Hwaro Hwebasa raJury Mugadziriro Yepamutemo yeAmerica

Jury iri chimwe chamativi anosianisa zvikurusa egadziriro yemitemo yeAmerica, inomirira mutoo wakananga wokutora rutivi mukutarisirwa kweruramisiro. Basa ramatare muzvose zviri zviviri mhaka dzavagari vemo nedzeutsotsi rakadzika midzi zvikuru mugadziriro yemitemo yeUnited States, kubatira sedziviriro pahurumende inonyengera uye mutoo wokuva nechokwadi chokuti zvisarudzo zvapamutemo zvinoratidzira mipimo yenzanga. Kunzwisisa kuti majaji anoita sei, mitoro yakasiana - siana yaanoita mumarudzi akasiyana enhau, uye dziviriro dzamagariro dzinodzora kushanda kwawo kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa gadziriro yeruramisiro yeAmerica.

Mutezo weSikisi weMitemo weU.S. unovimbisa kodzero yokutonga nokukurumidza uye pachena kunoitwa nedare rinobetsera vatongi vasingasaruri mumatare, nepo Seven Amendment inochengeta kodzero yokutonga kwedare redare mumhosva dzevagari vomunyika umo ukoshi hwegakava hunopfuura madhora makumi maviri. Iyi dziviriro yebumbiro remitemo inosimbisa chitendero choMuvambi wedare kuti madare anobatira senzvero inonzvera simba redare nerehurumende. Mumazana amakore ebasa, gadziriro yedare yedare yakachinja kuva mutoo wakaoma kunzwisisa uye kuita chisarudzo chinodzikamisa kudikanwa kwenhungamiro yepamutemo yapamutemo yavagari vemowo zvavo.

Mukuwirirana ne Hofisi yoUtarisiri yeMatare eU.S., basa redare rinobetsera vatongi ndirimwe ramabasa anokosha zvikurusa ehurumende vaAmerica vanogona kuita, namazana ezviuru avagari vemo anobatira savatongi gore rimwe nerimwe mumatare ehurumende nehurumende. Uku kutora rutivi kunovimbisa kuti gadziriro yeruramisiro inoramba iri yakabatana nenzanga dzainobatira.

Mavambo Enhau Nenheyo Dzebumbiro Remitemo

Pfungwa yedare rinobetsera vatongi ine mavambo ekare, inoteverwa kudzokera kuEngland yeMiddle Ages uko vatongi vaigona kubatira pakuvamba sezvapupu pamusoro penhau dzomunzvimbomo.Nokufamba kwenguva, vatongi vakashanduka kuva boka reidi vakawana avo vakayera ufakazi hwakapiwa namapoka mugakava. Magna Carta ye1215 yaiva negadziriro dzakapesvedzera kutangwa kwamaruramiro edare redare, kunyange zvazvo murangariro wazvino uno wedare rinobetsera somugadziri anotonga asingasaruri wakabuda zvishoma nezvishoma mumazana amakore anoverengeka.

Vagari vomuAmerica vakaisa ukoshi hukuru pamaruramiro kukutonga kwedare rinobetsera vatongi, vachiarangarira sedziviriro huru mukutonga kwokusasarura. Chimwe chezvichemo zvakarongwa muZiviso yoKuzvimirira kwakanga kuri kushaikwa kwaMambo kwe “betsero dzokutongwa naJury.” Iyi nhauro inotsanangura chikonzero nei Bumbiro reMitemo neBill of Rights inshrine zvakananga vachitonga maruramiro edare amatare akawanda.

Dare Rapamusoro zvikurusa rakasimbisa nguva dzose kuti kodzero yokutonga dare rinobetsera zvikuru mumuitiro wakafanira. Munhau dzechiratidzo dzakadai se Duncan v. Louisiana (1968), Dare rakataura kuti Dare rechitanhatu reMitemo yekodzero kukutonga dare redare rinoshanda kuhurumende kupfurikidza neMendeko ye145, richivimbisa kuti vakwiri vemhosva vanotarisana nemhosva dzakakomba.

Marudzi Emajuries Nemabasa Awo Okuchinja

Gadziriro yapamutemo yeAmerica inoshandisa marudzi makuru maviri amatare anobetsera vatongi: vatongi vakuru navatongi vanobetsera vatongi. Nepo ose ari maviri achiumbwa navagari vemowo zvavo, anobatira zvikurukuru zvinangwa zvakasiyana mukati megadziriro yapamutemo. Kunzwisisa musiano pakati paaya marudzi maviri edare rinobetsera kunokosha mukunzwisisa kuti tsika inoshanda sei seboka rose.

