confict Presurection: mutemo weHurumende unobviswa apo unorwisana zvakananga nomutemo wehurumende, kupfurikidza nokuita kuti kuve kusingabviri kuwirirana nemitemo yose iri miviri kana kuti kupfurikidza nokumira semhinganidzo kukuita zvinangwa zvomubatanidzwa. Somuenzaniso, kana mutemo wehurumende uchida mufambiro wakati nomutemo wehurumende unoudzivisa, mutemo wehurumende unosunungurwa.

Mienzaniso Inoshanda Yokuedzwa

Nhau dzekuzvinyengedza dzinomuka mumigariro yakawanda inotapura upenyu hwezuva riri rose. Mukurukurirano yekombiyuta, mutemo wehurumende unoputsa mitemo yehurumende yemibato yamabasa asingashandirwi. Mubetsero dzavashandi, mutemo weERISA unoputsa mitemo yenyika yakawanda ine chokuita negadziriro dzoutano dzakashaikwa navashandirwi nokurega basa. Mukotsekano yemirimo, kutenderwa kwemishonga kwomubatanidzwa weFDA kunobvisa mimwe (asi kwete yose) mutemo wehurumende unotaurira mukurwisana navagadziri vemishonga.

Zvisinei, mutemo wehurumende hausati uchitongoputsa mutemo wehurumende nguva dzose. Munharaunda zhinji, mutemo womubatanidzwa unoisa uriri hwedziviriro nepo uchibvumira nyika kugovera dziviriro huru zvikuru. Mutemo wemhoteredzo unowanzoshanda neiyi nzira, nemipimo yehurumende inosimbisa zvinodikanwa zviduku zvinogona kupfuura. Nenzira yakafanana, hurumende dzinogona kugovera dziviriro huru zvikuru kana kuti maruramiro omushandi kupfuura zvinoda, chero bedzi isingapesani nemitemo yehurumende.

Kushanduka - shanduka Kwemagariro Evanhu Munhau

Ganhuriro paChivako naizvozvo inogona kurondedzerwa zvakanakisisa se "Masimba eHurumende Ane Nhamba". Hurumende yenyika yakarangarirwa serimwe ramasimba akaganhurirwa naanoverengwa. Masimba enyika akanga achingosara chinhu chiri chose pashure pouwandu ihwohwo. Zvisinei, dzikamo pakati pesimba rehurumende nerehurumende yachinja zvinoshamisa kupfuura mazana maviri amakore.

Republic Yapakuvamba: Simba Renyika Rinoganhurirwa

Mumakumi amakore apakuvamba pashure pokuitwa vandudziko, hurumende yehurumende yakashandisa chiremera chakaganhurirwa zvikuru, ichinangidzira ngwariro zvikurukuru panhau dzokumwe, dziviriro yorudzi, uye kutengeserana kwenyika dzomuruwa. Nyika dzakabata mirau yakawanda zvikurusa yedzimba, uye hurumende yehurumende yaiva nokuvapo kuduku uye kwakaganhurirwa muupenyu hwezuva nezuva hwavagari vemo.

Zvisarudzo zvaMutongi mukuru John Marshall mumhaka dzakafanana neMcCulloch v. Maryland yakatanga nheyo dzinokosha dzesimba rehurumende, asi mubato unoshanda womubato wehurumende wakaramba une mwero. VaAmerica vazhinjisa vaibatira pamwe zvikurukuru nehurumende dzenyika nevomunzvimbomo, kwete zviremera zvehurumende.

Hondo Yavagari Vemo Nokuvakazve: Kuwedzera Chiremera Chehurumende

Hondo yevagari vemo nemubatanidzwa wakatevera wokugadziridza (Thithteth, 4, uye 15 Demendments) zvakawedzera zvikuru simba rehurumende, zvikurukuru pamusoro pekodzero dzevanhu nerusununguko rwemunhu oga. Iwenath Amendment, zvikurukuru, pakupedzisira yakava hwaro hwokushandisa kudzivirira kwose kwekodzero dzehurumende, kwete hurumende yomubatanidzwa chete.

