Kutamba kwakaisvonaka pakati pehurumende dzehurumende nenhungamiro dzehurumende kunorondedzera ukuru hwehurumende dzeAmerica. Nyika imwe neimwe ine zvinhu chaizvoizvo zvakasiyana zvinoparira zvinodikanwa zvinopesana(*), asi mutemo wehurumende unowanzoda mipimo yakafanana. Uku kunyanduka hakusati kuri chinhu asi rutivi rwehurumende yeAmerica, yakagadzirirwa kubvumira kuedza apo inochengeta chinzwano chenyika. Kunzwisisa kuti nyika dzinoshandisa sei iri dzikamo inoratidzira kuwirirana kwehurumende uye kukurukurirana kunopfuurira pakati pezvinokosha zvomunzvimbomo nezvinangwa zvorudzi.

Muganhu Webumbiro Remitemo WeFederalism

United States Constitution inogadza gadziriro youchangamire huviri iyo inopa rusununguko rune revo rune chiremera nepo ichichengeta masimba akati kuhurumende yehurumende.Tenth Amendment inotaura zvakajeka kuti masimba asingagoverwi kuUnited States kana kuti asingarambidzwi kunyika akachengeterwa hurumende kana kuti vanhu. Iyi fandesheni yapamutemo inobvumira nyika kushanda semararabhurobhurosa ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu (8) inobvumidza miraudzo yokuzivisa vatano yenyika.

Zvisinei, Supremacy Claus muChikamu VI inoita mutemo mukurusa wehurumende wenyika, kureva mitemo yehurumende inorwisana zvakananga nemirau yehurumende inogona kubviswa. matare kazhinji kazhinji anoisa iyi ganhuriro, achiumba miganhu yechiremera chehurumende. Somuenzaniso, Dare Gurusa redare rinodzokera kupfuudzira chisarudzo muna 2012 National Federation of Independent Business v. Seberius[ akatsigira maruramiro eAfford Carence Act echirector asi akaganhurira mano ehurumende kumanikidza mibatanidzwa kuti ipfuure Mdica.

Kunzwisisa iyi gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo kunokosha nokuda kwokunzwisisa chikonzero nei hurumende dzichifanira kuramba dzichichinja miitiro yadzo mukurwisana nenhungamiro dzehurumende.

Kukosha Kwemabasa Ehurumende

Hurumende dzinoshandisa mabasa akawanda avanhu vose anotapura zvakananga upenyu hwevagari vemo. Dzidzo kubva kukireshi kusvikira kuchikoro chesekondari, mayunivhesiti ehurumende, ruramisiro yezvokufambisa neutsotsi, madhipatimendi ezvoutano, mirau yemhoteredzo mukati memiganhu, uye bhizimisi rinodzosa zvose zvinowa zvikurukuru pasi pehurumende. Hurumende yehurumende inogovera mari uye inogadza mipimo yehwaro yehwaro munzvimbo dzakawanda dzeidzi, asi nyika dzinochengeta chisarudzo chakati kuti mukushanda.

Somuenzaniso, sangano rinonzi The Search Receeds Act (ESSA) rakatsiva No Child Lead Behind uye rakapiwa rinotaura kuchinjika kukuru mukugadza mipimo yedzidzo nerokuzvidavirira. Uku kuchinja kwakaziva kuti mutoo mumwe wezvinogoverwa wakundikana kuzvidavirira nokuda kwemashoko akapoteredza omunzvimbomo. Nenzira yakafanana, Diec Water Act inobvumira nyika kuvamba mipimo yadzo dzimene yemvura yakaisvonaka kana kuti kuva yakaenzana nedzinopfuura dzehurumende. Iyi gadziriro inoratidzira muenzaniso wesangano rehurumende rinobatira pamwero mukuru wehurumende yazvino uno.

Bva uku kupiwa kwechiremera kunouya netsandanyama dzinobatanidzwa. Mipiro yehurumende inowanzoda nyika kugamuchira mitemo yakati kana kuti zvivako zvehurumende kuti igamuchire mari. Ikoku kunoparira sundo ine simba yokuteerera kunyange apo zvinhu zvikuru zvenyika zvinoderera. Muuyo chiito chenguva dzose chokudzikamisa: hurumende dzinofanira kuyera betsero dzemadhora ehurumende mukupesana nendyiko dzokugamuchira mitemo ingasawirirana zvakakwana nezvinodikanwa zvomunzvimbomo.