Vakuru: Varindi Voutsotsi

Basa razvo nderokufeyafeya uye kupomera panzvimbo pechibvumirano. Vatongi vakuru zvikurukuru vanoumbwa navagari vemo 16 kusvikira ku 23 vanonzwa ufakazi hunopiwa navachuchisi kuti vaone kana pane chikonzero chingabvira chokudavira kuti utsotsi hwakaitwa uye kuti munhu chaiye anofanira kupomerwa.

Vatongi vakuru vanoshanda pachivande, nenhau dzakapfigirwa kuvoruzhinji uye kunyange kumupomerwi anobvira dzinobatira madonzo anoverengeka: anodzivirira mukurumbira wavanhu vangasapomerwa, anokurudzira zvapupu kutaura zvakasununguka, uye anodzivisa kunyumwira kutiza pamberi pomutongo.

Kana vatongi vakuru vakawana ufakazi hwakakwana, hunopa mhaka, iyo inopomera munhu mhaka nenzira yapamutemo. Kana ufakazi hwacho husina kukwana, vatongi vakuru vanodzorera “hauna mutemo,” uye hapana pomero dzinochengetwa. Mupimo woufakazi hwedare guru rinobetsera uduku kupfuura “mupimo une mufungo wokupanikira” unodikanwa nokuda kwokupwiswa pakutongwa, sezvo dare guru rinobetsera rinoda bedzi chisakiso chinobvira chokudavira mukwiridziridziridziri.

Majeri Eparera: Kusarudza Kuguma Kwomiedzo

Munyaya dzoutsotsi, matare anosarudza kana mupomeri ane mhaka kana kuti asina mhaka. Munhau dzehurumende, vanosarudza kana mupomeri wacho ane mhaka uye, kana zvakadaro, kuti kukuvadza kupi kunofanira kupiwa.

Mitongo yapamutemo mumhaka dzoutsotsi yakaumbwa namagamuchidzanwa nemitezo 12, kunyange zvazvo dzimwe nyika dzichibvumira matare maduku anobetsera vatongi mumigariro yakati. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakarangarira kuti dare rinobetsera vatanhatu nderepamutemo mumhaka dzoutsotsi muhurumende nokuda kwemhosva dzisina kukomba, asi vatongi vemitezo isingasviki mitanhatu inoputsa Hurumende yeSikisi. Mumhaka dzehurumende, Federal Rugar of Civil Procedare inobvumira kutongwa kwemitezo isingasviki nhanhatu uye isingapfuuri gumi nemiviri.

Basa redare rinobetsera vatongi nderokubatira chaizvoizvo somuwani weidi. Mutongi anorairidza vatongi pamusoro pomutemo unoshanda, uye vatongi vanoshandisa mutemo iwoyo kumaidi sezvavanouwana. Uku kukamukana kwomutoro pakati pomutongi nedare rinobetsera vatongi ikongi retsika yemitemo yeAmerica.

Basa Remajaya Mumhosva Dzeutsotsi

Munyaya dzoutsotsi, mutoro mukuru wedare rinobetsera vatongi ndewokusarudza kana muchuchisi akabvumikisa mhaka yomupomerwi pasina panikiro ine mufungo.uyu mupimo wakakwirira woufakazi unoratidzira miuyo yakakomba iyo inotevera kupwiswa kwoutsotsi, kubatanidza kuiswa mutorongo kunobvira, faindi, uye kunyadziswa kunogara.

Kurangarira Kusava Nemhosva Nomutoro Woufakazi

Mukwirirwi anorangarirwa kuva asina mhaka mukutonga kwose, uye murovereri ane mutoro wose wokubvumikisa mhaka. Vatongi vanofanira kutanga kurangarira kwavo neiyi rondedzero yakasimba mundangariro. Kana varovereri vacho vakakundikana kusvitsa mutoro wavo, vatongi vanofanira kusunungura, pasinei zvapo nenyumwiro dzipi nedzipi dzavangachengeta pamusoro pomufambiro womupomeri.