Kugadzirisa uku kwakaita kuti pave nemasimba matsva eCongress okumanikidza kodzero dzevanhu uye kudzivirira nyika kuti dzisaputse mitemo inodzivirira.

Nguva Inofambira Mberi Nechibvumirano Chitsva: Futunuko Yokutungamirira

Kupera kwezana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe uye kutanga kwema19 kwakava nokudzora kwehurumende kwezvemari, kunyange zvazvo Dare Repamusorosoro pane dzimwe nguva raiputsa mitemo yehurumende sechiremera chikuru zvikuru chokupindira.

Dare Rapamusoro rakatanga kuita kuti zvirongwa zvinoverengeka zveNew Deal zvishaye simba sezvisingadzorwi nehurumende. Zvisinei, pashure pa 1937, Dare rakavamba kutsigira murairo mukuru wezvemari wehurumende muTempekicha Claus nedzimwe gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo.Iri shifiti rakagonesa kutangwa kwegadziriro huru dzegadziriro dzegadziriro dzegadziriro dzehurumende dzinotapura ukama hwebasa, kurima, kuchengeteka, kuchengeteka kwemari, uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzakawanda.

Nhambo Yamaruramiro Avagari Vemo: Kudzivirirwa Kwekodzero Dzavanhu Boka

Ma 1950 nama 1960 akaona simba rehurumende richishandiswa zvikuru kudzivirira maruramiro avagari vemo, zvikurukuru kurwisa rusaruro rwedzinza. matare eFederal akaraira kubviswa kwezvikoro nezvimwe zvivako zvehurumende, Congress akapfura mutemo wetsika wakatanhamara wekodzero dzavagari vemo, uye masangano ehurumende akamanikidzira mitemo inorwisana nekusasarura.

Nguva Yazvino Uno: Kunetseka Kunopfuurira Neganhuriro Dzapanhambo Nenhambo

Kuvambira muma 1990 zvichienda mberi, Dare Rapamusoro zvikurusa panhambo nenhambo rakaisa ganhuriro pasimba rehurumende, kunyange zvazvo chiremera chehurumende chinoramba chakakura. Zvisarudzo zvakadai seUnited States neUnited States v. Morrison akawana kuti mitemo yehurumende yaipfuura chiremera chesangano muProvice Claus. Dare rinewo simba rakaganhurirwa reHurumende yehurumende kuti ishandise gadziriro dzehurumende dzehurumende.

Masangano ehurumende anodzora chinhu chiri chose kubva kuchengeteko yebasa kusvikira kudziviriro yemhoteredzo kusvikira kuzvinhu zvinotengeswa, uye mapurogiramu okushandisa mapurogiramu anopesvedzera muitiro wehurumende munharaunda dzakawanda.

Kutapura Kunoita Utano Hwako Hwezuva Nezuva

Kukamukana kwamasimba ehurumende neohurumende kune tapuro chaidzo pazvinoitika zvezuva riri rose, kunyange apo vagari vemo vanenge vasingazivi nezvezvivako zvehurumende zviri kushanda.

Kurapwa

Ungwaru hunobatanidza mubatanidzwa wakaoma wemiraudzo yehurumende nehurumende. Medicare naMedicaid ipurogiramu dzehurumende (kune dzimwe nyika dzinopa Medicaid nokuchinjika kukuru). Affordcable Care Act yakaumbwa nezvinodikanwa zvehurumende nokuda kweinishuwarenzi youtano, asi hurumende dzinosarudza kana kugona kushandisa miraza yadzo dzimene uye kana ingawedzera Medicaid. United States vatarisiri vezvezve zvoutano uye makambani einishuwarenzi (kunze kwezvirongwa zveinishuwarenzi zvakafukidzwa nehurumende ERISA mutemo). FDA inotendera mirimo nemichina yezvokurapa pamwero yezvomubatanidzwa wehurumende, nehurumende inodzora miitiro yeMitengo.