Zvinetso Zvinopfuurira Pakudzikamisa Zvinodikanwa Zvomunzvimbomo Nemaminitsi

Kushandisa Zvatisingakwanisi Nazvo uye Marangirwo Atinowana

Kutsigira mari hakuwanzovi kwakakwana. Gadziriro dzakadai seMedicaid, manyuko makurusa ezvipo zvehurumende, inoda nyika kufukidza zviverengero zvakati nezvishandiso kana kuti njodzi yokurasikirwa nemari inowirirana. Apo zvinodikanwa zvehurumende zvinochinja. Zvakadai sechirevo cheAffordal Care Act chapakuvamba chokuwedzera Mdhicaid . Mitemo inotarisana nezvisarudzo zvakaoma. Dzimwe nyika dzinosarudza kusakudza, kududza ndyiko nepanikiso dzouzivi, kuchisiya mamirioni evagari vemo vakaderera vari mumukaha. Ikoku kunoratidza kuti zvivako zvokushandisa mari zvinogona sei kuparira kusawirirana pakati pezvinhu zvomunzvimbomo uye nharidzano dzemiteo yehurumende.

Kupinda Musimba uye Kukunda

Kurwisana kwehurumende kunoitika apo mitemo yehurumende nehurumende inobata nhau imwe cheteyo asi inoita nhano dzakapesana. Munhandare yemhoteredzo, chiremera cheCalifornia kugadza mipimo yemotokari inobudiswa zvakasimba pasi pepeact yeCeake Air yatungamirira kurusando runopfuurira. Vatarisiri veTrump vakabvisa kurashwa ikoko; vatarisiri veBiden vakaidzorera. Kurova kwakadaro kunoparira kusavimbwa kwemabhizimisi nehurumende zvakafanana. Nenzira yakafanana, kurwisana pamusoro pekusatora rutivi kweregeredza kwemambure, mitemo inoripa miraudzo yenguva refu, uye kuvandikano kwemashoko kunotsiva zvishuvo zvehurumende mukurwisana nezvirongwa zvehurumende.

Magakava Ezvamatongerwe Enyika Neemafungire

Hurumende kazhinji kazhinji dzinoshanda mumasimba akasiyana ezvamatongerwe enyika kupfuura hurumende yehurumende. Hurumende ine voruzhinji vanofambira mberi nesimba ingaita miitiro mukupesana kukuru noudzori hwehurumende husingachinjiki, uye zvinopesana. Uku kusawirirana kwendangariro kunoratidzirwa munharaunda dzakadai sokupinda nokubvisa pamuviri, kodzero dzokuvhota, kudzora pfuti, uye kunyoreswa kwapamutemo kwembanje. Mitemo ingashandisa masimba ayo amapurisa kuisa miganhu, kunzvera kusvika papi vasati vatarisana nerumbidzo yehurumende kana kuti mari. Murangariro wavose mukati mehurumende unogonawo kudzvinyirira vatongi navapi vemitemo kuti vashore nhungamiro yemubatanidzwa wehurumende, zvikurukuru panhau dzakakwirira dzechipameso.

Kudzvinyirirwa uye Kudzvinyirirwa

Kushandisa gadziriro dzehurumende kunoda nzvimbo yehurumende. Nyika duku kana kuti dzakapfuma zvishoma dzingaparapatika kusvitsa zvinodikanwa zvakaoma zvokushuma, mirairo yemipiro yemibatanidzwa, kana kuti mirau inoiswa namasangano ehurumende. Apo hurumende dzinononoka kuzviisa mukuwirirana, dzinoisa mungozi zvirango, mari inoderedzwa, kana kuti kunyange hurumende inoita mabasa akati. Nemhaka dzinova nenzvimbo dzakasimba dzingava zviri nani kukurukurirana vachemi kana kuti mapurogiramu okugadzira zvinhu kumigariro yomunzvimbomo, kuvamba kusasarurana muukama hwehurumende imene.