“ Kunze kwepanikiro ine mufungo” mupimo haurondedzerwi noururami hwemasvomhu, asi kunowanzonzwisiswa kureva kuti ufakazi hunofanira kuva hunopwisa kwazvo kuti munhu ane mufungo aizova asina panikiro yakakomba pamusoro pemhosva yomukwiridziri. Uyu ndiwo mupimo wakakwirira zvikurusa weufakazi mugadziriro yapamutemo, wakakwirira zvikuru kupfuura “ufakazi hwakajeka nohunopwisa” unoshandiswa mumamwe mashoko ehurumende uye wakakwirira zvikuru kupfuura“ mupimo woufakazi” unoshandiswa muzvinoitika zvizhinjisarudzi.

Uchapupu Hunojekesa Mumiedzo Yeutsotsi

Vatongi mumhaka dzoutsotsi vanofanira kunyatsoongorora uchapupu hwakawanda, kusanganisira uchapupu, uchapupu chaihwo, ufakazi hwemavhidhiyo, uye pfungwa dzinozivikanwa. Vanofanira kufunga kuti zvapupu ndezvechokwadi, kuti uchapupu hunotsigira, uye kuti zvine musoro kuti muchuchisi wacho ataure nezvenyaya yacho. Vatongi vanorayirwa kuti vaongorore uchapupu zvakarurama uye kuti vaone manzwisisiro ane musoro kubva mumashoko anotaurwa.

Rimwe ramativi akaoma zvikurusa ebasa redare rinobetsera vatongi mumhaka dzoutsotsi ndiro rinobata noufakazi hwakaoma kana kuti hwemichina. Muzvinoitika zvinobatanidza DNA, magiramu efonsics, kana kuti mhaka dzemari, vatongi vanofanira kuvimba nouchapupu hwenyanzvi kuti vanzwisise ufakazi. American Bar Association yakagadzira nhungamiro dzokuvandudza nzwisiso yedare redare renhau rakaoma, kubatanidza kubvumira vatongi kunyora mashoko nokutumira mibvunzo yakanyorwa nokuda kwezvapupu.

Kuzvidira uye Kutsiva

Vapedza kuitisana nharo uye vapedza kurayira mutemo, vatongi vanorega basa noune pachivande.

Kana vatongi vasingagoni kusvika pakwakarerekera pashure pokunge vataura, nyaya yacho yapiwa, uye mutongi angasarudza kugadzirisa nyaya yacho. Zvinodiwa zvokusabatana zvinosimbisa mutemo wakakwirira uye zvinovimbisa kuti hapana munhu anopomerwa mhosva pasina kubvumirana nevatongi vose.

Vatongi vanorayirwa kuti vasaongorora zvinhu zvisiri zvepanyika, vazvinzvere voga, kana kuti kuvimba nokuziva nyaya yacho.

Basa Remajaya Mumhosva Dzevagari Vemo

Mitongo yavagari vemo inoshanda basa rakasiana asi rinokosha zvakafanana mugadziriro yapamutemo. Nhau dzavagari vemo dzinobatanidza gakava pakati pebato ravanhu vamwe navamwe, kubatanidza vanhu vamwe navamwe, mabhizimisi, uye masangano ehurumende. Marudzi anozivikanwa navose emhosva anobatanidza kukuvara kwomunhu oga, kuputswa kwezviito zvebvumirano, kukakavadzana kwezvinhu, uye kusarura mabasa. Munhau idzi, basa redare rinobetsera nderokupedza nharo dzechokwadi uye kusarudza mhaka dzapamutemo.

Kuongorora Kureva Nhema Nokuziva Mhaka

Mukutonga kwehurumende, mutongi anotakura mutoro wokubvumikisa nhau yavo kupfurikidza noufakazi. Uyu mupimo unoda mutevedzeri kuratidza kuti sezvingabvira zvikuru kupfuura kuti mukwirirwi ane mhaka. Kusafanana nomupimo woutsotsi wokusapanikira kune mufungo, mupimo wapamberi unowanzorondedzerwa seunoda ufakazi kubvisa makwara zvishoma mukuda rumwe rutivi.

Vatongi vanofanira kunzvera ufakazi hunopiwa namativi ose ari maviri kuti vaone kana mukwirirwi akaputsa musengwa wapamutemo waisungirwa mutungamiriri wehurumende.