Basa

Vashandi vanodzivirirwa nemitemo yose iri miviri yehurumende nehurumende. Mutemo weFederal unogadza mari shomanene (kunotangira nyika dzinogona kuisa yakaderera zvikuru), unorambidza rusaruro rwakavakirwa pamavara akadzivirirwa ebasa, unodzora kotsekano yebasa kupfurikidza neOSHE, uye unodzora mubatanidzwa wokuronga nokuisa pamwe. Hurumende dzinogona kugovera dzimwe dziviriro, dzakadai semibayiro mishoma inobhadharwa, kana kuti dziviriro dzinodzivirira mhuri dzinodzivisa kuganhurirwa. Masangano anobatawo gadziriro dzavashandi dzemibayiro yebasa neinishuwarenziro yourovha (nemipimo yomubatanidzwa wehurumende nemariropiregi).

Kudzivirirwa Nevatengi

Kudzivirirwa kwevatengi kunobatanidza masangano ose ari maviri ehurumende (seConsumer Financial Protection Bureau and Federal Trade Commission) uye magweta ehurumende namasangano anodzivirira ehurumende. mutemo weFederal unodzora zvigadzirwa zvakati nemiitiro, nepo nyika kazhinji kazhinji dzine mitemo yadzo dzimene inodzivirira mutengi. Apo unotenga chinhu, kudzorera chinhu, kana kuti kupokanidza pomero, ungave uchikwidziridza maruramiro pasi pomutemo wehurumende, kana kuti zvose zviri zviviri.

Dzidzo

Nepo dzidzo iri zvikurukuru basa rehurumende neromunzvimbomo, mutemo womubatanidzwa uye pesvedzero yemari yedzidzo nenzira inokosha. Mitemo yeFederal inodzivirira vadzidzi nourema (IDEA), inorambidza rusaruro (Musoro weIX nemimwe mitemo yekodzero dzavagari vemo), uye inogadza zvinodikanwa zvezvikoro kupiwa mari yehurumende. Zvisinei, masangano anosarudza mipimo yedzidzo, zvikwaniriso zvomudzidzisi, mwero yemari yechikoro, uye zvinodikanwa zvokupedza kufunda. Ikoku kunotsanangura chikonzero nei kunaka kwedzidzo nepfuma zvichisiana zvikuru munyika uye kunyange mukati menyika.

Ruramisiro Youtsotsi

Zvisinei, mhosva dzakati dzinoputswa nomutemo wehurumende uye dzinotongwa mudare rehurumende, kubatanidza kutengesa mirimo, kudzorwa kwemirimo, mhosva dzemitero yomubatanidzwa, uye mhosva panzvimbo dzomubatanidzwa. Hurumende yehurumende inopesvedzerawo ruramisiro youtsotsi kupfurikidza nokutsigira mari (somuenzaniso, kupa nokuda kwezvishandiso zvokuchengetedza mutemo kana kuti zvirongwa) uye kupfurikidza nezvinodikanwa zvebumbiro remitemo (zvakadai sedziviriro dzokudzivisa kunzvera kusina mufungo uye maruramiro ezano).

Roorano Nemhuri

Mutemo weroorano nemitemo yemhuri zvikurukuru inhau dzehurumende, asi mutemo wehurumende unoita basa. United States inopa marezenisi eroorano uye inogadza zvinodikanwa zveroorano, chatanuro, uye kodzero yokuchengeta mwana. Zvisinei, mutemo wehurumende unosarudza kana michato yakafanana yevatano inofanira kuzivikanwa (kutevera zvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa redare), uye mutemo wehurumende unodzora mativi akati okutsigira vana. Mutero wehurumende unobata varoorani nenzira yakasiana kupfuura vanhu vamwe navamwe, uye betsero dzomubatanidzwa dzinoziva roorano dzinoitwa pasi pomutemo wehurumende.

