Table of Contents
Bazu Rine Chinzvimbo Chikuru: Foundation of Constitution and Programme
Bazu roMubati Une Simba, rakatangwa pasi peChikamu II cheBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., rinomirira ruoko rwokusimbisa rwehurumende yehurumende. Kusafanana neLegislative Bazu reSapy, iro rinogadzira mutemo, kana kuti Bazu reRecuaucial Branch, iro rinoududzira, Bazu reBazu reVane Simba rinopa mhaka yokushandisa nokushandisa rudzi ’ rinovimbisa simba. Iri basa renheyo rinoita kuti Purezidhendi nemushandiro mukuru rive mutsika chaiyoiyo. Vagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo vakagadzira noune urongwa hwesangano reSabata ̬ varotapuresitisiti yesimba panzvimbo pedare &8222; rinovimbisa simba, kutsunga, uye kuzvidavirira mukudzora.
Dare rinoisa simba rapamusoro muMutungamiriri weBumbiro reMitemo muMutongi, asi rinogadzawo chishandiso chikuru chinobatanidza Mutungamiriri weSangano, Bizati, masangano anozvimirira, uye hurumende yehurumende. Pamwe chete, izvi zvinhu zvinoumba gadziriro huru yokutarisira iyo inotapura anenge rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu hweAmerica, kubva kuchengeteko yenyika nokupinda kusvikira kutarisiro yeutano nemitemo yemhoteredzo. Kunzwisisa kuvakwa kwegadziriro ino kunokosha mukunzwisisa kuti muitiro unoumbwa sei, unopindwa, uye wakanatswa sei nokufamba kwenguva yakati.
Purezidhendi Somukuru Wehurumende: Simba Nemabasa
Purezidhendi ane nzvimbo yechienzi muAmerica, achibatira panguva imwe cheteyo somusoro wehurumende, musoro wehurumende, uye mutungamiriri wehurumende. Iyi nzanga inopa Purezidhendi pesvedzero yechienzi pamusoro penhungamiro yetsika, asi inoisawo ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzinokosha. Purezidhendi ̱ masimba emitemo anonyorwa muChikamu II, nepo masimba asina kurongwa akavamba kupfurikidza nemuenzaniso, nhume dzemitemo, uye muitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika.
Masimba eMitemo Nezvinonetsa Kushandisa
Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa Purezidhendi masimba anoverengeka akajeka ayo anoguma nemitemo. Simba reveto, somuenzaniso, rinopa Purezidhendi basa rakananga mumuitiro wemitemo. Kupfurikidza nokuramba kusaina mutemo mumutemo, Purezidhendi anogona kuvhara mutemo unorwisana nezvinokosha zvavo. Dare rinogona kubvisa chiteshi nevoruzhinji vari mudzimba mbiri, asi ichi chiteshi chakaoma kuita, chichiita kuti chive chishandiso chine simba. Mapurezidhendi anogona kushandisa tyisidziro yetsika inopesana nemitemo yavo kuti ibvise kubvumiranwa kwePumbindigati.
Simba rokugadza chimwe chinhu chinodenha. Purezidhendi anonatsiridza vanyori veCabitte, vatongi vehurumende, nhume, uye zviuru zvavamwe vakuru vakuru. Iyi mirairo yokugadza kwamakore, pane dzimwe nguva makumi amakore, pashure pokunge purezidhendi abva pahofisi. Kugadza kworutongeso, zvikurukuru, kune miuyo inogara nemhaka yokuti vatongi vehurumende vanobatira kugadza kwoupenyu hwose. Purezidhendi mumwe anogona kudzosa jaji rehurumende munzira idzo dzinopesvedzera kududzirwa kwemitemo uye kuvakwa kwemitemo nokuda kwezvizvarwa.