Zviitiko Zvinooneka zveFriederial Friction yeHurumende

Nhau yakazara nemienzaniso yehurumende dzehurumende dzinorwisana nechiremera chehurumende.

Kutarisira Utano: Kuwedzera kweSaga

Affordlable Care Act yaida pakuvamba nyika kufutunura Medicaid kuvanenge vakuru vose vaipinda. Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa cha2012 chakaita kufutunuka kwokuzvidira, kuchitungamirira kubasa rakaganhurirwa. Kusvikira muna 2025, nyika gumi dzichiri dzisati dzakura, pasinei zvapo nemari yehurumende yechiverengero chavagari vemo chitsva. Mitemo yehurumende yakadai seTexas neFlorida yakataura kuti kukura kwaizoparira mitoro yomunguva yemberi uye kuti dzinoda kutora zvimwe zvinopesana. Iye zvino, zvinoti, zvakadai seKentucky neArkansans, zvakaona mitengo inopfupika asi ichidzorwa nokuchengetwa kwenguva refu. Iyi nhevedzano yetsika inona inosimbisa kuti purogiramu yomubatanidzwa inogona sei kuparira migumisiro yakasiyana - siyana yakavakirwa pamamiriro ezvinhu enyika.

Kudzorwa Kwemhoteredzo: Chiremera Chewaiver cheCalifornia

Mano eCalifornia okugadza mipimo yemotokari inodzorwa zvikuru pasi peChene Air Act inovambira shure muna 1970. Hurumende yakashandisa iri chiremera kuderedza kushatisa kwegreenhouse kwoutsinye, ichipesvedzera vagadziri vemotokari munyika yose uye kusunda dzimwe nyika kugamuchira mipimo yakafanana. Kudisa kwehurumende kwechinjo kumanikidza kana kuti kubvisa kuti chiteshi chakaparira kuva neT69. Muna 2019, EPA pasi peMongameli wetutsi Trump yakabvisa chitsauko chepetro inodzorwa nechiremera chakakwana chokugadza mitemo yemari yemari. Californiaed, uye kudzosa kwaBiden gare gare gare gare kwakadzorera kudzora kwechipo. Uku kurwisana kunodzokorora kuratidzira kudzokororwa kwemitemo nehondo yezvamatongerwe enyika pamusoro pehurumende yemhoteredzo yemhoteredzo. (Muna migariro yenhau yeCalifornia, [FL: 0]]

Kunyoreswa Mumutemo: Mitemo yeHurumende

Pasinei zvapo nokurongwa kwemujaho weShoom sechikamu cheSamende I chaidzorwa (pamubatanidzwa pasi peGuttless Act yeGuiced Substances), sare 24 nyika pamwe chete neRuwa rweColumbia dzakanyoresa mbanje, uye dzimwe dzakawanda dzinobvumira kushandiswa kwezvokurapa. Masimba anokosha aya anopesana nemitemo anotaura kuti ashandise mitemo inoputsa mutemo wehurumende. Department yeSangano reSahlule rave radzivisa kurambidza mabasa ehurumende mumitemo yakasiyana - siyana yebasa (Cole Memorandrum, rescion, uye nhungamiro yarongedzero yezvokuraparapa), asi kusavika kunoramba. Mabhangi anoramba kubatira mabhizimisi echipaini nemhaka yemari yehurumende, achiita mabasa emari nenjodzi dzehurumende yavose.

Kutama: Politiki Yechitsvene uye Kumanikidzwa

Kuchengetwa kwekuendesa kunzvimbo dzinochengetedzwa kunodzorwa nehurumende, asi hurumende dzinogona kusarudza kuti ibatira pamwei. “Salctuay” inodzora kuganhurira basa rekuchengetwa kwemitemo munzvimbo mumabasa okupinda munyika, ichitaura kuti kuvimba pakati penzanga dzinotamira nemapurisa kunokosha nokuda kwechengeteko yavose. Hurumende iri pasi pehurumende yakasiana - siana yakatyisidzira kurega kupa mari mumaguta anoyera nehurumende. Kudzorwa kwemitemo pamusoro pokuvakwa kwemitemo kwakadaro, zvikurukuru pasi pe 8 U.S.C. 763, yasvika Dare gurusa. Kuoma kwepfungwa kunoramba kuiswa mudziviswa kwegumith Amendhend sedziviriro kudzodzo kushandisa mitengo yomunzvimbomo nokuda kwokuchengetwa kwezvokupinda munyika.