Mavara Emhoteredzo

Mhepo yaunofema nemvura yaunonwa inodzorwa nezviremera zvose zviri zviviri zvehurumende nehurumende. Mitemo yeFederal yakadai seCeador Air Act neClean Water Act inogadza mipimo yenyika, asi hurumende inowanzoshandisa iyi mipimo uye inogona kuisa zvinodikanwa zvakasimba zvikuru. Hurumende dzinodzora kushandiswa kwevhu namanyuko mazhinji okushatisa, nepo hurumende inodzosa vamwe. Apo kushatswa kwemhoteredzo kunoitika, kucheneswa kungabatanidza mutemo weSuperfund, mitemo yehurumende, kana kuti zvose zviri zviviri.

Gakava Razvino Nemakwikwi Munzanga

Dzikamo yakafanira pakati pesimba rehurumende nerehurumende inoramba ichikwikwidzwa zvikuru, nenharo dzinopfuurira munharaunda dzinoverengeka.

Kunyoreswa pamutemo

Kurwisana kwembanje yehurumende neyairambidzwa nehurumende kunoratidza kusagadzikana kwehurumende. Nyika dzakawanda dzakanyoresa mbanje kuti ishandiswe pakurapa kana kuti kutandara, asi mbanje inoramba iri pamutemo pasi pomutemo wehurumende. Hurumende yehurumende yakasarudza kusatonga mabhizimisi embanje ehurumende, asi iyi inomiririra kuisa mutemo panzvimbo pokuchinja mutemo wehurumende.

Kumanikidzwa Kutama

Mutemo wokutamisira unoitwa nehurumende bedzi, asi nyika nenharaunda dzinoita mabasa mukuchengetwa. Nharo pamusoro pe "maguta okushandira kusiana" dzinoganhurira batira pamwe nezviremera zvokubuda zvehurumende, uye mitemo yehurumende inoedza kukurukura nhau dzokupinda munyika, inomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pemabasa akafanira ehurumende dzehurumende nehurumende. Matare akarangarira kazhinji kazhinji kuti nyika hadzigoni kutanga mitemo yadzo dzimene yokupinda munyika, asi mibvunzo inoramba iri pamusoro pokuti hurumende dzakawanda dzinofanira kubetsera kudzika mutemo wenyika.

Muitiro Wokutarisira Utano

Affordal Care Act yakamutsa nharo huru dzehurumende, nedenho dzinotaura kuti kuraira kwezvoutano kwehurumende kunopfuura chiremera choukuru. Nepo Dare Rapamusorosoro rakatsigira hwakawanda hwomutemo, rakaganhurira mano ehurumende yokumanikidza masangano kupinda mukuwedzera Médicaid. Nhau dzinopfuurira pamusoro pomuitiro woutano dzinowanzobatanidza mibvunzo pamusoro pokuti hurumende yehurumende kana kuti nyika dzehurumende dzinofanira kuva nomutoro mukuru.

Kuchinja Kwemamiriro Okunze Nokuchinja Kwemhoteredzo

Miitiro yokuchinja mamiriro okunze inobatanidza kusava nechokwadi kana hurumende yehurumende ichifanira kutanga mipimo yenyika yakafanana kana kuti kana nyika dzichifanira kuva nechinjika kuti dzigamuchire mitoo yadzo dzimene. Dzimwe nyika dzakashandisa miitiro yemamiriro okunze anodenha nepo dzimwe dzisina, uye mibvunzo inomuka pamusoro pokuti mutemo wehurumende unofanira kubvisa nhamburiko dzomugariro wokunze wehurumende kana kuti kana nyika dzichifanira kubvumirwa kudarika mipimo yehurumende.