Simba rebvumirano rinobvumira Purezidhendi kuita zvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose, kunyange zvazvo zvibvumirano zvinoda kudzorwa nedare nevhoti mbiri. Mapurezidhendi akatendeukira nenzira inowedzera kuzvibvumirano zvokutungamirira, izvo zvisingadi tendero yeDare, kuti aite muitiro wokumwe nomutoo unobudirira zvikuru. Ichi chinjo inoratidzira kuoma kuri kukura kwoukama hwamarudzi ose uye denho dzinoshanda dzokuchengeta tsigiro muDare rapasi pose.
Mirairidzo Yavane Chinzvimbo Chikuru Nenhungamiro Dzapurezidhendi
Mirairo yapamberi pebumbiro remitemo iri pakati pamaturusi anooneka zvikurusa esimba rapurezidhendi. Iyi mirairidzo ine simba romutemo pasina kuda tendero yedare, kunyange zvazvo ichifanira kudzikamiswa muchiremera chemitemo chiripo kana kuti simba rebumbiro remitemo. Mapurezidhendi kubva kuna George Washington kusvikira kuicho anoshandisa mirairo yavakuru vakuru kuti vatarisire vashandi vomubatanidzwa, chiito chesangano chakananga, uye kutanga mirau yetsika. Mirairo yechiremera inogona kuchinjwa napurezidhendi vanotevera, inovaita chishandiso chinogara zvikuru kupfuura mutemo asi inobvumirawo chinjo yetsika inokurumidza.
Kupfuura zvirevo zvavatungamiriri, Purezidhendi vanopa basa rapurezidhendi rebhukwana, zviziviso, uye nhungamiro dzenyika. Chishandiso chimwe nechimwe chinobatira chinangwa chakasiana. Mutezo waPrezidhendi weTranda wakafanana nemirairo yehurumende asi unoshandiswa zvikurukuru nokuda kwenhau dzakawanda dzenguva dzose dzokutarisira. Zvirevo zvinoshandiswa kazhinji kazhinji kuva zvetsika asi zvinogona kuva noukoshi hwapamutemo, zvikurukuru apo zvinowirirana nokutengesa kana kuti kubuda. Nhevedzo dzeko dzinodzora mabasa ezvirongwa zvehurumende zvinorongwa zvakarongwa namano, zvinoshanda zvikurukuru kunze kwomurangariro wavose asi nemiuyo mikuru nokuda kwomuitiro wokumwe nyika.
Dare Nezvirongwa Zvehurumende: Bazu Rine Mutungamiriri Riri Kushanda
Dare rinoumbwa navakuru vemadhipatimendi gumi namashanu avakuru vakuru, mumwe nomumwe ane mutoro wenzvimbo yakasiana yemiitiro. Munyori weHurumende anotarisira ukama hwedzimwe nyika, Munyori weMachinda anotarisira mauto, Munyori weUtano neMabasa avanhu anotarisira gadziriro dzoutano, uye zvichingodaro. Ivava vakuru vemadhipatimendi vanogadzwa naPrezidhendi uye vanosimbiswa neDare, uye vanobatira paMutungamiriri weHurumende ̱ mufaro. Izvi zvinoreva kuti Mutungamiriri wePrezidhendi anogona kubvisa mabhii eKibsitekta panguva ipi neipi, achivimbisa kurongeka nerongedzero yezvokutungamirira.
Basa Rezvirongwa Nemabasa Okuzvimirira
Haasati ari masangano ose avakuru vakuru ebazu anowira pasi poudzori hwakananga hwamapurezidhendi. Masangano eekuzvimirira akadai seFederal Reserve, Securence and Exchange Commission, uye Federal Commission inoshanda nemwero wakati wouzvimiriri kubva kuWhite House. Masangano aya anotungamirirwa zvikurukuru namabhiparti ane mitezo inoshanda semashoko akatsigairwa uye inogona kubviswa bedzi nokuda kwechisakiso. Iyi imba inodzivisa mibato yakati yokudzorwa mudzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika, kubvumira unyanzvi hwezvokugadzirwa nokupfuurira kudzosera kunzvimbo.