Zvirongwa Zvokupfavisa Hurumende Nevavariro Dzenyika

Mazano aya anogona kubatsira pakuenzanisa zvinodiwa nehurumende.

Kutsvaka Zviitwa Zvemazaya Nezvirongwa Zvokuratidzira

Masangano eFederal ane chiremera chokupa vaparadzi avo vanobvumira nyika kutsauka pazvinodikanwa zvomupimo kana vachikarakadza dzimwe nzira itsva dzinosvitsa zvinangwa zvepurogiramu. MuMutezo weSocial Security Act, masangano anogona kukumbira nokuda kweChikamu 1115 zvishandiso kuti aedze mitoo mitsva muMedicaid. Mitengo yakadai seOregon yakashandisa zviwitsi zvakadaro kufutunura kupfurikidza namasangano etarisiro anotsinhiraniswa anosimbisa tarisiro yokudzivirira. Mudzidzo, masangano anogona kukumbira vatendi vapanhisi vanobva mugadziriro dzakati dzeEssa. Maturusi anopa nzira yakarongwa nokuda kwemapurogiramu ezvomubatanidzwa ezvomubatanidzwa wezvokudzivirira kumamiriro ezvinhu omunharaunda yomunzvimbomo.

Kushanda Muboka Nechibvumirano

Vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanowanzogamuchira masangano ehurumende neCongress nokuda kwokuchinjika kana kuti chinjo dzemitemo. Gavhuna weNational Conference of State Legislatures, uye Council of State State Profession zvinobatira sezvikuva zvehurumende kuti zvibatane nokuvhota. Apo nyika dzakawanda dzinotarisana nedenho dzakafanana, dzvinyiriro yeboka rimwe inogona kuva nemiuyo. Somuenzaniso, masangano akakurudzira nenzira inobudirira EPA kubudisa nhungamiro pagadziriro dzekutengesa mamiriro ezvinhu emvura ayo anobvumira kuti asvitse miganhuro inobudirira zvikuru. Mibatanidzwa pakati pehurumende namasangano ehurumende inogonawo kubudisa zvigadziro zvinobatira pamwe chete, zvakadai samasimba ebasa pachaunga kana kuti njodzi.

Kubatanidzwa Pachena Nokuona Zvinhu Zvakajeka

Kubatanidza vagari vomumiitiro mukubudirira kunobetsera hurumende kuronga zvisarudzo nenzvimbo dzomunzvimbomo. Kunzwa kwavose, nhambo dzetsinhiro dzepaIndaneti, uye misangano zvinobvumira nzanga kutaura funganyo pamusoro penzira iyo mari yehurumende inoshandiswa nayo kana kuti nzira iyo mirau yehurumende inogadzirwa nayo. Miitiro inoratidzirwa inovaka chivimbo uye inogona kuderedza kusawirirana kwezvamatongerwe enyika apo zviito zvehurumende zvinotsauka kutsika dzehurumende. Somuenzaniso, makambani ezvokufambisa ehurumende anotungamirira purogiramu dzesangano repfuma inotsigirwa nehurumende anowanzoita zvirongwa zvinoratidza kubatanidzwa kwomunzvimbomo apo anosangana nezvinodikanwa zvomubatanidzwa wemhoteredzo nemitemo.