Kudzorwa Kwepfuti

Kodzero dzepfuti nemirau zvinobatanidza zvose zviri zviviri mutemo wehurumende nowehurumende. Wesibini Amendment inoganhurira zvose zviri zviviri chiremera chehurumende nehurumende, asi mukati memiganhu yebumbiro remitemo, mwero yose iri miviri yehurumende inogona kudzora pfuti. mutemo weFederal unosimbisa zvinodikanwa zvakati (sokunzvera kwekare nokuda kwokutengesa kwevatengesi), nepo hurumende dzinosiana zvikuru mumitemo yavo yepfuti, kuvambira pakubvumira zvinhu kure kure kure kusvika kukuganhurira zvikuru.

Kuzivisa Kodzero Neutarisiri Hwokusarudza

Nepo hurumende dzichipa sarudzo, mutemo wehurumende unodzivirira maruramiro okuvhota uye unodzora mativi akati esarudzo dzehurumende. Nharo pamusoro pezvinodikanwa zvokuvhota, kuvhota kwapakuvamba, muvhota, uye mimwe miitiro yesarudzo kazhinji kazhinji dzinobatanidza mibvunzo pamusoro pechiremera chehurumende chinotarisana nechiremera chehurumende. Voting Rights Act Act inoda miraudzo yakati kuti itendero yehurumende isati yachinja miitiro yokuvhota, kunyange zvazvo Supreme Court yakaganhurira ichidikanwa muna 2013, kuchitanga gakavadzano iri kupfuurira pamusoro pokutarisirwa kwehurumende yemitemo yesarudzo yehurumende.

Basa Rematare Mukufusha Federal-State Relations

Matare, zvikurukuru Dare Rapamusorosoro, anoita basa rinokosha mukurondedzera miganhu pakati pesimba rehurumende nerehurumende. Kupfurikidza nedudziro yebumbiro remitemo, matare anosarudza kana mitemo yehurumende inopfuura chiremera chourongwa, kana mitemo yehurumende ichirwisana nomutemo womubatanidzwa, uye nzira yokupedza nayo gakava pakati pemwero yakasiana - siana yehurumende.

Kuhwirudzura Kutonga uye Kushandira Pamwe

Simba reDare Gurusa rehwirudzuro, rakatangwa muMarbury v. Madison (1803), rinogonesa matare kuputsa mitemo yehurumende kana kuti yehurumende inoputsa Bumbiro reMitemo. Iri simba rinoita kuti matare ave madzoreri okupedzisira egakava rehurumende, kusarudza kuti mweroi wehurumende une chiremera munharaunda dzine makwikwi.

Zvisarudzo zvedare zvinodudzira Commerce Claus, Inodiwa Nemadie Claus, Tenth Amendment, uye dzimwe gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo zvinoumba dzikamo inoshanda yesimba rehurumende nerehurumende.

Dzidziso Inorwisana Nemirayiro

Dare rapamusoro zvikurusa rakataura kuti hurumende yehurumende yehurumende haigoni ku "raira" kupfurikidza nokuimanikidzira kushandisa kana kuti kuita kuti iite gadziriro dzehurumende. Nyika hadzigoni kudikanwa kugadza mitemo yakati kana kuti kushandisa vakuru vakuru vehurumende kuti vapedze gadziriro dzehurumende. Iyi nheyo, yakatangwa mumhaka dzakadai seNew York v. United States (1997), inodzivirira uchangamire hwenyika kupfurikidza nokuvimbisa nyika hadzisi kuderedzwa kumapokawo zvawo okutarisira ehurumende yehurumende yehurumende.

Zvisinei, hurumende yehurumende inogona kuita zvakafanana nokushandisa mari inotsamira pachinhu chimwe chete — kugovera mari yehurumende kuti ibvumire kushandisa mimwe mitemo.

Betsero Nedzinobetsera dzeAmerica DzeFederal

Nyika yacho inobatsira uye inokanganisa mashandiro anoita hurumende uye mashandiro anoita vagari vemo.