Mune dzimwe nhau dzevagari vemo, vatongi vanofanirawo kurangarira kuregeredza kwokuenzanisa kana kuti kwokugovera. Kana kuregeredza kwomutongi amene kwakaparira kuvadziko dzavo, vatongi vangaderedza kuvadziko dzacho mukuwirirana nemupimo. Dzimwe nyika dzinotevera gadziriro yakachena yokukanganisa, nepo dzimwe dzichiisa chikumbaridzo kupfuura icho mupurisa asingagoni kuvandudza.

Kuverenga Kukuvadza Mumhosva Dzevagari Vomunyika Imwe Chete

Kana vatongi vakawana mukwiridziri achifanira kupomerwa mhaka, ipapo anofanira kusarudza chitsama chakafanira chekuvadziko. Irori ndiro rimwe ramabasa anodenha zvikurusa nokuda kwavagari vehurumende, sezvo richivada kuisa ukoshi hwemari pamarudzi akasiana - siana ekuvadziko. Kukuvadzwa muzvinoitika zvavagari vemo kunogona kubatanidza muripo nokuda kwendyiko dzekurapa, mari yakarasika, kuvadziko yezvinhu, uye marwadzo nokutambura.

Mune zvimwe zviitiko, vatongi vangarangwawo nokurangwa, uko kunoitirwa kuranga mukwirirwi nokuda kwomufambiro unopesana zvikuru ndokudzivisa mufambiro wakafanana munguva yemberi. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakaisa ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo pakukuvadza pasi peCurce Claus, kuchida kuti vave vane mufungo uye vanowirirana nekuvadziko chaiyoiyo yakatamburwa.

Vanoudzwa kuti vasafunge nezvokubhadharwa kweinishuwarenzi kana kuti mari yemunhu anenge apomerwa wacho pakusarudza kukuvadzwa, kunyange zvazvo zvinhu izvi zvingava zvakakodzera mukuongorora kukuvadza kwokutsiva.

Zvirango Zvoga Nezvirango Zvakawanda

Vatongi vehurumende vangakumbirwa kupa chisarudzo chevose, chinongotaura bedzi kuti ibato ripi uye kuti imarii yaiparadza, kana kuti mutongo chaiwo, unoda kuti vatongi vapindure mibvunzo chaiyo.

Izvi zvinoitika mumhosva dzakati dzinoenzana, dzakadai sedzinotsvaka kusunungurwa, pasina kodzero yepamutemo yokutonga dare rinobetsera vatongi.

Misiyano Huru Pakati Pemajaya Avagari Vemo Neamatsotsi

Nepo vose vari vaviri vatongi vevagari vemo neveutsotsi vachigoverana basa rimwe chetero rokuwana maidi, vanoshanda mumitemo yakasiana nemipimo izvo zvinoratidzira madonzo akasiyana omutemo wavagari vemo nowemhaka.

Mupimo Woufakazi

Musiyano mukuru zvikuru pakati pematare echibharo neamatsotsi ndiwo mupimo weufakazi. Nhau dzeutsotsi dzinoda ufakazi husingapanikirwi, mupimo wakakwirira zvikurusa mugadziriro yapamutemo. Nhau dzevagari vomunyika inoda ufakazi kupfurikidza noufakazi hwapamberi poufakazi, uhwo huri mupimo wakaderera. uyu musiyano unoratidzira miuyo mikuru zvikuru yepwiswo yetsotsi nechinodikanwa chakafanana chekuva nechokwadi chikuru zvikuru pamberi pokunyima munhu worusununguko.

Dzimwe nhau dzehurumende dzinobatanidza kupomera kwakakomba zvikuru, zvakadai sokunyengera kana kuti kuzvipira kwehurumende, dzingada ufakazi kupfurikidza noufakazi hwakajeka nohunopwisa, mupimo wapakati unova pakati pekufungisisa uye kupfuura panikiro ine mufungo.

Zvinodiwa Zvokutsiva

Sezvataurwa, matare emhosva anofanira kutoita chisarudzo chakafanana. Magandanga ehurumende, anopesana, angabvumirwa kuita chisarudzo nemitemo isingachinji mudzimwe nyika. Federal Pargment of Civil Proceducedore anoda chisarudzo chakafanana mumhosva dzehurumende kutoti masangano abvumirana, asi nyika dzakawanda dzinobvumira rutongeso rwehurumende nevhoti huru, dzakadai sevatanhatu kana kuti vatatu vevatongi.

