Kunzwisisa Bazu Ravatungamiriri: Basa raPurezidhendi Mukutonga kweAmerica

Bazu guru rehurumende yeUnited States injini inochinja donzo remitemo kuva chiito chezuva nezuva. Nepo Congress inonyora mitemo nerondedzero dzedare rinotonga, ndiPrezidenti nesangano guru rehurumende rinoita bhizimisi renyika. Kubva pakusaina murairo mutsva wezvoutano wokuisa mauto mhiri kwamakungwa, zvisarudzo zvaPrezidhendi zvinotapura zvakananga muAmerica. Vadzidzi navadzidzisi vanotsvaka nzwisiso yakadzama yemashandire anoita hurumende yehurumende, kunzvera chivako chebazu rehurumende, masimba, uye ganhuriro. Nyaya inopa kunzvera kwakakwana izvo Purezidhendi weAmerica anoita, mavambo emitemo esimba rehurumende, uye ganhuriro yemiteko inonzvera izvo zvinochengeta simba iroro mukunzvera.

Foundation yeBumbiro reMitemo Negadziriro Yebazu Rinotungamirira

Chikamu II cheBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. chinosimbisa bazu guru nembato dzaro muna Purezidhendi mumwe. Vagadziri vamaune vakagadzira mukuru mukuru akasimba, akabatana kuti vave nechokwadi chokuchengetwa kwemitemo kwenguva dzose nenhevedzano yakajeka yemitemo, zvikurukuru muzvinhu zvokunze nedziviriro yenyika. Mukusafanana nebazu remitemo yewisciogn, iro rakakamurwa kuva makamuri maviri, bazu guru rinodzorwa naPrezidhendi pamusoro, richiteverwa naMutungamiriri weSani, Khabhinezari, uye ipapo madhipatimendi akawanda ehurumende namasangano ehurumende.

Chivako chapakuvamba chakanga chiri chiduku zvikuru, asi chinopfuura mazana maviri amakore, chakakura kuva bazi gurusa rehurumende, rinoshandisa mamirioni avashandi vasiri varwi navamauto. Zvikamu zvikuru zvinobatanidza Hofisi yeUniversity yePresident ye (EOP), iyo inopa tsigiro yakananga kuWhite House; madhipatimendi 15 eCabitten (zvakadai seHurumende, Defense, Trefera, uye Justice); uye mazana amasangano anozvimirira (se Nhungadzoro, NASA, uye Federal Reserve).

Masimba ePurezidhendi anotorwa muChikamu II, icho chinobatanidza basa roku "Tarisisa kuti Mitemo iitwe nokutendeka," simba rokugadza vakuru vakuru (nokubvumirana neDare), uye basa roMutungamiriri muNhevedzo. Nokufamba kwenguva, aya masimba akadudzirwa zvakafara, zvikurukuru munguva dzenjodzi, asi anoramba ari pasi penzvero dzinoiswa neDare nematare.

Mabasa Akanaka aPurezidhendi

Purezidhendi anopfeka ngowani dzakawanda, uye basa rezuva nezuva remiitiro yemudzimba, ukama hwokumwe, murairo wehondo, uye utarisiri hwehurumende. zvikamu zvinotevera zvinodonongodza mitoro mikuru inorondedzera kuva mutungamiriri.

Kushandisa Mitemo Yenzanga

Basa gurusa raPurezidhendi nderokuva nechokwadi chokuti mitemo yehurumende inoitwa nokutendeka. Uyu mutoro hausati uchingova wokufananidzira bedzi; unobatanidza kutungamirira nokutarisira boka guru ramasangano ayo anoshandisa chinhu chiri chose kubva mumutero kusvikira kukunzvera kwekotsekano yezvokudya. Somuenzaniso, Purezidhendi anogadza misoro yeBato reSangano neBato reHomelal Security, uyo ipapo anotarisira kuchengetwa kwomutemo nokuchengetwa kwokupinda munyika, pamwe chete. Mutungamiriri anogonawo kugadza mitemo yokuita zvinhu zvinokosha kupfurikidza nezvirairidzo zvechiremera nemirairo yehurumende, inoumba kuti mitemo inodzikamiswa sei mukushanda. Iri simba rinodzikamiswa noutariri hwedare: Congressssss inogona kunzvera zviito zvoumbidzo, kuisa mari, kana kuti kupfuudzira mitemo mitsva kujekesa kana kuti kuganhuririra ganhuridzo.