Betsero Dzechiwindi

Prolity Expision: United States inogona kubatira semarabhoratori ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kuedza muitiro wakasiana - siana. Kuvandudza kwehurumende kunobudirira kunogona kugamuchirwa nedzimwe nyika kana kuti hurumende yehurumende, nepo kuedza kwakakundikana kuchitapura nyika imwe bedzi panzvimbo penyika yose. Uku kuedza kwakatungamirira kumiuyo munharaunda dzakafanana nokuvandudza garikano, dziviriro yemhoteredzo, uye chengeteko youtano.

Zvigadzikiso zvakarongeka:[[FLT: 1] United States inogona kuchinja mirau kumiganhu yomunzvimbomo, zvisarudzo, uye zvinodikanwa. Zvinoshanda munyika dzomumaguta ane vanhu vakawanda zvingasakodzera nyika dzomumaruwa, uye unani hunobvumira iyi mhatsa. Vagari vanogona kusarudza kugara munyika dzine mitemo inowirirana nezvavanoda, vachiumba chimiro chemasangano ehurumende anokwikwikwidzana.

.Multiple Access menotes: Hurumende inogovera nzvimbo dzakawanda nokuda kwokutora rutivi kwezvamatongerwe enyika negadziriro. Vagari vanogona kubatanidzwa nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo, dzehurumende, uye dzehurumende, uye mapoka anokundikana kusvika nharidzano dzavo pamwero mumwe anogona kuedza mumwe. Uku kuwanda kwemapfundo okuwana kunogona kuwedzera kutora rutivi kwedemocracy.

Simba rinodzivisa simba: Rinoparirana pakati pehurumende dzehurumende nehurumende rinoparira kumwezve kunzvera mukurwisana noudzvinyiriri. Hakuna hurumende imwe inodzora mativi ose oupenyu hwavagari vemo, uye hurumende dzinogona kudzivisa kunyengera kwehurumende (mumiganhu yemitemo). Uku kupesana kwesimba kunodzivirira rusununguko kupfurikidza nokudzivisa kuiswa kwakakwirira zvikuru kwechiremera.

Practive of Local Chate:[[FLT: 1] Federalism inobvumira nyika kuchengetedza tsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika, magamuchidzanwa, uye uzivi. Nyika dzinogona kuratidzira mipimo nezvisarudzo zvavagari vadzo munzira idzo muitiro wenyika unowirirana usingagoni.

Dzisiri Betsero Dzemagariro

Kusaenzana: Federalism inogona kutungamirira kumisiano mikuru mukodzero, mabasa, uye dziviriro munyika dzose. Vagari mune dzimwe nyika vangagona kuwana dzidzo iri nani, tarisiro dzoutano, kana kuti dziviriro dzapamutemo kupfuura idzo dziri mune dzimwe nyika. Uku kusaenzana kwenyika kunogona kuratidzika kuva kusina kururama uye kungaputsa nheyo dzevagari vemo vakaenzana.

Kuparadza: Kukamukana kwechiremera chehurumende nechehurumende kunoparira kuoma kuvhiringidza kunogona kuvhiringidza vagari vemo ndokukuita kuve kwakaoma kuziva kuti mweroi wehurumende ine mutoro wei. Kurova maoko kungagona kutungamirira kukunyora, mikaha inopeta, kana kuti zvinodikanwa zvinorwisana.

Ace ku Pasi: Makwikwi pakati penyika anogona pane dzimwe nguva kutungamirira ku "ras jour ," umo dzinotaura mipimo yakaderera (somuenzaniso, mudziviriro yemhoteredzo kana kuti maruramiro omushandi) kukwezva mabhizimisi. Iri simba remakwikwi rinogona kusekesa dziviriro dzinokosha.