Kuvapo kwamasangano akazvimirira kunoparira simba guru mukati meBazu reGumbi rinotungamirirwa. Mapurezidhendi anogona kupesvedzera aya masangano kupfurikidza nezvikarakadzo zvemitemo, asi haagoni kudzora zvakananga mabasa awo ezuva nezuva. Uku kusawirirana pakati pekuzvidavirira kwezvamatongerwe enyika naunyanzvi hwokuzvimirira ichinhu chinorondedzera mutemo unodzora weAmerica. Dare Rapamusoro rayera rayera rakakomba rakakombazve panzvimbo yesimba rokubvisa purezidhendi, zvikurukuru muzvinoitika zvakafanana Free Enterpeciency Fund v. Public Company Accounting Oversation Oversact Board[[F:1]] uye [FLT:] Mutemo] na .SFUM]
Mutungamiriri Wemitemo Yemhuri: Kugadza uye Kudzika Midzi
Purezidhendi anoita basa guru mukuronga purogiramu dzemhuri. Gore rimwe nerimwe, Purezidhendi anopa State of the Union kero, achionesa zvokutanga zvemitemo nevavariro. Kero yacho inoshanda zvose zviri zviviri chinodikanwa chebumbiro remitemo nenzvimbo yezvamatongerwe enyika, achibvumira Purezidhendi kuumba nhau dzorudzi uye kutsigira ruzhinji. Purezidhendi anopawo chikarakadzo chemari yemari yegore negore kuCongress, chinorega kupedza zvinhu zvinokosha nemitengo yemari. Apo Congress inotonga simba rechikwama, chikarakadzo chemari chinoumba mifungo yekurukurirano yenhau yehurumende uye chirongwa chemari chePromente.
Basa Routungamiriri Muutano, Dzidzo, uye Muitiro Wemari
Mumiitiro youtano, Purezidhendi akasunda chinjo huru dzakadai seAffordble Care Act pasi paPurezidhendi Oma, Medicare regino remirimo inotenderwa pasi paPurezidhendi George W. Bush, uye zvirongwa zvezvoutano zvakasiyana- siyana. Purezidhendi ’ mano okupesvedzera muitiro woutano anotambanudza kupfuura mutemo kubatanidza zviito zvokudzoresa, zviratidzo zvehurumende, uye nhungamiro yezvokutarisira. Somuenzaniso, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, sangano riri mukati me Department of Health and Human Services, miraudzo dzinodzora kuti vatarisiri vezvoutano vanodzo dzoutano vanodzorwa sei, inotapura zvakananga kusvika kwomugariro wokurarama.
Muitiro wedzidzo nenzira yakafanana unoratidzira zvokutanga zvapurezidhendi. Department of Education inogovera yamuro yavadzidzi yehurumende, inoita kuti mitemo yekodzero dzavagari vemo ive yapamutemo muzvikoro, uye inogovera mari kumaruwa nezvikoro. Mapurezidhendi akashandisa chiito chokutungamirira kugadziridza kudzorwa kwechikwereti chavadzidzi, kuchinja zita rokutarisira, uye kusimudzira nhano dzezvikoro. Zviito izvi zvinoratidzira kuti Bazu reBazu reBasa reBasa rinoLatisha reBasa reHurumende rinogona sei kugadzira miuyo pasina kumirira mutemo mutsva.
Gadziriro yezvemari zvichida ndiyo nzvimbo inooneka zvikurusa yepesvedzero yapurezidhendi. Purezidhendi anoshanda neDare reEconomic Advisers, Dhipatimendi reZvemari, uye Hofisi yeHofisi yoUdzori neHwaro kuti zvikudziridze zvikarakadzo zvemari. Purezidhendi anogadza Chaicho yeFederal Reserve Board, kunyange zvazvo Fid ichishanda yakazvimirira mukuva nemitemo yemari. Mitemo, muitiro wezvokutengeserana, uye shopu yepfuma zvinopedza zvose zvinowira mukati maPrezidhenti ̱ nzvimbo yepesvedzero, pamusoro petendero nekurukurirano yedare.