Kukwanisa kupedza kusawirirana pasina kudzikamisana kunogona kuderedza kutongwa kwematare uye kuita kuti nyaya dzehurumende dzipere.

Ukuru hweJury uye Kuisa Zvinhu Panzvimbo

Nepo matare anobetsera utsotsi achiumbwa namagamuchidzanwa nemitezo 12, uku uku uku hahudiwi mubumbiro remitemo mumigariro yose. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakarangarira kuti matare amatare ehurumende amatare amatare angagona kuva maduku semitezo mitanhatu nokuda kwemhosva dzisina kukomba. Matare avagari vemo anogonawo kusiana muukuru, nemitemo mizhinji inoshandisa matare amatare enguva dzose evagari vemo ane mitezo mitanhatu.

Munyaya dzeutsotsi, mukwirirwi ane kodzero yebumbiro remitemo kudare rinosarudza mukamukwara wedare wedare rinomiririra nzanga. Chinodikanwa ichi chinoshandawo kumhosva dzevagari vemo, asi mipimo yerusaruraganda runodenha uye kuisa mungozi mudare ingasiyana.

Kusarudza Kwenyuchi: Kunzwa Kuchigadzirwa Kwemaoiri

Muitiro wokusarudza vatongi, unozivikanwa sewakaipa, rutivi runokosha rwekutonga kupi nokupi. Voir anobva mumashoko echiFrench anoreva kuti “kutaura zvokwadi,” uye anobatira basa rinokosha rokuisa dare rinobetsera vatongi vasingasaruri. Muitiro unobatanidza kubvunza vatongi vanobvira kuti vazive rusaruro, rusaruro, kana kuti zvimwe zvinhu zvingatapura mano avo okuita chisarudzo chakarurama.

Kupeta uye Kuumbwa Kwavacheri

Kusarudza vatongi kunotanga nokushevedzwa kwevanganzi vatongi vanobva munhamba yakanyorwa, kazhinji kazhinji vachiunganidzwa kubva mumapepa okunyoresa, mapepa okunyoresa okutyaira, kana kuti mamwe mapepa ehurumende.

Dare Repamusorosoro rakati kubvisa mapoka anozivikanwa nedare rinobetsera vatongi mudare rinotonga kunopesana neSikisimende Yemashoko.

Kutarisana Nematambudziko

Mukati mokushata, mutongi nagweta vanobvunza vatongi vanobvira pamusoro pemigariro yavo, zvinoitika, uye zvimiro. Vavariro ndeyokufumura rusaruro rupi norupi kana kuti rwisano dzefariro izvo zvingadzivisa mutongi kuva asingasaruri. Vatongi vangashandisawo vhiringidzo yakakomba kudzidzisa vatongi vanobvira pamusoro penheyo dzemitemo dzichashanda munhau yacho.

Madare anogona kudenha vatongi munzira mbiri. Denho dzechisakiso hadzina kuganhurirwa uye dzinopiwa apo mutongi anoratidzira fungidziro chaiyoiyo kana kuti kushata kwapamutemo. Somuenzaniso, mutongi ane ukama nomumwe wemapati kana kuti akatoumba murangariro pamusoro penhau yacho angadenhwa nokuda kwechisakiso. Zvinetso zvinobvumira magweta kurova nhamba yakati yavatongi pasina kupa chikonzero, kunyange zvazvo asingagoni kushandiswa kusarura pahwaro hwedzinza kana kuti hwechirume.

Tapuro Yokusarudza Chirango Pamigumisiro Yokutongwa

Kusarudza kungava netapuro huru pamuuyo wekutongwa. Vatakuri vanoisa nguva yakawanda nezviwanikwa mungozi, kazhinji kazhinji vachishanda navashandi vedare redare vanobetsera vatongi kuziva mavara akanaka neakaipa. Muitiro wokusarudza wakakodzera, nerutivi rumwe norumwe vanotsvaka vatongi vanganzwira tsitsi nharo dzavo.

National Center for State Courts yakafunda zvikuru miitiro yokusarudza vatongi uye yakakudziridza rumbidzo dzokuvandudza muitiro wacho, kubatanidza kushandisa majaji akanyorwa mibvunzo nokuda kwenhau dzakaoma uye kubvumira magweta nguva yakawanda kuzvibata.