Kutungamirira Muitiro Wokumwe

Purezidhendi ndiye mumiririri mukuru wenyika yose uye muvaki mukuru wegadziriro yokumwe weU.S. izvi zvinobatanidza kutaurirana nokusaina zvibvumirano (zvinoda kuti Dare ritsigiswe nevhoti mbiri), kubatanidzwa muzvibvumirano zvehurumende navatungamiriri vokumwe, uye kumirira United States panzvimbo dzenyika yose seSangano Romubatanidzwa weNyika. Purezidhendi anewo simba rokuziva hurumende dzokumwe nokugamuchira nhume. Somuenzaniso, chisarudzo chaPurezidhendi wedare kuisa zvibvumikiso zvemari, kubatanidza chibvumirano chezve mamiriro emisi yebhizimisi, kana kuti kumira pabvumirano yebhizimisi inogona kumirazve nyika yose. Munyori weHurumende anobatira somutevedzeri mukuru wehurumende wokumwe nyika, asi mupi wechiremera chikuru muHouse yeWhite.

Mutungamiriri Wemauto Ane Zvombo

Chikamu II chinoratidzira Purezidhendi semutungamiriri wehondo nehondo, achipa udzori hwakananga pahondo. Iri simba rinobvumira Purezidhendi kuraira mauto kupinda muhondo, kutungamirira gadziriro dzehondo, uye kubvumira mabasa okuvhara. Zvisinei, Bumbiro reMitemo rinochengeta simba rokuzivisa hondo chose chose kuDare, kuvamba chikwaniso chokungwarira. Mumuitiro wazvino uno, vaPrezidhendi vakashandisa mauto pasina kuzivisa kwetsika kwehondo kwehondo, kuisa mhepo, kuendesa mauto chaiwo, kana kuti kupinda mumibato yokuchengeta rugare. Chisarumbiso chehondo chinodazve kuti Purezidhendi azivise mauto mukati mamaawa 48 okuita mauto neganhuriro okurwa kwehondo. Uku kuzviisa pakati pebumbiro rehurumende nero rehurumende kunzvimbo huru renyika yose inoramba kuzviisa mumaoko nemitemo yehondo.

Vatungamiriri Vehurumende Vanogadza

Purezidhendi anogadza vakuru vakuru muhurumende yehurumende yehurumende, kubatanidza vanyori veCabinet, vatongi vehurumende (kubatanidza vatongi veDare repamusorosoro), nhume, uye vakuru vemasangano anozvimirira. Uku kugadza kunodzorwa nesimbiso yeDare(a muitiro wakarongedzerwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti vaminei vanokwanisa uye vanogamuchirika kuvazhinji vevakuru vakuru. Simba raPrezidhendi ichishandiswa chakakomba chokuumba mitemo. Somuenzaniso, chisarudzo chaPresidenti weDare reSupreme Court chinogona kupesvedzera mutemo wemitemo kwemakumi amakore. Mukuwedzera, Purezidhendi anogadza zviuru zvenzvimbo mukati mebazi guru, kubva kuvatungamiriri vesangano kumitezo yemitengo yehurumende. Vakuru vakuru ava ipapo vanotakurawo zvirongwa zvedare.

Kupa Mitemo

Chimwe chezvishandiso zvemitemo zvine simba zvikurusa iveto. Pashure pokunge Congress yapfuudza mutemo, Purezidhendi anogona kuuisaidza mumutemo, ngauve mutemo pasina kusaina pashure pamazuva gumi (kana kuti Congress iri murusando), kana kuti kuiramba, pamutemo. Chitendero chinogona kudzora chirevo chose chose. Chinongedzo chinogona kudzora chiteshi, asi icho chinoda voruzhinji muzvose zviri zviviri muImba neDare. Mutengi angasakurumidza kusangana. Chityisidziro cheveto bedzi chinogona kuumba mutemo, sezvo Congressssssssssssssssss anowanzohayhairdenting train ardeciption.