Mitemo yokuMamwe uye Chengeteko yeNyika: Mutungamiriri weHurumende Semutungamiriri weNhengo
Purezidhendi ’ masimba emiitiro yokumwe akafara uye akakudzwa zvikuru pamusoro penhau yeAmerica. Bumbiro reMitemo rinodudza Purezidhendi saMutungamiriri-in-Chiend wemauto ane zvombo, basa rinotakura mutoro mukuru. Mapurezidhendi akaraira kupindira kwehondo, kusiiwa kwamauto ari kune imwe nyika, uye akabvumira kurova pasina mvumo yedare rapamberi petendero. Masimba eHondo eGarance a 1973 akaedza kudzvinyirira Purezidhendi ̱ mano okuita masimba kurwisana, asi mukushanda, vapurezidhendi vakachengeta nzvimbo huru munhau dzehondo.
Kuzvinyima, Kuranga, uye Zvibvumirano Zvemarudzi Ose
Masimba ehurumende anogonesa Purezidhendi kuziva hurumende dzokumwe, kutaura zvibvumirano, uye kugadza. Purezidhendi anosarudza kuti hurumende dzeUnited States dzinozivai, chisarudzo chine chokuita nezvamatongerwe enyika. Tsvuromedzo ibasa rakaoma rinobatanidza Department yeHurumende, National Security Council, uye kazhinji kazhinji nzanga yevakachenjera. Kana zvibvumirano zvikangoda kuti dare rikurumidzwe, asi Mapurezidhendi anogonawo kupinda muzvibvumirano zvehurumende zvine simba remitemo yenyika yose pasina tendero. Kushandiswa kwezvibvumirano zvehurumende kwakura zvikuru, zvichiratidza zvinodikanwa zvinoshanda zvekukurukurirana kwazvino uno.
Kushambidzwa, Kutengeswa Kwemabhizimisi, uye Kugadzirwa Kwemari
Zvirango zvemari zvazova chishandiso chikuru chegadziriro yokumwe yehurumende. Purezidhendi anogona kuisa zvirango pahurumende dzokumwe, masangano, kana kuti vanhu vamwe navamwe kupfurikidza nemirairo yavakuru vakuru yakapiwa muchiremera chehurumende zvakadai seInternational Emergency Economic Powers Act. Kuzvidzora kunoshandiswa kupedza zvinetso zvakawanda, kubatanidza kushandiswa kwakawanda kwekodzero dzevanhu, kuwanda kwenyukireya, ugandanga, uye kusagadzikana kwenharaunda. Kutengesa kunobatanidza kuoma kwemifungo yematongero dzezvamatongerwe enyika, sokufanira kudzora zvamatongerwe enyika, zvibvumirano zvebhizimisi zvamarudzi ose, uye chiremera chinopiwa neCongresstion pasi pechiremera chokusimudzira kutengeserana.
Kushandisa Mutemo: Kubva Pamutemo Kukushandisa
Kana Congress yangopa mitemo, Bazu Rine Simba rinoita basa guru rokushandisa. Iri basa rinobatanidza kudzosa mitemo, kudzika mutemo, uye kudzorwa kwegadziriro dzinopfuurira. Masangano eFederal anopa mitemo inoshandura mutauro wakafara wemitemo kuva zvinodiwa chaizvo. Administrative Proceduct Act inodzora muitiro uyu, ichida kuti masangano akurumidze kubudisa mitemo inokarakadzwa, kugamuchira tsinhiro dzavose, uye kubudisa mitemo yokupedzisira inoperekedzwa netsananguro yakafungwa.