Matambudziko Nokutsoropodza Kwegadziriro Yokurera Vana

Nyanzvi, vatongi, uye varapi vemitemo vakaona zvinetso zvinoverengeka zvinogona kukanganisa kubudirira uye kururama kwekuita zvisarudzo zvedare rinobetsera vatongi, pasinei nokuti dare rinenge richitonga kare uye rine zvarinoreva.

Kuoma Kunzwisisa Kunoita Kutaura Kwemazuva Ano

Zvinenge zvataurwa nematare edzimhosva zvinogona kuoma kunzwisisa, vamwe vanonetseka kuti vatongi kana kuti masangano enyanzvi anogona kunyatsonzwisisa uchapupu hunopiwa.

Vatsigiri vegadziriro yedare rinobetsera vatongi vanopindura kuti vatongi vanounza mufungo wavose nouchenjeri hwavose kukurangarira kwavo. Vanonongedzerawo kukunzvera kunoratidza kuti vatongi vanowanzonzwisisa ufakazi apo hunopiwa zvakajeka uye apo vanopiwa mirayiridzo namabasa zvakafanira kuti vabetsere kunzwisisa kwavo.

Bias uye Rusaruro

Pasinei zvapo negadziriro yakakomba, rusaruro runogona kutapura kuita chisarudzo chedare rinobetsera vatongi. Tsika dzakakwana dzine chokuita nedzinza, chirume, mugariro wenzanga, kana kuti zvimwe zvinhu zvingapesvedzera kuti vatongi vaongorore sei ufakazi uye vaongorori vavimbe. Sangano remitemo rakaita matanho akasiyana - siyana kupedza tsvukate, kubatanidza kuganhurira zvinetso zvokupa rovedzo yakakwana nokuda kwavatongi namagweta.

Kunzvera kwakaratidza kuti miraidzo yedare rinobetsera vatongi inogona kubetsera kuderedza tsvete kupfurikidza nokuyeuchidza vatongi nezvebasa ravo rokusasarura uye kupfurikidza nokugovera nhungamiro yakajeka pamusoro penzira yokuyera nayo ufakazi.

Kugadzirwa Kwenyuchi

Kuparadzwa kunoitika apo vatongi vanosunungura mukwirirwi pasinei zvapo nokuwana kuti murovereri mhaka yake akabvumikisa mhaka yacho pasina panikiro ine mufungo.Ikoku kunoitika apo vatongi vanodavira kuti kushandisa mutemo munhau yakati kungaparira muuyo usina kururama. Nepo kuparadzwa kwedare rinobetsera vatongi kuri musimba redare rinobetsera, kunomutsa nharo nemhaka yokuti kunogona kusekesa mutemo.

Madare anowanzorairidza vatongi kuti vanofanira kushandisa mutemo sezvawakapiwa nomutongi, uye vatongi havazivisi nezvesimba ravo rokuparadza.

Kukosha Kusingaperi Kwemiedzo Yokuva Muduku

Pasinei zvapo nezvinetso uye kutsoropodza, kutonga kwedare rinobetsera vatongi kunoramba kuri rutivi runokosha rwegadziriro yapamutemo yeAmerica.

Dzidzo Yemibatanidzwa Nokubatanidzwa

Basa reJury rinopa vagari vemo dzidzo yakananga mumabasa emitemo.Kubatira somutongi kunoratidzira vanhu kunheyo dzoufakazi, muitiro, uye muitiro wakafanira.

RURAMO rwokutonga runoitwa nedare rinobetsera kururamisa zvinhu rune chokuita nehurumende runosimbisawo tsika dzehurumende.

Kudzivirirwa Pakunyanyokundwa neHurumende

Gadziriro yedare rinobetsera sechenjero pasimba rehurumende, zvikurukuru mumhaka dzoutsotsi.

Basa iri rokudzivirira rinoitwa nevanhuwo zvavo uyewo ringashanda senzvero pasimba rebhizimisi kupfurikidza nokuisa mhaka nekuvadziko apo mabhizimisi anoita nenzira yokusangwarira kana kuti isina kururama. mano ematare okuita kuti zvinhu zvine simba zvizvidavirire rutivi rukuru rwegadziriro yeruramisiro yavagari vemo.

Kururamisira uye Kuvimba Nevanhu Vose

Apo mutongo unopiwa nedare redare revagari vemowo zvavo, une chiremera chetsika chingasabatanidza chisarudzo chakaitwa nomutongi mumwe. Uku kuva nekodzero kunokosha kuti vanhu varambe vachivimba nedare.