Kutaura Sechikamu Chokupedzisira

Apo kurukurirano inokundikana, tsinhirano dzingapa mhaka hurumende yehurumende kuti idenhe kana kuti iparadze. Kupomera kwakawanda kweruwa kurwisana nemirau yehurumende kwakapararira; Obama-Edya Ecle Power Plan yakawana 27 inodenha kuva pamutemo kwayo. Nenzira inopesana, inopawo mhaka yokusunda chiito chehurumende, zvakadai saapo California nedzimwe nyika dzakakwidza EPA nokuda kwokukundikana kudzora magasi anodziyisa magetsi anodziya. Nepo adversaria, Pigigation inotsanangura miganhuro yepamutemo uye inogona kutungamirira kudzimba dzinoparira kubvumiranisa zvinhu zvinoshanda. Attorney real commontions inodzosa mari neunyanzvi hwepamutemo.

Kuongorora Zvirwere Mukudzikamisa Kunobudirira

Chirongwa cheCap- and-Trade cheCalifornia uye Kubatira Pamwe Kwehurumende

California yakatanga chirongwa chayo chekepisi netrade kuti ideredze kubudiswa kwegasi rinodziyisa, muitiro waivapo pamberi pegadziriro yehurumende yakafanana. Nyika yacho yakawana ganhuriro inobudirira kubva kuEPA kuti itsigire ganhuriro dzayo imene yokubudisa motokari, uye purogiramu yakabatana negadziriro yeQuebec mubvumirano yokubatira pamwe. Kubatanidza nezvinosunda zvomubatanidzwa sechikwereti chemitero nokuda kwesimba rinomutsidzirwa, California inoratidza kuti vatungamiriri vehurumende vanogona sei kuva pamwe chete ne(/na /napane dzimwe nguva) purogiramu yokuchinja zvinhu. Purogiramu yacho yakaparira mabhiriyoni emarorimu esimba rakachena apo inosangana nezvipfuro zvine simba romubatanidzwa.

Kuongorora Utano hweMassachusetts Sechinjo Yorudzi

Massachusetts yakapa chinjo huru yezvoutano muna 2006 iyo yakabatanidza kubvumirwa kwomunhu mumwe nomumwe, kutsinhaniswa kweinishuwarenzi, uye mari inobhadharwa neyakaidzwa gare gare muAffordicable Care Act. Hurumende yakashanda navakuru vakuru vehurumende kuti vawane zvirongwa zvokushandisa chinjo dzayo pachine nguva mberi. Pashure pokunge ACA papfuvura, Massachusetts akakwanisa kuchinja pasina mvumo kutsiridza kutsinhanhamisa nyika yayo nepo achichengeta mifungo yomunzvimbomo sechiConnence Authority. Iyi nhau inoratidzira kuti kunzvera kwehurumende kunogona sei kuzivisa mutemo wehurumende uye kuti mari yehurumende inogona sei kubudisa nhamburiko dzehurumende pasina kudzorwa kwomunzvimbomo. [[FLT: 0] Massachetts Health Concinence[FFF:1] inogovera kupetaputting yewero yeweyarence yemieto yemiitiro yetsika yetsika yazvino uno.)

Mhuri Yakatambura yeWashington Inosiya Upiyona

Washington yakashandisa gadziriro yenyika yokutanga inobhadharwa uye purogiramu yezororo rezvokurapa muna 2019, yakatsigirwa nemipiro yavashandi nevashandirwi. Iyi nhano yenyika yakapfuura mutemo wehurumende, uyo panguva yacho wakagovera zororo risina kubhadharwa pasi pePhondo reFamily ne Medical Let Act. Kupfurikidza nokugadzira gadziriro yayo imene, Washington yakagadzirirwa mwero yebetsero nokusakwanisa kuvagari vayo. Purogiramu yakarumbidzwa nokuda kwenhamba huru yokutora rutivi uye kudzokorokorokorokorodza kuma duku. Rubudiriro rwayo rwakapesvedzera kurukurirano pamusoro pechikarakadzo chegwe chenyika chegwetesi chinobhadharwa, kuratidzira kuti mapurogiramu enzvimbo yegore anogona sei kuratidzira kuva anodzoresai nokuzivisa gadziriro yamabasa ayo.