Gadziriro Yokutungamirira Netapuro Yayo
Mitemo ine simba romutemo uye ine simba rakananga pamabhizimisi, vanhu, uye hurumende. Ceasha Air Act, somuenzaniso, inobvumira Environmental Protection Agency kugadza mipimo inoiswa necherokushatisa. Mipimo chaiyo yeEPA inosarudza kuti ibhizimisi rakadini rinofanira kutengwa muruzivo rwokudzora shatiso, kuti idziviriroi inova neveAmerica yezvoutano, uye kuti hurumende dzinodzora sei gadziriro dzavo dzemhepo. Purezidhendi anopesvedzera muitiro uyu kupfurikidza nokugadzwa kwemitezo yesangano, kuhwirudzura kwemitemo inokarakadzwa neHofisi yeMakurukota enhau neRegatation Affation, uye chiremera chokudzora kana kuti kudzora miramira miraniso iripo.
Gadziriro yacho yakura zvikuru muzana ramakore rapfuura. Mutemo weMitemo yeFederal zvino une makumi ezviuru amapeji anodzora chinhu chiri chose kubva kukotsekano yezvokudya kusvikira kumisika yemari. Mapurezidhendi anobva kumativi ose ari maviri akaedza kushandisa udzori hukuru pamuitiro wokutungamirira. Mirayiro yechiremera inoda kuongororwa kwendyiko huru yemirau yave iripo chifo chokutarisira kushambadzwa, uye purezidhendi anotevera akawedzera zvinodikanwa zvokuwedzera kuti pave nokujeka, kuvimbika kwesayenzi, uye kubatana.
Makemikari Nedzikamo: Kuganhurira Simba Roukuru
Vagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo vakaronga gadziriro yechekedzo nedzikamo kudzivisa bazu rimwe ripi neripi kudzora hurumende. Bazu reGuru rinodzorwa rinodzorwa nevose vari vaviri Congress nematare. Dare rinodzora bhajeti, rinogona kumanikidza chipupuriro kupfurikidza namapopo, uye rine simba rokusaita mutevedzeri nokubvisa. matare anohwirudzura zviito zvavakuru vakuru nokuda kwechiremera chebumbiro remitemo uye anogona kuputsa miraudzo inopfuura chiremera chomutemo.
Kutarisira Kwedare Nesimba Rechitoro
Kutarisira kweCongress ibasa rinomanikidzirwa kudzorwa nesimba ravakuru vakuru. Matare muzvose zviri zviviri Imba neDare anotonga, magwaro okukumbira, uye anonzvera mibato yebazu ramahofisi makuru. Gurukota reReference Authority Office rinonzvera nokunzvera paCongress ’ chikumbiro. Congregational Ballet Office inopa kunzvera kwazvimiririro zvaPrezidhenti ’ miraudzo yemari yemari yezvirongwa nendyiko yemitemo inokarakadzwa. Iri basa rokutarisira rinovimbisa kuti Bazu reBazu reBazi reBazi reBazi rinotonga vanhu rinoramba richizvidavirira kuvamiriri vakasarudzwa.
Simba rechikwama chacho zvichida ndicho Congress ’ chishandiso chakasimba zvikurusa. Hapana mari inogona kupedzwa kubva kuvenzi pasina kudzorwa neCongress. Ikoku kunopa Congress simba guru pamusoro pezvinokosha zvamapazu avakuru vakuru. Mapurezidhendi angakumbira mari nokuda kwepurogiramu dzakati, asi pakupedzisira Congress inosarudza mari yokugovera uye mumigariroi. Vatasvi vemitezo vanogona kuganhurira chiito chapamusoro panhau dzakati, kubva kumiramira kunzvimbo yehondo kuenda kumabasa ehondo.