Zvinetso zvokuparadza: Zvinetso zvinopfuura mitsetse yemhoteredzo (sekushatiswa kana kuti hosha dzinotapukira) zvinogona kuva zvakaoma kugadzirisa apo chiremera chinokamuraniswa pakati penyika. Zvinetso zvokubatanidza zvingada kupindira kwehurumende, asi kusarudza apo chiito chehurumende chinogona kuva chakafanira chinogona kuva chikakavara.

Kudzosera kuMvumo: Kuchinja kwemitemo yehurumende kunogona kuparira mhinganidzo kufambidzano. Marezinesi anodzidzira asingachinji pakati penyika, mipimo yedzidzo yakasiana, uye zvinodikanwa zvapamutemo zvakasiyana anogona kuita kuti zvive zvakaoma kuti vanhu vapfuure nyika.

Potilius for Priestce: munhau, kodzero dzehurumende pane dzimwe nguva dzakakumbirwa kudzivirira miitiro inodzvinyirira, zvikurukuru uranda nokuparadzana kwedzinza. Nepo simba rehurumende richigonawo kushandiswa zvisina kufanira, kuzvitonga pane dzimwe nguva kwakagonesa kuputswa kwekodzero dzevanhu dzaida kupindira kwehurumende kuti dziruramise.

Mazano Anoshanda Pakushanda Kwemagariro Evanhu Nehurumende

Kunzwisisa kukamukana kwemasimba ehurumende neohurumende kunogona kubatsira vagari vemo kuti vanyatsofamba zvakanaka uye kuti vatsigire zvavanofarira.

Ziva Hurumende Yokutaura Nayo

Kana une chinetso kana kuti mubvunzo, kuziva kana iri nhau yehurumende kana kuti yehurumende inokubatsira kuonana navakuru vakuru vakarurama. Nhau dzinobatanidza Social Security, Medicare, kutama, kana kuti mitero yehurumende inhau dzomubatanidzwa. Nhau dzinobatanidza marezenisi omuchairi, kudzorwa kwemabhizimisi, nhau dzoutsotsi, mitero mizhinjisa inhau dzehurumende. Dzimwe nhau (dzakafanana nedziviriro yomutengi kana kuti mhoteredzo) dzingabatanidza mwero yose iri miviri.

Nzwisisa Kodzero Dzako Mumutemo Wehurumende Nezvehurumende

Kodzero dzako dzingadzivirirwa nomutemo wehurumende, mutemo wehurumende, kana kuti zvose zviri zviviri.

Ziva Mikana Yokuva Akangwara Panzvimbo Dzakasiyana - siyana

Kana uchida kupesvedzera muitiro, rangarira mwero upi wehurumende une chiremera panhau yacho. Dzimwe nhau dzinokurukurwa zvakanakisisa pamwero wenyika kana kuti womunzvimbomo, nepo dzimwe dzichida chiito chehurumende.

Ramba Uchiziva Nezvechinjo Munzanga

Kuziva kuti zvinhu zvachinja sei kunoita kuti unzwisise kuti zvichabatsira sei kodzero dzako uye mabasa aunofanira kuita.

Nguva Yemberi Yechirongwa cheAmerica

Kuenzana kwesimba rehurumende nerehurumende kuchapfuurira kushanduka - shanduka mukupindura migariro inochinja, simba rezvamatongerwe enyika, uye rondedzero dzokutonga.

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Nemagariro

Ko unyanzvi hwokugadzira hunofanira kumutsa mibvunzo mitsva yehurumende. Mibvunzo iyi inofanira kudzorwa zvikurukuru nezviremera zvehurumende kana kuti zvehurumende here?

Kuchinja Kwemamiriro Okunze Nezvinetso Zvezvakatipoteredza

Kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze nezvimwe zvinetso zvinoda kuti nyika dzikwanise kushandira pamwe, asi nyika dzingangoramba dzichiita mabasa anokosha pakushandisa nzira dzokugadzirisa mamiriro ezvinhu uye mitemo yehurumende inopfuura yose.