Kubudisa Nhevedzo Yavatungamiriri Neziviso

Pasina kududzwa zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo, mirairo yavakuru vakuru yazova chishandiso chinodikanwa nokuda kwaMapurezidhendi kuti vatungamirire masangano ehurumende nokutarisira bazu guru. Chirairidzo choukuru chinotakura simba romutemo asi chiri mudzorerwo yedare uye chinogona kudzorwa nemitemo yakatevera kana kuti murairo waPresidhente womunguva yemberi. Mapurezidhendi anoshandisa mirairo yavakuru vakuru kuti vaite chinjo pasina kumirira Congress (pamwe muenzaniso), kutanga miganhu mitsva yemhoteredzo, kurongazve masangano ehurumende, kana kuti ganhuriro dzezvokutengeserana. Zvibvumikiso zvebhizimisi zvakafanana asi kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji zvokufananidzira, zvakadai sokuzivisa zuva renyika rechirangoridzo kana kuti kuronga chirevo. Nepo zvirevo zvavakuru vakuru vehurumende vachipa rwisa rwisano yapamutemo kana kuti vasaita ganhurniro dzapamutemo kana vachitevera miganhuro yemitemo yemitemo iripo.

Kupa Mapardon Nezvipfeko

Chikamu II chinopa Purezidhendi simba rokupa kutenderwa nokuregerera mhaka dzehurumende, kunze kwemhaka dzekusatendeseka. Uku simba rinobvumira Purezidhendi kudzosa mitongo, kuderedza zvirango, kana kuti kukanganwira zvizere vanhu vakawanwa nemhaka dzemhosva dzehurumende. Simba rinoregerera nderekutenderwa chose chose uye kwete kubvumiranwa, kunyange zvazvo kazhinji kazhinji kuchiitirwa nharo mune zvematongerwe enyika. Vatungamiriri vehurumende vakaishandisa nokuda kwezvikonzero zvakasiyana- siyana, kubva mukururamisa mitongo isina kururama kusimudzira kuyanana kworudzi. Somuenzaniso, Purezidhendi Gerald Ford’s Nixon naPrezidenti Barack Obamut's coms reconsss forginal res res res resmoration asingaiti chirango chirevotiso chechiremera ukuru hweiri simba. Vatsoropotesori kuti kukanganwira kunogona kukanganisa ruramisiro ruramisiro ruramisiro, asi vanoona sechino inokosha.

Purezidhendi Semutarisiri Wenjodzi

Panguva dzenjodzi dzenyika yose, utungamiriri hwaPrezidhendi hunova hunooneka zvikuru. Bazu guru rakagadzirirwa kuita chiito nokukurumidza, uye Purezidhendi ane zvinhu zvisina rimwe bazi: kuraira kwakananga kwehondo, kudzora masangano ehurumende, uye mano okukurukurirana zvakananga nevoruzhinji. Munhau, Purezidhendi vakashandisa masimba enjodzi kuti vapindure njodzi dzinongoitika dzoga, kuparara kwemari, uye kudenha kwemagandanga. Stafford Act inobvumira Purezidhendi kuti azivise njodzi huru, ivhure rubatsiro rwehurumende kuti izivise. Nenzira yakafanana, National Emer Division Act inobvumira Purezidhente kuzivisa njodzi yorudzi uye kuita kuti masimba chaiwo. Zvisinei, masimba aya anoganhurirwa nezvinodikanwa kuti Dare riziviswe uye kuti zvinhu zvidzorwe panguva nenguva nenguva nenguva.

Ngwavaira Dzomusikirwo Nemhinduro Yamagariro

Apo madutu, mirazvo yemhepo inopisa, kudengenyeka kwapasi, kana kuti zvirwere zvinorovanya, Purezidhendi anoronga mhinduro yehurumende. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) inogara zvinhu(suplies, vashandi, mari inobatsira hurumende(kubetsera hurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo). Mutungamiriri anogonawo kutungamirira Department yeUnicificial kuti ipe tsigiro, yakadai sengarava dzezvokurapa kana kuti majenishingiricha. Muenzaniso unozivikanwa wakanga uri mhinduro yehurumende kuPrricane Katria muna 2005, iyo yakaparira kutsoropodza kudzokororana kwechipa nehurumende muna 2017.