Nguva Yemberi Yeukama Hwehurumende

Miitiro inoverengeka ichaumba nzira iyo hurumende dzinodzikamisa nayo zvinodikanwa zvomunzvimbomo nenhungamiro dzehurumende mumakore ari kuuya. Kuwedzera kwezvamatongerwe enyika zveAmerica kungakudziridza rwisano, sezvo hurumende dzinodzorwa namapati anopesana ehurumende inoshanda senzvimbo dzokudzivisa. Panguva imwe cheteyo, mitemo yokudzora yaidzorwa nejere nejenaguru (zvikurukuru munyika dzine vanhu vashoma) ingatungamirira kuruvimbo rukuru pabetsero yezvounyanzvi hwehurumende kana kuti masangano enharaunda.

Kufarira kweDare racho kuri kuwedzera “dzidziso yemibvunzo inonyadzisira” kungamanikidzawo masangano ehurumende kubudisa mitemo yakafara inokanganisa nyika, zvichidzorera zvisarudzo zvakawanda kuCongress uye nokudaro zvichizarura nzvimbo yokuti nyika dzisiyane.

Ruzivo rwemazuva nemashoko zvinopa mikana yokushanda zvakanaka. Mashoko enguva chaiyo ane chokuita noutano, dzidzo, uye zvinhu zvinoshandiswa panzvimbo dzazvo anogona kubatsira nyika uye vanhu vanoshanda pamwe kuti vabate zvinhu zvinobudirira.

MUVENGI weCOVID ne19 wakaratidza zvose zviri zviviri simba noutera hwehurumende munjodzi youtano hwevoruzhinji. Nyika dzakatanga kukwikwidzana nokuda kwemigove ndokupa ganhuriro dzisingawirirani, asi nokufamba kwenguva nhamburiko dzakabatanidzwa kufanana nebasa rokuedza rehurumende dzakabuda. Chinoitika chacho chinosimbisa kudikanwa kwemhinduro dzakajeka dzekurumidziro dzinoremekedza chiremera nepo dzichiva nechokwadi chokubatana kwenyika.

Mitemo yokubatanidza miganhu yakafanana nokuronga kwouchenjeri kwokuisira, kuisa magetsi mumuviri, uye kuvandika mashoko kuchaedzazve urongwa hwehurumende. Pasina kusunungurwa kwehurumende, mitemo ingaparira basa rakamanikana remitemo iro rinoomesa kutengeserana kwenyika, bva kuedza kwehurumende kugona kubudisa mienzaniso inobudirira. Kudzikamisa dzikamo yakarurama pakati pekubatana kwehurumende nemhatsa kucharamba kuri denho huru.

mhedziso

Hurumende dzinoshanda mukati megadziriro yebumbiro remitemo inovapa chiremera chinokosha asi dzinoraira kuwirirana noukuru hwehurumende. Kupesana pakati pezvinodikanwa zvomunzvimbomo nenhungamiro dzehurumende hakusati kuchingovawo hako kusagadzikana kwehurumende; rutivi rune simba rwehurumende yeAmerica urwo runosimudzira kutangwa nokuzvidavirira. Nepo denho dzakadai seganhuriro dzokutsigira mari, rwisano dzamagariro echiito, uye nhevedzano yezvamatongerwe enyika zvichipfuurira, masangano akabvumikisa kuva anokwanisa kutsigira kuchinjika, kubatirana namasangano ehurumende, uye kupayona zvinobatira zvose zviri zviviri fariro dzomunzvimbomo norudzi.

Mienzaniso yeCalifornia, Massachusetts, uye Washington inoratidza kuti kudzikamisa kunobudirira kunobvira apo nyika dzinobatanidza kukurukurirana kwakajeka kwezvinoiswa pakutanga. Sezvo nzvimbo dzehurumende dzinotonga dzichipfuurira kushanduka, hurumende dzichafanira kuramba dzakangwarira uye dzichipa maruramiro adzo apo dzinobatira pamwe apo dzinobatirana. Vanotsvaka kunzwisisa kudzora muUnited States, ukama hwehurumende hunopa nhau isingatongodzivisiki muunyanzvi hwokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, kugadziridza, uye kudzorwa kwechinetso cha democracy. [[FLT:][FLT] U.S. Couragetation yezvokuromenti yezvokudzora mari yehurumende inogovera, uye [FFONU.]