Kutarisira Utano uye Kudzora Munzanga

Kukakavadzana pamusoro pokutarisirwa kwoutano, dzidzo, uye gadziriro dzenzanga kuchapfuurira kubatanidza mibvunzo pamusoro pemabasa akakodzera ehurumende dzehurumende nehurumende.

Kugadziridzwa Kwemari Muupfumi Hwenyika Yose

Sezvo mubato wezvemari unowedzera nenzira inowedzera kuva worudzi nowenyika yose, mibvunzo inomuka pamusoro pokuti murairo wenyika nehurumende unoramba uchishanda here kana kuti kana mipimo yehurumende iri madikanwa. Mabhizimisi kazhinji kazhinji anosarudza mitemo yakafanana yorudzi kuzvinodikanwa zvehurumende zvakasiyana, asi masangano angada kuchengeta mirau inochinjika.

Zviwanikwa Zvokudzidza Zvakawanda Pamusoro Pesimba Rehurumende Nerenyika

Nokuda kwaavo vanofarira kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pokuva muhurumende nokukamuraniswa kwamasimba ehurumende, zvinhu zvakawanda zvinowanika.

Chibvumirano chakanyorwa, chinochengetwa neRaibhurari yeCongress, chinogovera kunzvera kwakakwana kwegadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo, kubatanidza idzo dzine chokuita namasimba ehurumende nehurumende.

[[Nto:0] LGAL Information Institute paCornell Law School inopa tsananguro dzinosvikika dzomutemo webumbiro remitemo, kubatanidza nheyo dzehurumende, pamwe chete nebatano kuzvinoitika zvinowirirana nemirau.

Nyika dzakawanda dzine mawebsite ehurumende ane zvinhu zvehurumende, kusanganisira kutsanangura marongerwo anoitwa hurumende uye mabasa adzinoitwa.

USA.gov inobatira sechinomirira mashoko ehurumende yehurumende yehurumende namabasa, ichibetsera vagari vemo kuziva kuti masanganoi ehurumende anobata nhau dzakasiyana - siyana.

Masangano ezvokutengeserana uye anofunga zvikuru mumapoka ose ezvamatongerwe enyika anobudisa nzvero nenzvero panhau dzehurumende, achipa mirangariro yakasiana - siana padzikamo yakafanira yesimba rehurumende nerehurumende.

Kupedzisa: Kurarama neFederalism

Kukamukana kwesimba pakati pehurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende nedzehurumende rutivi runorondedzera rwekudzora kweAmerica, kuchitapura runenge rutivi rwuri rwose rwemuitiro wavanhu uye upenyu hwezuva nezuva. Nepo iyi tsika ichiparira kuoma uye pane dzimwe nguva ichitungamirira kurwisano, inogoverawo betsero dzinobatanidza kuedza kwomuitiro, zvigadzikiso zvakagadzirirwa, uye nzvero pasimba rehurumende.

Kunzwisisa kuti masimba ehurumende neehurumende anokamuraniswa sei, anogoverana, uye anokwikwidzana kunobetsera vagari vemo kutungamirira gadziriro dzehurumende, kutsigira nenzira inobudirira nokuda kwefariro dzavo, uye kutora rutivi nenzira ine revo mumiitiro yehurumende.

Kana uri kutanga bhizimisi, kutsvaka mabasa ehurumende, kutsigira chinjo dzemiitiro, kana kuti kungoedza kunzwisisa kuti mitemo inotapura sei upenyu hwako, zivo yehurumende inogovera mashoko akapoteredza anokosha. Sangano reAmerica renyika, nemhaka yayo yose nepokanidzano, rinoramba riri kuedza kwokushinga mukukamura nokugovera simba rehurumende (*n kuedza kunopfuurira kuumba rudzi mazana amakore anopfuura maviri pashure pokuumbwa kweBumbiro remitemo.