Kunaya Kwemari uye Zvinetso

Njodzi dzemari dzinoedza mano aPrezidhendi kudzikamisa misika nokudzivirira mabasa. Nepo Congress inodzora muitiro wemari nemutero(*) Purezidhendi angakarakadza zvirongwa, kushandisa zvirango zvokutungamirira kugadziridza mirau, uye kutungamirira masangano akadai seTreasurel neFederal Revement (izvizvimiriri) kuita chiito. Mukati mekuna Great Recession (2009-2009), Purezidhendi George W. Bush akasaina Aspectal Ascessss Publication Program (ATARP), uye Purezidenti Barack Obama akasaina Sayina American Reinvest Act. Muchinearence CHOV, Donald Traclarence akasaina Acts as as Act uye anoshandisa puromeswo mari yavadzidzi. Pashure pedzo yemari yedatesitiki inoto, kunyange nesimba rezvorome.

Chengeteko Yorudzi uye Ugandanga Hwokurwisa

Kutyisidzirwa nevavengi vokune dzimwe nyika, mapoka emagandanga, kana kuti kurwisa kwepakombiyuta kunoda kuti Purezidhendi aite somudziviriri wenyika. National Security Council (NSC) inopa zano Purezidhendi panhau dzose dzekuchengeteka kwerudzi, kuunganidza vaSecript of State and Defect, Mutungamiriri weNational Intelligence, uye Mutungamiriri weMapurisa weMachinda eScoff. Mutungamiriri weSangano anobvumira kuti mabasa okuvhara, kuungana kwouchenjeri, uye kuedza kuronga kudzivirira. Somuenzaniso, kurwisa kwakauraya Osamabin Laden, kwainwa noMutungamiriri weNavy Provity Artics Lys. Makurukota anewo chiremera chokutsiva kutsiva hurumende dzevarwirivhinzi uye magandanga. Aya masimba aya akafara, asi anotarisira kumatare edare rezvo.

Mutungamiriri weHurumende: Mubiyake Mukuru

Kunyange zvazvo achiwanzofuratirwa, Mutungamiriri weSanihe mukuru mukuru mukuru wechipiri mubazu guru uye ndiye wokutanga mumutsara wokubudirira paPurezidhendi. Basa raPurezidhendi weSayenzi rebumbiro remitemo nderokubatira saPurezidhendi weDare (kuputsa vhota dzechikwata) uye kutora kuva mukuru mukuru kana Purezidhendi akabviswa, akafa, kana kuti kushaya simba. Kupfuura izvi, Purezidhendi wePrezidhendi nhasi anoshanda savapi vepedyo, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji achitora rutivi rwakati rwemiitiro yemiitiro yaJoe Biden inotarisira basa rinonyandura basa ra2009 kana kuti Kamara Harris anonarira pakodzero dzokuvhotera nokubuda munyika. Mutungamiriri wePrezidhente anotsamira pakuvimba naPrezidhente, asi hofisi yakura zvikuru muukuru uye pamakore 50 apfuura.

Kabhineti Negadziriro Dzehurumende

Kabhini inoumbwa navakuru vemadhipatimendi 15 anotungamirira, vanogadzwa naPurezidhendi uye vanosimbiswa neDare. Ava vanyori navatungamiriri vanotarisira masangano makuru: Department of Defense ine vashandi vanenge mamiriyoni matatu, nepo Dhipatimendi reHemavhura neDhipatimendi rinodzora Medicare naMedicaid. Mitezo yedare pamwe chete inopa zano Purezidhendi, asi mumwe nomumwe ane mabasa ehurumende azvimirimo. Somuenzaniso, Munyori weTrenda anotarisira mari yehurumende, nepo Athorney General (mukuru weBato reSabataramende) anoisa mutemo wehurumende. Mutungamiriri wedare anogadza nhungamiro kupfurikidza nemiraudzo yemari, asi vashandi vehurumende vanoshandisa mitemo iyoyo. Iyi purogiramu inovimbisa kuti zvirongwa zvaPrezidhente zvii zviirwei zviidzo zvehurumende zviidzo zvose, kunyange zvazvo zvichiitawo kuti vatungamiriri vehurumende vadzo vadzo vadzore.

Makemikari Nedzikamo: Kuganhurira Simba Roukuru

Vagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo vakatya udzvinyiriri, naizvozvo vakavaka gadziriro yecheki nedzikamo mukati mebazu rinodzora rimene napakati pamapazu. Miitiro mitatu inokosha inoganhurira simba raPurezidhendi: utariri hwedare, hwirudzuro yedare, uye muitiro wokuvhota.