Mukuwirirana ne Légal Information Institute paCornell Law School, vatongi vanowanzorondedzerwa sehana yenzanga, vachipinza mipimo yenzanga mudare uye vachivimbisa kuti zvisarudzo zvapamutemo zvakavakirwa mumipimo yenzanga yazvino uno.

Nguva Yemberi Yemiedzo yaJury Mumugariro Wapamutemo Unochinja

Kufambira mberi kweruzivo rwezvokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, kuchinja kwenhamba dzevanhu, uye kuchinja kwetsika kuri kuumba remangwana rebasa redare rinobetsera vatongi.

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Nokutarisira Jury

Masangano edare remagetsi anotarisira vatongi ari kuratidza kusarudzwa uye kukwanisa kwevatongi. Pakutonga, ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu ruri kuita kuti uchapupu hunyatsooneka nokuratidzwa kwemienzaniso yakawanda uye kuratidzwa kwemienzaniso.

Kuwedzera kwakaita mafoni nemakombiyuta kwakaita kuti zviome kuita kuti matare anoona nezvematare anoona nezvenyaya idzi arambe achiteerera mirayiridzo iyi, zvichiita kuti matare arambe achinyevera uye achiongorora nyaya dzacho.

Kuchinja Zvinhu Kuti Basa Ramangwana Rive Rechokwadi

Zvinjo dzakasiana - siana dzakakarakadzwa ndokuitwa kuvandudza gadziriro yedare rinobetsera vatongi.Idzi dzinobatanidza kuderedza urefu hwebasa redare rinobetsera vatongi, muripo wedare rinobetsera rinobetsera, kuvandudza kunaka kwemirairidzo yedare, uye kubvumira vatongi kunyora zvinonyorwa nokubvunza mibvunzo mukati memitongo. Mamwe matare akaedzawo kugovera vatongi mirayiridzo yakanyorwa nemiti yechisarudzo kubetsera kurangarira kwavo.

Kushandiswa kwedzimwe nzira dzegadziro dzenharo, dzakadai sechitsidzo nokudzorwa, kwakaderedza chiverengero chenhau dzinoenda kukutonga. Nepo idzi mitoo dzichipa kushanda zvakanaka nokuchinjika, dzinomutsawo mibvunzo pamusoro pebasa rinenge richiderera rematare edare. Kuchengeta maruramiro okutonga kupfurikidza nedare rinobetsera vagadziri vemitemo kupfuurira kuva denho kunoitwa navatongi vedare.

mhedziso

Basa redare rinobetsera vatongi mumhaka dzevagari vemo nedzeutsotsi rinomirira kuratidzirwa kukuru kwokutora rutivi kwehurumende yehurumende mukutarisirwa kweruramisiro.

Kunzwisisa mabasa akasiyana nemitoro zvematare amatare mumarudzi akasiyana - siyana anhau kunokosha nokuda kwokunzwisisa kuti gadziriro yemitemo inodzikamisa sei fariro dzinokwikwidzana. Vatongi vemhosva vanoshanda muurefu hwakakwirira zvikurusa hweufakazi hwokudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu, nepo matare avagari vemo achipedza gakava dzakavanzika ndokugovera mutoro nokuda kwekuvadziko. Mibato yose iri miviri inotsigirwa nemiitiro yokungwarira nokuda kwokusarudza vatongi, cherechedzo youfakazi, uye kunzvera.

Nepo gadziriro yedare rinobetsera vatongi ichitarisana nedenho dzinobva mumhaka yazvino uno yakakomba, itiro hanya pamusoro perusaruro, uye kumuka kwechisarudzo chinotsiva, ukoshi hwayo hukuru hunoramba husingachinjiki. Juries inogovera mutoo wemubato wesangano muchisarudzo chapamutemo, nzvero pasimba rehurumende neromasangano, uye manyuko okunyoresa matare. Sezvo tsika yapamutemo inopfuurira kuva inochinja, kuchengetedza nokusimbisa sangano redare rinobetsera richaramba richikosha nokuda kwokuchengeta ruvimbiko rwavose nokutsigira nheyo dzeruramisiro dzinotsigira mutemo.

Kuda kushumira nokutendeka uye nokusasarura ndiko kunoita kuti vatongi vave nesimba ravo uye kuvimbisa kuti kutongwa zvakanaka kunoramba kuripo.