Kuhwirudzura Ruramisiro Yechiito Chine Chiremera
Matare anoita basa rinokosha mukurondedzera miganhu yesimba guru. Dare Gurusa rakagadza ganhuriro dzinokosha pachiremera chapurezidhendi munhau dzakadai se vaduku vaJourwn Short & Lamp; Tube. Sawyer, iyo yakarova Purezidhendi Truman #817; kubvuta kwesimbi mukati meHondo yeKorea, uye [[FLTL:2] United States v. Nixon, iyo yaida kuti Purezidhendi Nixon atendere pamusoro petepiti yemvura. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, Dare rakakurukura mibvunzo yechiremera chokutama, nhevedzano, uye dare. Resmeoptionsssssss reconstrivertiverivertiveries.
Kushanduka Kwesimba Rapurezidhendi MuNguva Yazvino Uno
Simba raPurezidhendi rakakura zvikuru chifo chenhambo yakagadzwa. Kukura kwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende, kuoneka kweUnited States senyika hurusa, uye kuoma kwezvinetso zvemhuri nedzemarudzi ose zvose zvakaparira iyi kombamiro. Chiprista chazvino uno chine kufanana kuduku nehofisi ine mwero inofungwa navagadziri. Vashandi veHouse vakura kubva kuvashomanene vavanyori vemabharani kusvikira kusangano guru rine mazana evaongorori vemiitiro, nyanzvi, uye nyanzvi dzekurukurirano.
Kukura kwesimba ravakuru vakuru kwakaparira gakava rinopfuurira pamusoro pedzikamo yebumbiro remitemo.Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti purezidhendi ava ane simba zvikuru, asingateereri Congress uye chiremera chokuisa ngwariro muWhite House.Varevereri vanotaura kuti mukuru mukuru akasimba ari madikanwa kupedza zvinodikanwa zvokudzora kwazvino uno uye kuti nzvero nedzikamo zvinopfuurira kushanda nenzira inobudirira.
Mugumisiro: Zvinorehwa Nokutungamirira Zvine Chiremera
Basa raPresidenti neBazu reBazu rinotungamirirwa rinoramba riri pakati pemiitiro yokutungamirira kuAmerica. Kupfurikidza namasimba ebumbiro remitemo, chiremera chemitemo, uye utungamiriri hwezvamatongerwe enyika, Purezidhendi anoumba muitiro wemhuri nowokumwe munzira dzinotapura muAmerica iri yose. Branch yeGurusa reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reP. Kunzwisisa kuti kuva mutungamiriri weHurumende kunoshanda sei mukati mebumbiro remitemo kunokosha kunokosha nokuda kwokuva mugarikano inoziviswa nekuva nekuva netapuro yehurumende yehurumende inotonga.
Gadziriro yecherekedzo nedzikamo dzinovimbisa kuti simba ravakuru richaramba richizvidavirira. Kudzora mari uye kunogona kudzorwa, matare anohwirudzura zviito nokuda kwomutemo, uye vanhu vanopa vaPurezidhendi kuzvidavirira kupfurikidza nesarudzo. Uku kubatanidzwa pakati pesimba nokuzvidavirira kunorondedzera hurumende inosarudzwa nemitemo yeAmerica. Purezidhendi neBazu reBazu reBazu reBazi rinotungamirirwa richapfuurira kuita basa guru mukutungamirira, asi vachaita kudaro mukati megadziriro yakagadzirirwa kuchengetedza rusununguko, kuva nechokwadi chokuoneka, uye kuchengeta paradzaniswa kwamasimba ayo akatsigira hurumende inotonga nyika yose kwamazana maviri amakore.
Nokuda kwokuravazve, bvunza [[FLT: 0] rondedzero yapamutemo yeBhite House yeBazu raVatungamiriri, hwirudzura Constitution ̱ Rutivi II paNational Archives, uye nzvera Hofisi yeMatare yeMatare Authonity ’ rondedzero dzebasa rayo rokutarisira. Izvi zviwirirano zvinogovera mamiriro ezvinhu ane chiremera pachivako, masimba, uye ganhuriro dzeBazi reChibvumirano mugadziriro yeAmerica.