Kutarisira Kunoitwa Nevarwi

Congress ine chiremera chikuru chokunzvera bazu guru. Matare ane matare okutonga, mapepa echipasa, uye dare rehurumende reMasarudzo (GAO) kuti aongorore basa resangano. Misangano inodzorawo bhajeti; pasina kuronga, hofisi yebazu ringashanda. Kuwedzera, simba reDare rekuranga nokusabvumirana pakugadzwa uye zvibvumirano zvinoripa kuongorora zvakananga vashandi vapurezidhendi negadziriro yokumwe. Imba inogona kutanga kushora kurwisana naPrezidheni, Mutungamiriri wenyika, kana kuti mukuru mukuru upi noupi wehurumende nokuda kwe "yere, chioko, kana kuti utsotsi hwakakwirira uye zvimwe utsotsi." neposvosvo zvisingawanzowanwa, tyisidziro. Somuenzaniso, mumigumisiro yenyadziro yeWaternateastries, Nixcoach, Prence, anenge adzoresa.

Kuhwirudzura Kutonga

Madison (1803]. Kana Purezidhendi akapa murayiro wehurumende unopfuura chiremera kana kuti kuputsa kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo, masangano angakanganisa kuisa mutemo, uye matare anogona kudzika mitemo. Somuenzaniso, Dare repamusoro rakarova Purezidhendi Truman muhondo yeKorea mu muganhu weProtown Commentat & Tube. V. Sayer yemitemo yemitemo yehurumende ingadzivisa kuchengetwa kwemitemo. [FLTLT] [5] [192], matare ashatisa pamutemo pakudzosa basa rokupinda munyika.

Kuzvidavirira Kworuzhinji Nebatano Yavanhu

Pakupedzisira, nzvero ine simba zvikurusa paPurezidhendi muitiro weSangano. Makore mana ari ose, vavhoti vanosarudza kana vachizochengeta mukurumbira kana kuti kusarudza mutungamiriri mutsva. Mapurezidhendi anonyengera kana kuti anokundikana kupa miuyo anowanzotarisana nokukundwa pakuvhota. Mukuwedzera, pakati penhambo dzinogona kubvisa dzikamo yesimba muCongress, kuchiita kuti kuve kwakaoma zvikuru kuti Purezidhendi afambisire mberi zvinangwa zvavo. Gadziriro yechi24 inobvisa mitero yokuvhotera, uye Voing Rights Act inovimbisa kusvika kwakafara, asi gakavarariro pamusoro pemitemo yeID negerrydering inopfuurira kuumba miuyo yeSangano. Murangariro wavose unoramba uchikuwana kwakaoma zvikuru kubatira Dare rehurumende uye shure kwemitemo yavo.

Mupeto: Basa raPurezidhendi Muhurumende Inomirira Ubati ushe Hwoutongi

Bazu guru, rinotungamirirwa naPurezidhendi, rutivi runooneka zvikurusa uye rune simba rwehurumende yeU. mitoro yaro . "Kutungamirira mitemo, kutungamirira mitemo yokumwe, kuraira varwi, kugadza vakuru vakuru, kutungamirira njodzi, uye kuisa mutemo wenhau () kutobata rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu hweAmerica. Asi Purezidhendi haatongi ari oga. Sangano rechemende nedzinongedzero, kubatanidza kutungamirira dare, kuhwirudzura, uye kusarudza kwenguva dzose, zvinovimbisa kuti simba guru rinoramba richizvidavirira kuvanhu. Kunzwisisa kuti bazu guru rinoshanda sei harusati riri dzidzo chete; kunogonesa vagari vemo vagari kuti vasa mabasa apurezidhendi, vabata nharo dzezvamatongerwe enyika, uye vatsigiri vehurumende. Nokuda kwavadzidzi, vadzidzi, vanoona masangano aya uye miitiro yokutonga nokuda kwokunzwisisana kukuru kwegadziriro yemitemo yemitemo yeAmerica.

Kudzidza zvakawanda, zviwanikwa zvokunzvera kubva kurondedzero ye yepabumbiro reBazu reProfesi reProfessial , , Nhungamiro yeConstitution Center yeIndation yeITP , uye .Gov reRecument remapazuro emapazu matatu . nokuda kwokunyurukira zvikuru mumasimba eProfesiti yeProjisticalism uye machemo, Congataltic Service Service ] inobudisa mishumo inogamuchirwa dzinodzo dzavakuru, totes, uye masimba eHondo.